Mrna College Essays Samples For Students

Lab 1: Ethical Issue in the Movie Gattaca. The epicentre of ethical issues in the movie Gattaca is the manner in which an individual ought to be judged. Should it be by the genetic composition one is born with or by the character traits, personality attributes and ambitions chosen by an individual? Vincent is born with genetic weaknesses that could result in ailments in the future. His genetic composition denies him access to his dream job despite the fact that he achieves the required grades in school and is a strong and athletic young man. As a result, Vincent designs a plan to ...

Introduction

Tooth development involves a complex process whereby teeth are formed from embryonic cells, and then eventually mature after erupting as evident in the mouth (Eckhardt, Jágr, Pataridis, & Mikšík, 2014). The development usually originates from mesoderm and ectoderm. At the ectoderm found in the oral cavity, there is the development of enamel and other tissues also come from associated mesenchyme. All teeth don’t develop at the same time, but rather in stages (Eckhardt, Jágr, Pataridis, & Mikšík, 2014). First buds are always observed in the region of anterior mandible, followed by anterior maxillary area then finally ...

Introduction

In recent decades, trends in diets tailored to promote weight loss have resulted in a significant increase in the intake of protein, particular in people with overweight and obesity issues. Accordingly, researchers have questioned the benefits or risks linked to the habitual consumption of “dietary protein in excess of recommended intakes” (Martin et al., 2005). In general, the primary concern has involved the possibility that diets rich in protein may increase hyperfiltration and, hence, exacerbate renal damage. Nevertheless, the potential link between protein-rich diets and renal damage has also been questioned due to an absence of adequate clinical evidence. ...

I. Introduction to exercise

Every year, nearly over 300,000 deaths are accredited to inappropriate diet and devoid of exercise, and a sedentary lifestyle has for long been recognized as an autonomous risk dynamic for cardiovascular disease. Even though physical dormancy escalates risk for both morbidity and all-cause mortality, it is one influence wherein alteration can create dramatic enhancements in health. Systematic exercise has been revealed to develop lipid aberrations, diabetes mellitus, obesity and hypertension control, with the paramount benefits recognized by sedentary persons who start to exercise (Braith et.al, 1995). Nonetheless, reactions to exercise interventions are regularly extremely adjustable among persons, and research ...

Protein synthesis is the process through which the biological cells produce new protein molecules. The process helps in balancing the cellular proteins that are lost through export or degradation. The synthesis of proteins occurs through a series of processes known as translation where the ribosomes are the organelles that are involved in the creation of proteins. Translation is a part of gene expression using the messenger RNA or mRNA that is produced through transcription of the DNA molecule. The produced mRNA is then decoded to produce a chain of specific amino acids using the ribosome complex. The amino acid chain produced is ...

Investigating the Functions of Proteins

The steps made so far in the process of gene mapping has opened up ways in which more studies are done on the human DNA. ENCODE and Genome researchers have so far sequenced more than 90 genomes. With the understanding of genes and their loci, it has been easier to locate and carry out studies on a single gene. Most genes code for various proteins in the body of an organism; it has become paramount that the roles of these genes be identified and prescribed out. The knowledge of the functions of each gene, or the protein it codes for, ...

Introduction

Biology is broad and therefore embraces various topics in life that concern living organisms. Micro biology for instance deals with the study of very small organisms that are able to reproduce and sustain their generations. This is where the study of prokaryotes comes into the scene. The contrasting organisms to prokaryotes are referred to as eukaryotes. Contrary to prokaryotes, eukaryotic organisms have complex cell structures. Biology tends to full describe the complete nature of these organisms, their feeding habits, how they reproduce and where they thrive best, that is, their habitats.

Prokaryotes are single celled organisms whose cells lack ...

One of the recurring points of contention in the field of biology is the mode of hereditary acquisition of characteristics of an individual. Some maintain that it is primarily due to genetics, while others assert that the environment plays a major role in developing a person’s characteristics. This debate is also known in some circles as the ‘nature vs nurture’ debate, and given the scientific merits of each side, it can be said that each point of view can be considered probable in determining the quality of an individual. As it turns out, recent research suggests that both, ...

Abstract

Proteins are made up of amino acids and have major structural as well as functional roles in the body. Amino acid chains are synthesized from DNA sequences through transcription and translation. Proteins become fully functional only after co-translational or post-translational modification of the amino acid side chains and folding into appropriate three-dimensional conformations. Even slight changes in the DNA code could drastically alter the protein folding, alter its functioning, and eventually lead to certain diseases. Inherent cellular repair mechanisms, protein degradation pathways and molecular facilitators such as chaperones try to keep proteins in their native, stable conformation by acting ...

- Describe the phases of meiosis II
Meiosis II has 4 phases, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. At the end of meiosis I, microtubules move each member of the centriole pair to an opposite spindle pole in both daughter cells. During prophase II, the microtubules attach to the chromosomes causing them to recoil and shorten. During metaphase II, the microtubules, duplicated chromosomes, and motor proteins, interact in a manner that positions all the duplicated chromosomes halfway between the 2 spindle poles. During anaphase II, the connection between the 2 sister chromatids of every chromosome breaks and each of the ...

The cDNA that was used in the experiment is the transfer tRNA. The coding region refers to the gene portion (DNA or RNA) that has axons in it and they code proteins. It’s also known as the coding sequence or the coding DNA sequence. The coding region sequence is surrounded near the 5th end of the start codon and the 3rd end with a stop codon. Therefore, the total addition of the genome of a living thing consists of the gene coding regions. The identification of the cDNA coding region sequence is not straight forward because the existing cells only ...

Abstract

In the last century, the knowledge of molecular biology has increased, opening new opportunities for addressing different diseases that have been affecting all populations. Before, genome and proteomic studies were seen as complicated field due to inability to get significance understanding of disease components at the molecular level. However, with the expansion of molecular biology, different techniques and tools have been developed to aid diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this study, these tools have been investigated to understand how the knowledge on molecular diagnosis helps in detection and treatment of diseases. This study focused on the application of ...

Introduction

The large production of bisphenol A (BPA) in the world has been documented because of the increased usage of the same in various industries. The most critical industries that have been using this BPA include those manufacturing containers for foods and beverages, cigarette filters, thermal receipts as well as paper currency. With such a huge provision, it is critical that the basis of such developments only emanates from making the right choices over its uses because its production to a total of 2.7 million tons could be disastrous to the body. The main reasoning here is that the chemical ...

Introduction

We’ve learned that DNA is the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents, but have you ever thought about what exactly this DNA encodes for? How do our cells use DNA as a set of instructions for life? How is the information in our DNA/genes used by our bodies? And what happens when the DNA is mutated or not used properly?

Materials

DNA sequence
Computer with an internet connection
Procedure
Obtain your DNA sequence from your teacher. It will be emailed to you at the beginning of the week.

Convert your DNA sequence into a complementary mRNA sequence.

EXAMPLE: DNA: T A C G G C T ...

Major Achievements in Biology

Researchers and scientists are always intrigued by biological processes and activities, and strive to utilize them for benefit of mankind. Antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and several therapeutic agents, high yielding as well as disease tolerant plants and animals are all results of extensive research in the fields of cell and molecular biology, immunology, biotechnology and genetic engineering. Treatment to several diseases, even genetic disorders are available today only due to breakthrough discoveries in biology. Three such important discoveries are revelation of structure of ribosomes through X-ray crystallography, identification of tumor specific antigens (TSA) expressed on the surface of cancer ...

Assignment 2

PART A - (Total 15 marks)

Cephalexin and Gentamicin
The mechanism of action of amoxicillin is focused on the prevention of the synthesis of the bacteria’s cell wall through the binding and inhibiting of the cell wall transpeptidases (Katzung, Masters, and Trevor, 2012). Specifically, it attaches to the penicillin-binding protein 1A found in the cell wall of bacteria. Then, the agent disintegrates the lactam ring to allow the acylation of the penicillin-sensitive transpeptidase C-terminal domain. The formation of the cross-link of the linear peptidoglycan strands is prevented by the inactivation of transpeptidases. Since the third and last stage ...

Bio Exam

Codominant traits exist when two different alleles for a genetic trait such as flower colour, and hair texture are both expressed. The expression of codominance infers a relationship between two types of a gene. In codominance, the phenotypes of both alleles inherited from the parents are expressed ("Codominance - Glossary Entry", 2016).

Genetic expression feather colors in purple penguin ("Basic Principles of Genetics: Probability of Inheritance", 2016).

With the order of dominance as pd>pm>pl>pvl a 1 dark: 1 medium ration of phenotype among the baby penguins is expected.
Marfan Syndrome is a genetic disorder that exhibits variation among affected individuals. The range of phenotypic severities is an example of variable expressivity. ...

1. What is genetics?
Genetics is a division or biology that deals with the study of heredity and the rules governing it (TheMedicalDictionary.com).
2. Do inherited traits only include physical traits that we can see? If not, what are some other types of inherited traits?
Inherited traits include more than just physical traits. Other non physical traits that are inherited as such as behavioral traits, intelligence, tongue rolling, handedness, hand clasping PTC tasting and other observable human characteristics (Stark et al ).
3. What is bioethics?

4. Explain how the DNA molecule carries information.
Genetic information in DNA is encoded ...

- Describe the role of the following in protein synthesis - DNA, nucleotides, RNA, ribosomes, rough ER, and Golgi apparatus.
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a double stranded hereditary molecule containing the genetic code from which specific protein molecules are synthesized. First step in protein synthesis is synthesis of single stranded complementary RNA. RNA also contains all the components of DNA except a ribose sugar. Special RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message to ribosomes. Under mRNA’s direction, transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to ribosomes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) attaches each amino acid to form the final ...

Abstract:

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is hereditary material found in most organisms and carries the genetic information required to build and maintain a living organism. DNA was first discovered in the late 1800's, but it was not until scientists unraveled its structure in the 1950s that its importance in genetics and the whole field of biological sciences became realized. This paper assesses the structure, history and applications of DNA into solving real world problems in medicine, agriculture, biochemical research and forensics. DNA can replicate itself which ensures that genetic information and consequently biological traits can be passed on from one generation to ...

Introduction: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) based therapy is a novel treatment for type 2 Diabetes. GLP-1 receptor agonists and inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV improve glycemic control. GLP-1 exerts multiple effects including modulation of a-cell proliferation, apoptosis and exogenesis. Inhibition of gastric emptying and food Intake with stimulation of glucose uptake by adipocytes has also Been reported.

Beneficial effects of GLP-1 on myocardial and endothelial functions. However, the mechanisms underlying these various effects are not fully understood. Therefore, we examined whether the GLP-1 analog liraglutide protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from the injurious effects of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor ...

Article 1

This article is basically a review of microRNAs and their role in cancer. It briefly introduces miRNAs and focuses on miRNA biogenesis and mode of action. It then looks at the functions of miRNAs with respect to their involvement in cancer, and their potential use in clinics.
My literature review topic is about the role of miRNAs in tumorigenesis while this article is about the role of microRNAs in cancer. These two topics are technically the same. My review topic therefore shares a lot in common with this article, such as the miRNA biogenesis and mode of action and the ...