Essays on Metaphysics

Introduction

The primary purpose of philosophy is to clarify and refine the human thought processes so that the state of affairs and hence the reality of the world are clear. As such, philosophical problems are a failure to come up with the explanations of things that happen in the environment and by extension in the world. Philosophy is critical in refining the human's basic concepts that are applied to understand the reality. Just like in other sciences that are driven by the experimentations in the search for the truth, philosophy is informed by the questions that cannot be easily answered ...

Essay

Immanuel Kant: Reason and Freedom Immanuel Kant argues that being purely objective or purely rational and being independently free are two peas in a pod. As Kant argued in his widely known book Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, all human beings possess what he refers to as 'the idea of freedom' (Pasternack, 2002, 12). He builds his concept of categorical imperatives-- in the absence of which responsibility and morality would cease to exist-- upon the speculated idea that freedom is an omnipresent concept. Kant claims that it is clearly not possible for people to envision themselves as 'un-free' ( ...

Introduction

The notion of "nothing" is one of the most important and controversial concepts in the history of humankind. Its etymology is quite interesting for the consideration, as it can discover many different mysteries associated with the most important knowledge. In addition, the perception of this idea may be absolutely controversial, if one talks about it in the framework of religion and philosophy of the Western and the Eastern worlds. Nothing is everything, and at the same time, it is a lack of everything. This notion has a negative connotation; it denies everything to what it is opposed; moreover, it ...

German Philosopher Immanuel Kant views of morality were centered on the principle of good will. Kant defines good will as “the concept of a faculty of action according to a conception of universal law” (Deontology pg 9). This encompasses the belief that one’s motive is the determining factor in whether or not an individual possesses good or bad morals and, not the outcome of his actions. Thus, an individual who possesses good will shall only make decisions that they believe to be morally worthwhile regardless of the gains to be had or the possible outcomes. This is what ...

The notion "freedom" has many meanings, each of which applies to a particular sphere of life of the individual. Solving the problem of freedom is impossible without an understanding of the specifics of these values, and without disclosing the inner relationship of liberties. Most of all, to speak of freedom, it is possible to speak about two of its basic values. Speaking about free will, there is a possibility not to hesitate to define their internal desires, aspirations, and the second value is freedom of action, that is, the absence of obstacles to the implementation of the desired action. ...

Introduction

Virtue ethics are the theories that gives importance to our moral values that effect our mind and our character. It not only helps us to decide what is rightness or wrongness in our decision but also provides a guidance to be a good person that we wish to achieve .Virtual ethic was prevalent from the time old civilizations started. The philosophers always guided the rulers and the common people to follow the path of virtue ethics. Among the famous philosophers whose ethics are followed till date are Aristotle, father of Greek philosophy and Confucius, father of Chinese philosophy. Virtue ...

Philosophy is the study of fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence specifically when considered as an academic thing or discipline. African philosophy often deals with metaphysics which is a branch of philosophy that deals with the study of nature such as being, substance, cause, identity time, and space (Ugwuanyi 513-522). Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that deals with the methods, origin, nature and limits of human knowledge or it is a concern with theories of knowledge. African metaphysics explain the way of life interaction, perceptions and how things come to existences within the reality of the African ...

Two of the figures in the painting include Plato’s and Aristotle’s images. Plato was a Greek Philosopher and his importance at the time was the contribution he made in the development of philosophy, western science and mathematics as a foundational figure (Steinkruger, 2014). He was chosen to be a part of the work in Sistine Chapel due to his philosophical views related to ideal government and societal ethics which are vital in religious teachings. Aristotle was also a Greek philosopher and his contribution included views on metaphysics that continues to impact Christian theology (Steinkruger, 2014). His image ...

Two of the most important existential philosophers have been Albert Camus, well known for both his novels and his philosophy, and Jean Paul Sartre, who, is aligned with the ideas of existentialism more than any other philosopher. In addition to sharing some ideas about existentialism (although both men also developed very different systems of this philosophy), both thinkers were atheists, and developed their systems of philosophy, from their belief in a world, or a universe without god. For Camus, the absence of god was one of the reasons why man could find the nature of existence meaningless, and his ...

George Herbert (1593-1633) adopted the Metaphysical style of poetry from Donne but in a simpler manner. His famous poem “Death” is an example of the poetry that uses rhetorical forms of writing like a paradox, hyperbole, and conceits. The poem constitutes two parts that have a contradicting view of death. The First part presents death as a fearsome being through the use of hideous expressions and imagery. The second part presents death as a friend and a passage to a better life. The last three stanzas give hope to Christians through the works of Jesus Christ. Through Christ’s ...

The observations and the conclusions Fanon made are typically valid to the Antilles. This essay, then pinpoints specific areas that prove this particular thesis of this renowned writer. These areas are in reflection of what is in his book. The Negro and the language, about the woman of color as well as the man of white color, also the book talk about the alleged reliance complexities of the colonized and the actuality of the being a Black, the acknowledgment of the Negroes and the psychopathology of the Blacks. In this regards, Fanon streamlined these points and drew excellent observations ...

Personal Identity

Introduction Personal identity refers to the conceptual perception an individual develops about themselves as they evolve throughout their life (Swinburne 318). Various arguments are encompassing the aspects of personal identity that depend on the perspective of approach that the perceiver gives when defining the concept. That has led to a variation in the philosophical definitions that various researchers present in what exactly defines one to perceive themselves as the same person despite the multiple evolutions that take place in them. For example, as a person grows, they change in their physique and also in their mindsets. The philosophers present ...

Introduction

Historical origins of Buddhism may be traced back to the founding father or simply the founder the Buddha or the awakened one. According to Johnson (344), the Buddha was a royal prince named Siddhartha Gautama born in the place now referred to as Nepal. The teachings Buddha taught started in northern India over 500 years before the establishment of Christianity by Jesus Christ. Buddhism has influenced other religions in Asia such as Hinduism. The two religions have developed to maturity levels in constant contact. The impression and mark that Buddhism has made on Hinduism have made Buddhism be able ...

A.N. Whitehead famously claimed that all Western Philosophy was nothing more than footnotes to Plato. But long before Plato or Socrates, there were many Greek thinkers who looked for answers to many of the same questions that Plato had asked. Two of the most famous of these thinkers were Heraclitus and Parmenides. Both of these philosophers were thinkers were pre-Socratic metaphysicians and asked questions related to the nature of reality. Since they were both two of the oldest philosophers in Europe, many of their ideas seem quite strange to modern readers and the fact that their works only exist ...

Explain Aristotle’s theory that virtue is a mean between two extremes give an example

Virtue according to Aristotle virtue is a disposition to behave in a certain manner that is responsive to comparable situations i.e. behaving in specified manner. Virtue therefore is as a cause of constantly repeated actions that is an aggregate of the behavior. Example include courage which may be a mean of the result of cowardice and impulsiveness.

Explain Anselm’s Ontological Argument

Anselm’s ontological Argument supports the theory of God’s existence by providing proof on the same. Anselm is specific in that he nullifies the theory of experience on justification of God’s existence through logic. His logical standpoints to refute the ‘ ...

Philosophy

Introduction Early modern philosophers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries thought that the semantic content of our thoughts is a function of the contents of our ideas. They assumed that knowledge of the world requires a kind of thought, namely ‘justified true belief’ (Wang, 2012). In this regard, they broadly disagreed over what cognitive faculty or source provided our ideas with the type of content that generated justified true beliefs. A dominant concern during this period of intellectual enquiry was hence involved in locating the faculty which is the source of contents of ideas that led to justified true ...

The phenomenon of religious pluralism introduced by John Hick appears quite important nowadays, since this concept aims at the unification of all world religions for the sake of the so-called dialogues of religions. According to Hick's theory, all religions are positive and represent the paths through which a person reaches God or the highest verity. Gods manifest themselves in diversity, and world religions are the product of Gods' and humans' creativity. With that, world religions are positive in the way they appear the carriers of universal virtues. Hence, there exist many religions, but Gods are one, thus, there is ...

Abstract

Cultural competence is necessary in understanding the implications of several traditions and customs to the provision of advanced nursing care and service. The objective of the essay is to describe a religious tradition, in this case is the bar mitzvah, and analyse the implication of their values and beliefs on the provision of advanced nursing care and service. The bar mitzvah is a Jewish celebration or ceremony of a child reaching the age of 13. The child celebrant during the bar mitzvah will acquire some of the most important religious rights of the Jewish community such as the reading ...

English

Patients who have been suffering unbearable pain or are terminally ill and have no hope of getting better, have a right to take a stance and end the misery. And to that end, a medical doctor, for the benefit of such a patient, should consider it ethical and their moral duty to assist the patient commit suicide 1. Doctors should have a clear ethical stance on assisted suicide, so that when the circumstances demand, the doctor, beyond a shadow of doubt, can help the distressed and the patient's family take a prompt decision to avoid any unnecessary agony. A ...

Nietzsche’s doctrine dedicated to the topic of eternal recurrence is considered to be one of the least clarified concepts in his works. The philosopher claimed that the initial idea of eternal recurrence emerged in 1881 during his journey in Switzerland (Nietzsche & Hoover 14). Nietzsche claimed that eternal recurrence is a valid scientific hypothesis, which states that every process in this world recurs constantly in the certain period of time. According to this notion, time is infinite and change is eternal (Nietzsche & Hoover 28). Also, eternal recurrence suggests that energy is always constant and finite, so as its numerous ...

Buddha was a great philosopher. His scope of philosophical thought is really impressive. Noteworthy are his thoughts about truth: its metaphysics and epistemology. It will be quite interesting to compare the teachings of the Buddha with the views of Plato, Socrates and Rene Descartes. However, firstly it is needed to examine each of them separately. Buddha's doctrine has the form of the Four Noble Truths. The First Noble Truth states that the basic characteristic of human existence suffering and frustration. The Second Noble Truth explains the reason for suffering is "clinging", "affection". It is senseless attachment to life. According ...

Philosophy

Introduction to Philosophy 1. What are the three major branches of philosophy and what questions do they deal with? The three major branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, logic and axiology. Metaphysics is the study of the nature of reality. Epistemology is the study of the nature of knowledge. Logic is the study of the nature of arguments, while axiology is the study of the nature of value, indicating what is good and what does goodness mean. 2. Discuss the value of philosophy. Every human being lives on the basis of an overarching philosophy, whether through rational analysis or ...

1. Three major branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology and axiology. Metaphysics investigates the reality, its value and structure. Epistemology studies the knowledge, its limitations, nature, as well as issues connected with the nature of truth. Axiology deals with the nature of value and determines what is good or bad. 2. Philosophy is an important part of every person’s live whether the person acknowledges it or not. It broadens the knowledge and understanding of the world and teaches to critically assess the reality, values and beliefs. Philosophy investigates the questions that are ignored by other disciplines and helps ...

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[Faith in metaphysics] Both Gabriel Marcel and Sǿren Kierkegaard agreed that faith is not about believing the existence of God but about believing in God, an absolute presence who is accessible to the believer through prayer and worship as well as through “invocation and response” (Negomireanu 56-57). Through faith, human beings can gain access to the mystery of God, not in the sense of understanding the mystery, but in the experience of soaking to that mysterious Presence (58). Jean-Luc Marion’s phenomenological approach of this accession to the mystery was described as ...

Al-Kindi was born in Basra and is a descendant of Kinda tribe. He is an Arab philosopher who is famously regarded as the ‘Philosopher of the Arabs’. He was a mathematician, Polymath, physician, as well as a musician. He was a scholar under the caliph al Ma’mun before the latter’s reign concluded in 833CE. Howveer, even after the end of al Ma’mun’s reign, Al-kindi remained in the service of the next caliph al-Mu‘tasim and it is during al-Mu‘tasim’s reign that Al-Kindi began his philosophical career. He became one of the first Muslim ...

If I could deconstruct a quotation from Aristotle about truth and use it to begin the narration of the story of my life to this point, it would be along these lines—finding the truth is hard, and the pursuit of truth can set you free - even if you never catch up with it. When I moved to the United States at the age of fifteen, I could not say that I did so voluntarily and seeking greater purpose or better life. However, I guess that I could speak for good many, if not all, who experienced drastic change ...

Introduction

Philosophy aims at creating a better understanding of life, nature, matter, God, and whole universe to us. The paper discusses the three aspects of philosophy such as metaphysics, epistemology, and political philosophy in terms of the theoretical framework laid down by prominent philosophers. The paper includes my own ideas regarding these aspects and also critically evaluates my ideals and the ideals of the philosophers so as to understand the distinction between both forms of ideas.

1. Metaphysics

Metaphysics aims at exploring the reality of everything in this universe and countless theories and sub-categories have developed over the ...

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was born in Konigsburg, East Prussia. He attended a classical Latin School at age eight where he studied for the next eight years. He then moved to the University of Konigsburg where he studied mathematics, philosophy and physics. He left his studies for a while when his father died and earned a living as a private tutor. In 1755 he returned to the university and earned his doctorate. He became a professor there teaching metaphysics and logic. In 19792, the King of Prussia prohibited Kant from speaking or writing on religious subjects; Kant obeyed the order. As ...

1) Is Al-Kindi a fatalist? Can his position be reconciled with Islam (and if so how)? Based on his writings and teachings, the essential message of Al-Kindi (the earliest known Islamic philosopher) is that of fatalism – in essence, that our lives are conditioned in detail by a series of facts that are immutable and unchangeable. Al-Kindi’s perspective, which he outlines in his teachings, is that we can do nothing to change these circumstances and events, even when they are uncomfortable and painful to us. However, he also argues that we have the capability of joyfully affirming these circumstances and ...

Philosophy of Religion – Pascal’s Wager

The question of existence of God has been a bone of contention among many philosophers ever since philosophy existed. Earlier the arguments in favor of God dominated, but later, close to the time of modernity, it appears as if arguments against God’s existence have dominated, irrespective of the validity and plausibility of the arguments. However, even in the modern times, many philosophers tried to defend the existence of God. Among those Blaise Pascal was also one whose argument became famous with the name of Pascal’s wager. The main idea of the argument was that one must wager for ...

According to Aristotle’s terminology, a branch of philosophy that examines the phenomena in the natural world and includes fields that are regarded as biology, physics and other natural sciences is called natural philosophy. Aristotle held belief that being virtuous was a very important role when one still lived (Chaffee 2012).

There are many beliefs in our community and are related to correcting vices or being virtuous. One belief, for instance, is the presence of karma. There is a common belief that what goes around comes around. On one account of karma, a couple was involved. The society normally believes that women are ...

Philosophy is defined as something that is part of a person’s daily life. In ancient Greece, philosophy means love for wisdom, in which people invest deeply on knowledge than in any other matter on Earth. To them, intelligence is the most essential character of a person. One of the products of the great Philosophy is Socrates. Today, Socrates is known to be one of the fathers of Philosophy (Holbing).

Through the years, many definitions of Philosophy have persisted. One of these definitions that have been widely known in the field of Philosophy is the definition of Marcus Aurelius who is a ...

Copleston and Russell argued upon the metaphysical disagreement on the existence of God. This paper is an attempt to unravel the meanings behind Copleston’s arguments and to comprehend it further to be able to support the reality of God’s existence.

Copleston and Russell first agreed upon their understanding about the term “God”. By “God”, they mean the highest personal Being who is the creator of the world. The metaphysical argument was agreed upon by the two to be based from Leibniz’s argument about contingency.

Copleston explains that a 'contingent' being is a creature that possesses ...

Socratic problem consists in the precise determination of the contents of his teachings. The nature of the sources that we have greatly complicate our task: Xenophon’s book “Memoirs of Socrates”, the dialogues of Plato, various Aristotle’s statements, and "Clouds" by Aristophanes. For example, if we were to rely only on the work of Xenophon, we would have got the impression that the main Socrates’ interest was the education of decent people and responsible citizens, and he was not interested in the problems of logic and metaphysics. On the other hand, in Plato's dialogues, we can observe a metaphysician ...

Many children express their desire for a dream profession. Often, this desire changes as they grow up, but from a very young age, I knew I wanted to enter the priesthood. I met a priest in my formative years who helped me shape and grow into this dream; he has helped me time and again to find the right path to realize my eventual goal of entering the priesthood. It was recommended, by multiple members of the clergy, that I attend the University of Illinois at Chicago to study philosophy, as it is superior to many of the alternatives due to the ...

- Describe the basic issues in metaphysics and epistemology between Idealists and Materialists

Metaphysically and epistemologically, the philosophical view that human beings have both mind and body is termed as dualism. However, there is much philosophical disagreement (dichotomy) about the exact association between mind (spirit) and body (matter).

Idealists hold the view that the mind is distinct from physical objects while the materialists maintain the exact opposite. For the former, the self and personality are attributable to one’s immortal soul while for the latter, they assert that the mind (soul) is in some ways a product of the body. Furthermore, generally, idealists hold the view that the act of knowing takes place ...

Abstract

This paper talks about the Nature of Philosophy and describes in detail the main inquiries of philosophy. An attempt has been made to explain areas that are widely accepted to be ‘main’ and of primary importance. These include the areas of Logic, Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics and Aesthetics.

The paper also delves into the approaches used by philosophers to address the numerous questions raised by each specific inquiry. These methods are described with respect to the modules of thinking or actions so used by contemporary as well as age-old philosophers.

The paper then goes on to explain how culture ...

This paper will argue that despite habit, custom, and the existence of God, one does not know in fact if the future will be a resemblance of the past. Basing on the works of famous philosophers Immanuel Kant and David Hume, we’ll come to the conclusion that no one can foresee one’s future even on the basis of strict knowledge of the past and even having habits and customs that presumably have to lead to some definite outcome. The two thinkers argued about those things, and using their ideas we’ll substantiate the thesis under consideration.

Hume was ...

Question 1

Cesare Beccaria was native to an Noble household in Italy. He later became a jurist, criminologist, and a politician. However, he was recognized by most as a talented Jurist of Italy. He is well recognized for his works On Crime Punishment, which in high degree condemned torture and of convicted people. He is well remembered for his work on penology and the book on criminology. During his time, he ensured that that criminal justice and other forms of justice were promoted and adhered to. Beccaria was of the notion that cruel and arbitrary punishments should be condemned and done away with. His ...

Introduction Utilitarianism is a principle that the moral worth of an action is determined by its usefulness in maximizing utility and minimizing negative utility. Utility is the pleasure, preference satisfaction and knowledge. The moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome. In this study we are going to compare Mill, John Stuart’s work 'Utilitarianism’ and Kant, Immanuel’s work 'Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals.' The study will also come up with findings based on the comparisons if the end justifies the means. John Mill’s account on Utilitarianism is primarily influenced by Jeremy Bentham ...

It is hard to imagine that in our modern society, which is so materialistic, down-to-earth and at times does not trust even proved facts, a lot of philosophical ideas procreated in ancient times still remain very important and influential. Most of them are based on the substances that cannot be touched, heard or even seen, nevertheless, more and more people are involved in solving philosophical issues. Metaphysics is one of the most disputable branches of philosophy that bothers people all over the world, apart from their social status, gender or age. As the matter of fact, many of those ...

Alfred North Whitehead

Alfred North Whitehead was born in 1861 and died in 1947. He is well acknowledged as one of British academic developers of the twentieth century. Basically, he was a logician, mathematician and philosopher and is greatly known for his work in philosophy of science and logic in mathematics (Victor, 1985). He contributed and pioneered in reasoning different logics through demonstrating how mathematics may be derivative from few rational concepts and further created wide ranging systems of philosophy. He authored the land mark three in collaboration with others which contributed to the logic of twentieth-century in metaphysics and philosophy of ...

Religious studies

A PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATE Ever since the beginning of time, Man has strived to discover the secrets of the Universe. From Aristotle to Socrates to the modern philosophers, every curious mind has tried to divulge answers from Mother Earth in order to satiate their burning thirst for the knowledge. Philosophy has solely existed to answer questions related to reality, existence, values, reason and mind. Philosophy has been divided into many subcategories. They include metaphysics, ethics, logic, aesthetics and epistemology. Whereas logic is connected with reasoning, epistemology attempts to garner the nature and scope of knowledge. Ethics refers to the ...

Rabbi Maimonides is a medieval Jewish philosopher who wields considerable influence on Jewish thought and on philosophy in general. He also contributed significantly to the codification of the Jewish law. His writings and views hold a prominent place in Jewish intellectual history. In the Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides explores the concept of God and explains the plausible description of God according to Torah. Maimonides also spends significant amount of time in trying to understand the structure and characteristics of the universe. To this point, it becomes important that Maimonides wrote the book before scientific discoveries, so he draws from Aristotelian ...

Worldview

Worldview refers to a set of suggestions and proposals that a person holds and deeply influences the life of people with similar believes. - The followers of Christian religion commonly regard their religion as a collection of ideas that may change their life and follow Christianity as a guideline to interact with society. Followers hardly comprehend their religion as a whole conceptual framework. - Following are the few examples of worldview narrated by different authors. - According to James Sire, the concept of worldview is just a conventional set of suppositions that one may hold of this world and its origin . ...

Martin (2006) enlightens that process philosophy attempts to bring together diverse perception found in visual and human experiences into a holistic scheme. Process philosophy focuses on the dynamics in the society and places philosophical account of reality. Globus (2009) asserts that process philosophy has an enormous contribution by some philosophers such as Whitehead and Hartshorne. According to Globus (2009), Whitehead says that process philosophy seeks to return to a neo-classical realism to avoid subjectivism. Sibley & Gunter (2012) give details that as the world transforms so do all the humanity. Western metaphysics explain reality as the assembly of static people who have ...

Ethics can be examined in many different manners, however, Kant’s model of ethics presents a framework to explain how people perceive ethics through reward and punishment. Kant feels that the only way to truly understand ethics is to experience a variety of ethical dilemmas and learn to solve them through emotional stimulus. Kant’s concept of moral obligation is that there is a priori concept of our minds. This essentially removes God as the basis for morality, and argues that we have free-will in regards to our own moral compass. Kant argues that ethics are learned throughout the course of ...

Philosophy

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist from 384 to 322 B.C. (Dunn F75). He was born in Stagira of Chalkidiki in northern areas of Greece. He was among those people who laid the foundation of western philosophy. Nicomachus, who was the father of Aristotle, worked as the court physician to the Macedonian king Amyntas II. He died when Aristotle was a child. Phaestis, mother of Aristotle, is also thought to have died in the young age of Aristotle. After the death of his father, Proxenus of Atarneus became the guardian of Aristotle. Proxenus of Atarneus was the husband of Arimneste, ...

In this paper, I will discuss the present-at-hand and the ready-at-hand in Heidegger’s philosophy. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) is a German philosopher who is often thought of in terms of the Existentialist movement in Continental philosophical tradition, but who did not prefer to be classified as an existentialist (McBride 131). Heidegger concerns himself with the deep metaphysical question of being in his book Being and Time — a job he never completed in his lifetime (Blattner 9). Heidegger has an ambitious project in his book — that is fundamentally to investigate being, a project he feels has been forgotten by philosophers (Heidegger 1). Theologians ...

Plato's Influence on Medieval Thought

Plato's Influence on Medieval Thought

Introduction

Plato was born in 428/427 BCE in Athens, Greece. He was a Greek philosopher and Socrates’ student. Plato founded the Academy and best known for his efforts in philosophical works depicting unparalleled influence. Building on various demonstrations by individuals like Socrates that those considered as experts in every ethical matter did not have proper understanding necessary for a prompt human life, Plato came up an idea that the mistake were caused by their lack of proper engagement with a class of identities that he referred to as forms. Key examples of these forms include equality, beauty, and ...

The epigraph mentioned in the question has been taken from the journal The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition. This blame on medieval ages is most often credited to the Christian Churches for throwing away the minute sparks of science and other creative activities. However, the conformation of the scholars to this fact has proved to be a major hindrance to the real understanding of the medieval ages. It cannot be denied that the middle ages were the times of political and social turmoil and saw a steep decline in the fields of learning and literacy. But, it is the ...

Compare and contrast the Stoic and Aristotelian conceptions of God as the cause of nature.

There are several conceptions devised by various people on God as the cause of nature. The world exists with several compositions including human beings, other living and non-living organisms. Various groups of people have adopted both stoic and Aristotelian conceptions. Stoics believe that nothing passes without explanation. Stoics tend to give an explanation for the existence of everything in life and nature. Stoics believe that an active force exists and that the force is everywhere with matter. The implication is that anything that occupies space and has a weight has got some special type of force. There is a belief in ...

- Otto I The Great: Otto I was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He was considered to be one of the most powerful European rulers. His name goes down in the history for establishing a strong state of Germany. Under his reign, papal politics saw significant advances, making his rule the true beginning of the Holy Roman Empire. - Cluniac movement: was one of the most important movements of the medieval ages. Founded at the French Monastery of Cluny in 910, it was a movement aimed at the reformation of the Catholic churches. People adopted the old monastic ways ...

Ever since Georg Wilhelm Hegel’s death in 1831, the concepts and ideas that he had articulated in his political philosophy has continuously remained the crux of modern philosophical, moral, and ethical discussion. Hegelian schools – both ‘Old’ and ‘Young’ – emerged as propagators of the philosopher’s Hegelian system, and imbued it with controversy and a distinctive dichotomy. With the emergence of socialism in the early 1900s, thinkers such as Moses Hess, Karl Marx, and Ferdinand Lasalle began relating their works with that of Hegel, as did a significant number of liberal and conservative philosophers. Much of the impact that Hegel’s ...

Introduction

The passage from the Republic by Plato is prone to different interpretations. To gain full comprehension of the passage the reader is obliged to delve deep into the platonic debate between Socrates and Glaucon. The trajectory of the argument according to Plato, was that democracies are governments ran by fools. The principal argument in the discussion was that democracies elect courses of action without a coherent understanding of the matter they are handling. The overriding argument was that only those who are fully experienced in statecraft should be allowed to rule. ‘Socrates argued that the cobbler and the medical doctor ...

Very often people ask themselves why we think, how we think, what is the proper way and concepts of right thinking. These and many other important questions about human ability of thinking discussed philosophers from the moment of appearance of philosophy in VII century B.C. It is fascinating for all the creatures how humans can think, moreover how human mind can reach and find such unbelievable and logical ideas. Nevertheless, to have ability to analyze properly everything that is happening around us people must use laws of thinking. In other words, to eliminate all the ambiguous ideas that appear ...

Two different moral philosophies, utilitarianism and Kant’s categorical imperative are utilized for analyzing whether J.’s action of embezzling her employer was correct, even if the end was to provide a better private tuition for her son. The utilitarianism philosophy is based on the principle of doing the greatest good for the biggest amount of individuals, while being free from pain and engaging in pleasure (Mill 220). However, the utilitarianism ethics provides that there should be clearly specified between simple, animal pleasures, and elevated pleasures, of which individuals with high intellectual capacities are capable. In this sense, Mill ( ...

in the Debate Between Moral Relativism and Moral Absolutism The issue of moral relativism versus moral absolutism is an important one in the history of moral philosophy. Benedicts argues that normality is “culturally defined” and argues that what we think of as right and wrong, good and evil, and moral and immoral varies from culture to culture” (qtd. in Rosenstand, p. 146). This view of moral relativism is that the standards of moral right and wrong are based on the moral code of each culture. On the other hand, Christina Hoff Sommers observes an opposite view that moral ...

Part One: Area of Philosophy

The philosophical area in which this problem falls is the metaphysics because it raises the fundamental question of reality. The person who is existing after the accident has two personalities of a man and woman. They have mixed hormones and cannot be assumed to be male or female, me or my friend. It is against this backdrop that the question posed falls in the realms of metaphysics as it explains the nature of being, now that the personality is both male and female.

Part Two: Argument Analysis

According to Descartes, the mind and body are two separate identities. They do not need each other ...

According to Habermas (1983), the notion of “project of modernity” came into focus during the period of the eighteenth century. It is worth mentioning that the spirit of aesthetic modernity discussed by the philosopher was extremely striking in the works of Baudelaire, avant-garde movements, Dadaism and surrealism. At this very time, Bergson presents his philosophy of the new time, showing the elusiveness, ephemerality and discontinuity of life. That’s is why the way of modernist representation of art is rather abstract and ambiguous. The representatives of modernism were rebelling against the whole normative system claiming that they have no ...