Pharmacy Literature Reviews Samples For Students

In the study by Geddes, et al., (2010), the researchers investigated monotherapy with either Lithium Carbonate of Valproate Semisodium and combination therapy with both, for Bipolar I. Their goal was to discover if combination therapy was more effective for relapse prevention than either drug alone. This is because while each medication is effective with some people, there are high rates of relapse with each when used alone. The quantitative design used was cox regression analysis to determine if relapse rated differed based on whether individuals were taking either Lithium or Valproate alone or both together. Relapse was defined as a ...

Root cause analysis is problem solving approach that is used in many fields. It is mainly used in areas that are more technological and involve machine use such as engineering and even finance. However with the need for better problem solving methods, other professional areas have adapted this system in streamlining their operations. The medical field is one of the fields that have adopted this approach to ensure that there is quality service delivery. It is a problem solving method that focuses on finding the main cause of a problem and analyzing why the problem happened (Nicolini, Warin, & Mengis, 2011).
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An important aspect of providing quality healthcare is ensuring the diagnosis, giving proper care, and encouraging compliance of acre for those who have chronic diseases. People who suffer from chronic ailments come in every age, both genders, all ethnicities, and from all socio-economic backgrounds.
Diabetes is a disease that is being increasingly common in the United States. About 24 million Americans have the disease, or about 8% of the population, which can lead to disability and even death. The largest increase is in younger people, with the largest cause being obesity. Some of the measurements associated with diabetes include ...

Increasingly, a great deal of consumers engages in health information seeking through the internet. Taken from a communication perspective evaluation for that reason argues why professionals in public health ought to be concerned about consumer health information. Over 70 000 websites today disseminate information and close to 50 million online health information seekers are likely to suffer the consequences. The internet offers pervasive access to information tailoring, health information, anonymously as well as the advantages of interactivity (Masters, 2014, p. 333). However, despite the platform laid in accessing health information, its use and access is inequitable as it is hindered by ...

Requirement for the Manufacture of Drugs concerning Public Safety

Abstract
The study will focus on pharmaceutical companies’ standard operation procedures. More in depth, the study will determine if cleaning validation and verification is a successful way to keep the quality of manufactured drugs at a high standard. The importance of the validation of a sterilization process will be examined. The study will list reasons for validation of sterilization through a set of regulatory expectations put in place by the FDA.
The regulatory expectations of the FDA will support the methods and analysis used to conduct this study. The study will also examine the success and failure of cleaning validation through ...

Introduction

Pharmaceutical companies should create and follow a standard operating procedure by implementing a cleaning validation to ensure future patient safety. Validation has received great attention by the FDA in recent inspections. Manufacturers must validate their cleaning process to ensure compliance with GMP regulations 1. One of the main keys in the manufacturing of dosage formulation is to develop cleaning procedures that will remove all types of residues from the equipment and containers. The goal of Cleaning Validation is to ensure effectiveness in cleaning equipment, and to prevent pollution and cross contamination of drug products to ensure the quality, safety; efficacy and ...

Compare the Characters of Schatz and his father. What does the author say and imply about each of them? Consider both their speech- and their words and their actions.

Schatz and his father have been displayed by the author as having a strong bond with each other. This is mainly because the father is able to realize that his son has a problem and immediately organizes for some medical help. However, one thing he fails to notice is that his son has little understanding of what his health implies. Schatz is traumatized by the report of the doctor and counts himself dead ...

In “The Yellow Wallpaper” Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses diverse literary applications to develop her message to the readership. Her narration becomes memorable because of the level of involvement she makes with her readers. For example, she uses such literary elements as character, plot and style to deliver her message.
Gillman’s story is extremely insightful in its narration of patriarchal societies. The story tells about a woman who suffers from depression after the birth of her child. Her husband then secludes her in a summerhouse. The house is rented but has pathetic conditions that further worsen the treatment of the ...

Exploration Of The Attitudes Of The Pharmacists Towards The Implementation Of A Systematic Inventory Management Method At The TRHA (Hospital Storeroom )
Inventory management is a key aspect of the pharmaceutical supply system. The system in many cases ought to be simplistic. To ensure the viability of the pharmaceutical supply system lies in a healthy and efficient inventory management system. Although inventory management may sound easy, it requires to be done using accurate stock records and performance monitoring so as to reduce the cases of wastage and shortages and also ensure efficient patient care (Harding & Taylor, 2002). Upon the allocation ...

Abstract

The high prevalence of substance use in the society has made more users to depend on opioid drugs to relieve pains and discomfort because of addiction. The problem contributes to high number of hospital visits and increasing admission rates in hospital’s acute care departments. The following paper aims at reviewing the literature on the acute pain management in chronic pain patients and opioid dependent patients. The outcome of the review plays a critical role in the field nursing practice by assisting professionals to develop strategies that help prevent adverse effects for the patient suffering from acute pain. The ...

Kathyann

Abstract
Dental care substances with stannous fluoride as an active ingredient may be helpful in allowing re-hardening or in increasing the resistance of teeth surfaces to further acidic or mechanical impacts. However, stannous fluorides are applied together with brushing and depending on how and when tooth-brushing occurs. This research focuses on the potential harmful and helpful effects associated with the use of stannous concerning erosive wear. Active ingredients like fluorides or agents that have unique anti-erosive properties were shown to offer protection against erosion and combined erosion and abrasion to some extent. The abrasive effects of dentifrices may ...

Introduction

Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder abbreviated as ADHD is a behavioral disorder that is very common among school going kids. ADHD affects approximately 10% of all school going children. ADHA is characterized by a series of behavioral traits or symptoms that include hyperactivity, impulsiveness and inattentiveness.
The symptoms of ADHD normally start to exhibit themselves form an early age. They particularly become more noticeable when the circumstances of the child change, for example when they start school. In school, the children who have this disorder normally have great trouble in focusing. They act on impulse and without really thinking in some situations. ...

Quality and Safety Practice: Prevention of Patient Falls - Literature Review

Introduction
Whether an elderly person is living alone, with others, within a nursing home, or under care in a medical facility, falling is a major threat. For seniors older than 65 years of age living in a community situation, one in three will suffer a fall every year; for individuals over 85 years of age, the rate climbs to half of all residents (Cameron et al., 2010; CBO, 2004; Neyens, 2007; Tinetti, 2003). If an elderly adult is institutionalized, the possibility of falling in a year rises to 1.5 to 2 times (Dijcks et al., 2005) and a serious ...

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder is still a fascinating topic in the field of psychology with constant research being done on treatment and possible cures. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder is noted for intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors that cause significant functional impairment and distress (Thiel, Hertenstein, Nissen, Herbst, Külz & Voderholzer, 2013). There have been countless studies on the treatment outcomes as well as the symptoms of this disorder. This literature serves to provide a synthesis of research on treatment methods as well as understand the classification of personality disorder. The selected literature are all scholarly and rely on current ...

Healthcare Information System (HIS) and Challenges in Healthcare

The system used to process data, knowledge and information in the healthcare environment is known as healthcare information system. It is a branch of health informatics that controls the administration needs of the hospitals. So, HIS is an integrated, comprehensive Information system that has been designed to control and manage all the hospital’s operations like financial, administrative, medical, and legal issues and provide corresponding services. Healthcare Information system can save a lot of money in the long run and the major benefits for hospitals are cost effectiveness, the efficiency of the system and safety of medical deliveries.
Though ...

Abstract

The number of people being affected by various diseases that require them to have organ transplants increases every day. Meanwhile, the amount of donated organs is extremely insufficient to meet the high demand. There is also the problem of finding a donor match for a recipient and the need to take strong medications that suppress the immune system of the recipient so that the transplanted organ is not rejected. A solution to these problems has been and is still being developed, with laboratory-grown organs holding much promise. These organs can be tailor-made using the patient’s own cells or other cell sources, ...

Abstract

There are many developments that are seen with the handling of health records in clinical settings. Health records are an important issue in managing hospitals. Patient data is important to both patients, doctors, clinicians, the government and medical organizations. This is because they are used to assess the health status of a patient. The government is working hard to ensure that the medical procedures are being automated so that there is accuracy and reliability of the systems is an important aspect when handling patient records. This is the reason as to why automation and development of information systems to manage ...

Opening Statements:

Pre-eclampsia is a condition that affects a significant percentage of mothers, and accounts for mother death during childbirth anywhere from fifteen to twenty percent of the time—pre-eclampsia is one of the most significant and important causes of maternal death during childbirth to this day (Sibai, Dekker & Kupferminc, 2005; Ghulmiyyah & Sibai, 2012). As such, it is immensely important to develop strategies to deal with the problem of pre-eclampsia, but it is also essentially important to develop strategies for dealing with education and prevention of the condition (Villar et al., 2003). There are a number of common conditions that are ...

IRON SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY

Iron Supplementation during Pregnancy
Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy is a risk factor for adverse maternal and perinatal care. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 56 million pregnant women globally get affected with anemia, which is associated with iron deficiency. The large group of pregnant women affected with iron deficiency are mostly the poor and most vulnerable, especially those living in developing countries like South-east Asia. They have insufficient iron to meet the increased iron needs both for them and the foetus. According to Staff (2013), approximately 29% of the pregnant women experience iron depletion.
Iron is vital ...

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a lifelong metabolic disorder which is caused by the abnormal level of sugar in the blood. The information technology is playing an important role in the seamless data collection of the diabetic patient’s glucose and insulin level, heart rate, and weight and transfer through different devices and made it available to the health practitioner for their observation. This helps the diabetic patient in self management of their health based on the data processed by the apps present in the phone or devices. This paper reviews the information technologies role and benefits in the management ...

Hansch Analysis

Hansch analysis is used widely in the field of medicinal chemistry. It is the analysis that investigates the quantitative relationship and correlation between the compound’s biological activities with their physicochemical substituents. The global parameters considered in this method include the electronic, steric, hydrophobic, and other effects that use multiple correlation methodology (IUPAC). Application of the Hansch analysis includes the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR). This application develops correlations between activity of the ligands and their properties. As a rule of the thumb, the Hansch model “gives information about the number of parameters to be selected for regression analysis in ...

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease and the number of cases is increasing worldwide among the public. Each year worldwide, over More than 12 million people are diagnosed with TB and over 4000,000 people die due to the disease. The large population and poor standards of living can have a major impact on TB epidemics. Can there be a new alternative to traditional use of drugs for treatment of tuberculosis? Most of the drugs approved by the FDA have no lasting effect on patients with tuberculosis, since the strains of bacteria have acquired resistance leading to a state of Multi-drug resistance. An ...

Treating Mental Health Illness – A Literature Review

ABSTRACT
The following literature review explores the capabilities of the nurse practitioner treating varieties of mental disorders as comorbidities of primary care patients. The NP interface with the primary care and outpatient services of different people living on the fringe of society with specific barriers to quality health care connected to mental illness proves valuable. The efficacy of the NP in treating mental illness in patients according to the literature emerges as a valuable intervention with screening, diagnosing, and therapy options for specific patients often isolated from medical care access with mental illness including homeless, geriatric, pediatric, and the ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Substance abuse is one of the most harmful phenomena of a society. It can also be considered as substance-related disorder, and is related to abuse of drugs, tobacco, and/or alcohol that can lead to harmful outcomes. Estimates show that over 8 million children in the U.S. have one of the parents having substance-related disorder. Substance abuse can result in significant problems in a family as, for example; it can lead to separation of partners, problems in raising the children, employment problems, and severe levels of conflict in the society (Donohue et al., 2014).
It has been ...

Pre-eclampsia is a condition that affects a significant percentage of mothers, and accounts for mother death during childbirth anywhere from fifteen to twenty percent of the time—pre-eclampsia is one of the most significant and important causes of maternal death during childbirth to this day (Sibai, Dekker & Kupferminc, 2005; Ghulmiyyah & Sibai, 2012). As such, it is immensely important to develop strategies to deal with the problem of pre-eclampsia, but it is also essentially important to develop strategies for dealing with education and prevention of the condition (Villar et al., 2003). There are a number of common conditions that are ...

Abstract

Ginkgo Biloba extract is widely used by older adults as a cognitive enhancer although efficacy studies show inconsistent results. A review was done of three quantitative studies with the hypothesis that once-daily use of Ginkgo Biloba does not help improve the memory of adults aged 50 years or older. One article was a clinical trial on the differences in electrical activity in the brain when Ginkgo Biloba or placebo is used during a working memory test. The second article is also a clinical trial that determined the efficacy of Ginkgo Biloba in reducing cognitive and therefore memory decline in patients with early-stage dementia. ...

Personal Health Records

Personal Health Records
Personal health records (PHRs) are collections of information related to a person’s health that are generally maintained by the individual patient or consumer (Mayo Clinic, 2011). PHRs can be provided by many sources, including hospitals, physicians, corporate vendors, employers, insurers, or the government. PHRs have been praised as a tool that could greatly enhance the quality of medical care provided, because critical background information could be immediately available about a patient (Mayo Clinic, 2011). However, it remains that for the general population, adoption of PHRs is far from universal, with an estimated 7% user rate, according to a ...

Introduction

Zika virus also termed as ZIKV is a known to have gained worldwide attention, especially in the USA, South East Asia, and Australia. The Zika belongs to the Flaviviridae family which comes under the genus Flavivirus (Wikan & Smith. 2016). The Zika virus is spread though day time mosquitoes belonging to the Aedes family. Some of the most common mosquitoes to contain and spread Zika include A. aegypti and A. albopictus. The name of Zika originated in 1947 where it was first isolated from the Zika forest in Uganda. Based on evidence, the Zika virus was associated with varying viral ...

Abstract

Heart failure (2.6% prevalent worldwide) is a complex clinical syndrome, resulting from a structural or functional cardiac disorder and impairing ventricular filling or ejection capability. The current case of a 59-year-old male patient admitted on August 18, 2016 due to worsening shortness of breath and bilateral left extremity edema (one week) involved an existing diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). Physical and clinical profiles indicate a comorbidity between heart failure (HF) and DM2. Laboratory and imaging findings were not indicated, while diagnosis was based on the NYHA Classification guidelines. A review of literature revealed three crucial weaknesses in the diagnosis. ...

Research into the relationship between staff levels and outcomes in patient care is important in order to ensure that those receiving healthcare are given the most valuable service possible. The effect that staff levels have on patient care is an essential factor in the overall level of success that their treatment will see. In determining the relationship between these two factors, it is important to critically assess the general values that nurses themselves have as well as their patients when receiving care. Furthermore, the level of burnout, or physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion that nurses feel due to high ...

INTRODUCTION

Historically, obesity has been a pertinent issue affecting a large percentage of the American population. Obesity can be described as a medical condition in which there is an accumulation of excess fat in the body. This condition, when not controlled well can result to further body complications such as heart diseases, high blood pressure and diabetes. Therefore, once detected early, the condition should be controlled to avoid such complications. Weight loss is one sure way of reducing the severe effects of obesity as obesity manifests itself through gaining weight. In the US, obese cases have been ranked as among the ...

ABSTRACT

Human beings deal with the reality of a world with a plethora of conditions, illnesses and diseases that threaten the health and livelihood of the population on a day-to-say basis. One such persistent disease that many Americans, both young and old, are suffering from is Crohn’s Disease. Crohn’s disease is commonly diagnosed on a regular basis all across the United States, however the reality is that medical realm does not specifically known what causes Crohn’s disease or why it has become so prevalent; some believe it is a combination of immune system deficiencies, genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The condition effects ...

Fast D. and Conry, J. (2009). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and the Criminal Justice System.

Developmental Disabilities Research Review 15: 250 – 257.

This paper examines the relationship between the long-life nervous syndrome that is found in people with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) and their participation in the criminal justice system. According to the article, the FASDs are caused by exposure to alcohol during the prenatal stage. The article provides some of the disabilities associated with people having the FASDs to include poor judgment, learning disabilities, and social ineptness. The authors argue that the foregoing disabilities make people predisposed to unfair treatment and increased involvement in ...

Abstract

Gum inflammation is a gingival disorder which is characterized by soreness, reddening and pain in gums. The source of such inflammation is an auto-immune reaction of the body within the oral cavity as a response to a negative impact of bacterial, chemical, physical or other nature. Apart from the most popular form of gingival inflammation due to decay, which is perceived as the prevalent form of gingivitis and may lead to subsequent periodontitis, there are several other factors that can contribute to gum inflammation of seemingly healthy people. These factors have uncommon origin and may require different methods of treatment. The aim ...

Introduction

Euthanasia is the act of providing assisted, voluntary or involuntary death to a patient, mostly terminally ill patients (ANA, 2013). Euthanasia can be administered by the physicians and nurses on request of either the patient, the relatives of a patient who is not in a position to make a request or by the physicians and the nurses depending on the condition of the patient. Euthanasia is an issue that has raised questions not only in the health care system but also in the legal system (ANA, 2013). It is surrounded by moral, social, cultural and religious challenges and finding a common ground to accommodate ...

Introduction

The human body possesses a remarkable capability that can however be jeopardized by disease. Dental conditions occur as some of the most pertinent concerns in human health. Often connoted as Xerostomia, dry mouth occurs as one the dental conditions that jeopardize human health in different ways. Speaking of dry mouth, this connotes to any dental condition that precipitates dryness of the mouth. In fact, dry mouth occurs in cases where an individual experiences frequent episodes whereby the mouth becomes unusually dry. Many at times, dry mouth is elicited by the decrease in saliva production, which is often caused by the ...

Introduction

One of the byproducts of urban growth and development is the waste production. As per the report of the World Bank (2013), OECD countries produce almost half of the world's waste, while South Asia and Africa are listed as the regions producing the least amount of waste. The Basel Convention defines 'wastes' as substances or objects that need to be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of national law. European Waste Catalogue shows 850 types of wastes out of which 420 types of wastes have been classified as hazardous waste. Hazardous wastes are those wastes considered to be ...

who have had an ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND

Prolonged lowering of a patient’s blood pressure after a stroke occurs has been observed to reduce the risk of recurrent stroke. Additionally, the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in with regard to high-risk patients has also managed to reduce the rate of subsequent cardio vascular events, which includes stroke related complications. However, the effect of lowering a patient’s blood pressure using a renin-angiotestin system inhibitor such as Telmisartan, soon after an ischemic stroke has occurred has not yet been clearly established.
According to previous research studies and statistics retrieved from WHO, stroke has been ...

Health promotion is the science or art that enables people to discover the synergies between optimal health and their core passions, thus enhancing their motivation to achieve good health and assisting them in changing their lives so as to move towards an optimal health status. Therefore, in other words, health promotion can be further explained to be the process that enables individuals to increase control over their health status and its determinants, and ultimately improving on their health. Generally, optimal health is perceived to be the dynamic balance of physical, spiritual, social and intellectual health. Consequently, various life changes ...

Introduction

Teratogen is broadly defined as an environmental agent capable of causing abnormal prenatal variation in form or function. In other words, it can be any environmental factor that can produce a permanent abnormality in structure or function of an embryo or fetus or restriction of growth of an infant (Gilbert-Barness, 2010). In prenatal life, exposure to teratogens may even lead to death of the embryo or fetus. It is estimated that approximately 15% of all congenital structural abnormalities observed in a child are due to exposure to some kind of teratogens during the prenatal life (Brent, 2001). A larger number of ...

BBB functions and physiology: The central nervous system (CNS) necessitates a highly controlled environment for its proper functioning. Blood brain barrier is the system which maintains the homeostasis of the CNS. It works by separating and shielding the brain from the constant changes in the nutrient and chemical composition of systemic blood. It protects the brain tissue from harmful chemicals that might be present in the blood. The key functions of the BBB are transport of nutrients from the blood to brain and metabolites in opposite direction to systemic circulation. Only a small number of molecules are allowed access through the ...

Abstract

Tuberculosis, better known as TB, is an infectious disease that affects the global community. Its incidence rate has been significant in the New Zealand region where the disease is considered to be pandemic and has accrued a significant burden on the healthcare system for its demands on timely diagnosis and treatment. Although a decline of its incidence in New Zealand was noted, such decline halted sometime in the 1980’s and the rate of incidence becomes consistent thereafter and it remains to be an apparent health problem in the region which is highly associated with migration issues and other factors that ...

Ernest Hemingway, the author of The Sun Also Rises, was part of a generation of writers who made their mark on the literary scene beginning in the 1920’s. The end of the Great War had significant effects on the attitudes of many artists, who felt that the values under which they had been raised no longer mattered, because of the sheer horror of the war. The horrific weapons that were used for the first time during this war, such as mustard gas, and the size of the war, which dragged most of the West’s major powers into conflict, ...

Asthma Treatment

The research was undertaken to evaluate the safety and efficacy of three single doses of (R)-albuterol (levalbuterol) compared with a placebo and racemic albuterol in patients with asthma. Levalbuterol 1.25mg dose was used to compare with equal amounts of the R isomer in 2.50 mg standard dosage of racemic albuterol. Doses of 0.63 mg and 0.31 mg of Levalbuterol were also used in the study to represent one-half and one-third doses of (R)-albuterol 2.50 mg standard dose respectively

The research was double-blind, single dose ranging, five-way crossover study. The sample size was 20 patients with mild persistent to ...