Essays on Metaphysics.

Buddha was a great philosopher. His scope of philosophical thought is really impressive. Noteworthy are his thoughts about truth: its metaphysics and epistemology. It will be quite interesting to compare the teachings of the Buddha with the views of Plato, Socrates and Rene Descartes. However, firstly it is needed to examine each of them separately. Buddha's doctrine has the form of the Four Noble Truths. The First Noble Truth states that the basic characteristic of human existence suffering and frustration. The Second Noble Truth explains the reason for suffering is "clinging", "affection". It is senseless attachment to life. According ...

Philosophy

Introduction to Philosophy 1. What are the three major branches of philosophy and what questions do they deal with? The three major branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, logic and axiology. Metaphysics is the study of the nature of reality. Epistemology is the study of the nature of knowledge. Logic is the study of the nature of arguments, while axiology is the study of the nature of value, indicating what is good and what does goodness mean. 2. Discuss the value of philosophy. Every human being lives on the basis of an overarching philosophy, whether through rational analysis or ...

1. Three major branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology and axiology. Metaphysics investigates the reality, its value and structure. Epistemology studies the knowledge, its limitations, nature, as well as issues connected with the nature of truth. Axiology deals with the nature of value and determines what is good or bad. 2. Philosophy is an important part of every person’s live whether the person acknowledges it or not. It broadens the knowledge and understanding of the world and teaches to critically assess the reality, values and beliefs. Philosophy investigates the questions that are ignored by other disciplines and helps ...

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[Faith in metaphysics] Both Gabriel Marcel and Sǿren Kierkegaard agreed that faith is not about believing the existence of God but about believing in God, an absolute presence who is accessible to the believer through prayer and worship as well as through “invocation and response” (Negomireanu 56-57). Through faith, human beings can gain access to the mystery of God, not in the sense of understanding the mystery, but in the experience of soaking to that mysterious Presence (58). Jean-Luc Marion’s phenomenological approach of this accession to the mystery was described as ...

Al-Kindi was born in Basra and is a descendant of Kinda tribe. He is an Arab philosopher who is famously regarded as the ‘Philosopher of the Arabs’. He was a mathematician, Polymath, physician, as well as a musician. He was a scholar under the caliph al Ma’mun before the latter’s reign concluded in 833CE. Howveer, even after the end of al Ma’mun’s reign, Al-kindi remained in the service of the next caliph al-Mu‘tasim and it is during al-Mu‘tasim’s reign that Al-Kindi began his philosophical career. He became one of the first Muslim ...

If I could deconstruct a quotation from Aristotle about truth and use it to begin the narration of the story of my life to this point, it would be along these lines—finding the truth is hard, and the pursuit of truth can set you free - even if you never catch up with it. When I moved to the United States at the age of fifteen, I could not say that I did so voluntarily and seeking greater purpose or better life. However, I guess that I could speak for good many, if not all, who experienced drastic change ...

Introduction

Philosophy aims at creating a better understanding of life, nature, matter, God, and whole universe to us. The paper discusses the three aspects of philosophy such as metaphysics, epistemology, and political philosophy in terms of the theoretical framework laid down by prominent philosophers. The paper includes my own ideas regarding these aspects and also critically evaluates my ideals and the ideals of the philosophers so as to understand the distinction between both forms of ideas.

1. Metaphysics

Metaphysics aims at exploring the reality of everything in this universe and countless theories and sub-categories have developed over the ...

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was born in Konigsburg, East Prussia. He attended a classical Latin School at age eight where he studied for the next eight years. He then moved to the University of Konigsburg where he studied mathematics, philosophy and physics. He left his studies for a while when his father died and earned a living as a private tutor. In 1755 he returned to the university and earned his doctorate. He became a professor there teaching metaphysics and logic. In 19792, the King of Prussia prohibited Kant from speaking or writing on religious subjects; Kant obeyed the order. As ...

1) Is Al-Kindi a fatalist? Can his position be reconciled with Islam (and if so how)? Based on his writings and teachings, the essential message of Al-Kindi (the earliest known Islamic philosopher) is that of fatalism – in essence, that our lives are conditioned in detail by a series of facts that are immutable and unchangeable. Al-Kindi’s perspective, which he outlines in his teachings, is that we can do nothing to change these circumstances and events, even when they are uncomfortable and painful to us. However, he also argues that we have the capability of joyfully affirming these circumstances and ...

Philosophy of Religion – Pascal’s Wager

The question of existence of God has been a bone of contention among many philosophers ever since philosophy existed. Earlier the arguments in favor of God dominated, but later, close to the time of modernity, it appears as if arguments against God’s existence have dominated, irrespective of the validity and plausibility of the arguments. However, even in the modern times, many philosophers tried to defend the existence of God. Among those Blaise Pascal was also one whose argument became famous with the name of Pascal’s wager. The main idea of the argument was that one must wager for ...

According to Aristotle’s terminology, a branch of philosophy that examines the phenomena in the natural world and includes fields that are regarded as biology, physics and other natural sciences is called natural philosophy. Aristotle held belief that being virtuous was a very important role when one still lived (Chaffee 2012).

There are many beliefs in our community and are related to correcting vices or being virtuous. One belief, for instance, is the presence of karma. There is a common belief that what goes around comes around. On one account of karma, a couple was involved. The society normally believes that women are ...

Philosophy is defined as something that is part of a person’s daily life. In ancient Greece, philosophy means love for wisdom, in which people invest deeply on knowledge than in any other matter on Earth. To them, intelligence is the most essential character of a person. One of the products of the great Philosophy is Socrates. Today, Socrates is known to be one of the fathers of Philosophy (Holbing).

Through the years, many definitions of Philosophy have persisted. One of these definitions that have been widely known in the field of Philosophy is the definition of Marcus Aurelius who is a ...

Copleston and Russell argued upon the metaphysical disagreement on the existence of God. This paper is an attempt to unravel the meanings behind Copleston’s arguments and to comprehend it further to be able to support the reality of God’s existence.

Copleston and Russell first agreed upon their understanding about the term “God”. By “God”, they mean the highest personal Being who is the creator of the world. The metaphysical argument was agreed upon by the two to be based from Leibniz’s argument about contingency.

Copleston explains that a 'contingent' being is a creature that possesses ...

Socratic problem consists in the precise determination of the contents of his teachings. The nature of the sources that we have greatly complicate our task: Xenophon’s book “Memoirs of Socrates”, the dialogues of Plato, various Aristotle’s statements, and "Clouds" by Aristophanes. For example, if we were to rely only on the work of Xenophon, we would have got the impression that the main Socrates’ interest was the education of decent people and responsible citizens, and he was not interested in the problems of logic and metaphysics. On the other hand, in Plato's dialogues, we can observe a metaphysician ...

Many children express their desire for a dream profession. Often, this desire changes as they grow up, but from a very young age, I knew I wanted to enter the priesthood. I met a priest in my formative years who helped me shape and grow into this dream; he has helped me time and again to find the right path to realize my eventual goal of entering the priesthood. It was recommended, by multiple members of the clergy, that I attend the University of Illinois at Chicago to study philosophy, as it is superior to many of the alternatives due to the ...

- Describe the basic issues in metaphysics and epistemology between Idealists and Materialists

Metaphysically and epistemologically, the philosophical view that human beings have both mind and body is termed as dualism. However, there is much philosophical disagreement (dichotomy) about the exact association between mind (spirit) and body (matter).

Idealists hold the view that the mind is distinct from physical objects while the materialists maintain the exact opposite. For the former, the self and personality are attributable to one’s immortal soul while for the latter, they assert that the mind (soul) is in some ways a product of the body. Furthermore, generally, idealists hold the view that the act of knowing takes place ...

Abstract

This paper talks about the Nature of Philosophy and describes in detail the main inquiries of philosophy. An attempt has been made to explain areas that are widely accepted to be ‘main’ and of primary importance. These include the areas of Logic, Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics and Aesthetics.

The paper also delves into the approaches used by philosophers to address the numerous questions raised by each specific inquiry. These methods are described with respect to the modules of thinking or actions so used by contemporary as well as age-old philosophers.

The paper then goes on to explain how culture ...

This paper will argue that despite habit, custom, and the existence of God, one does not know in fact if the future will be a resemblance of the past. Basing on the works of famous philosophers Immanuel Kant and David Hume, we’ll come to the conclusion that no one can foresee one’s future even on the basis of strict knowledge of the past and even having habits and customs that presumably have to lead to some definite outcome. The two thinkers argued about those things, and using their ideas we’ll substantiate the thesis under consideration.

Hume was ...

Question 1

Cesare Beccaria was native to an Noble household in Italy. He later became a jurist, criminologist, and a politician. However, he was recognized by most as a talented Jurist of Italy. He is well recognized for his works On Crime Punishment, which in high degree condemned torture and of convicted people. He is well remembered for his work on penology and the book on criminology. During his time, he ensured that that criminal justice and other forms of justice were promoted and adhered to. Beccaria was of the notion that cruel and arbitrary punishments should be condemned and done away with. His ...

Introduction Utilitarianism is a principle that the moral worth of an action is determined by its usefulness in maximizing utility and minimizing negative utility. Utility is the pleasure, preference satisfaction and knowledge. The moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome. In this study we are going to compare Mill, John Stuart’s work 'Utilitarianism’ and Kant, Immanuel’s work 'Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals.' The study will also come up with findings based on the comparisons if the end justifies the means. John Mill’s account on Utilitarianism is primarily influenced by Jeremy Bentham ...

It is hard to imagine that in our modern society, which is so materialistic, down-to-earth and at times does not trust even proved facts, a lot of philosophical ideas procreated in ancient times still remain very important and influential. Most of them are based on the substances that cannot be touched, heard or even seen, nevertheless, more and more people are involved in solving philosophical issues. Metaphysics is one of the most disputable branches of philosophy that bothers people all over the world, apart from their social status, gender or age. As the matter of fact, many of those ...

Alfred North Whitehead

Alfred North Whitehead was born in 1861 and died in 1947. He is well acknowledged as one of British academic developers of the twentieth century. Basically, he was a logician, mathematician and philosopher and is greatly known for his work in philosophy of science and logic in mathematics (Victor, 1985). He contributed and pioneered in reasoning different logics through demonstrating how mathematics may be derivative from few rational concepts and further created wide ranging systems of philosophy. He authored the land mark three in collaboration with others which contributed to the logic of twentieth-century in metaphysics and philosophy of ...

Religious studies

A PHILOSOPHICAL DEBATE Ever since the beginning of time, Man has strived to discover the secrets of the Universe. From Aristotle to Socrates to the modern philosophers, every curious mind has tried to divulge answers from Mother Earth in order to satiate their burning thirst for the knowledge. Philosophy has solely existed to answer questions related to reality, existence, values, reason and mind. Philosophy has been divided into many subcategories. They include metaphysics, ethics, logic, aesthetics and epistemology. Whereas logic is connected with reasoning, epistemology attempts to garner the nature and scope of knowledge. Ethics refers to the ...

Rabbi Maimonides is a medieval Jewish philosopher who wields considerable influence on Jewish thought and on philosophy in general. He also contributed significantly to the codification of the Jewish law. His writings and views hold a prominent place in Jewish intellectual history. In the Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides explores the concept of God and explains the plausible description of God according to Torah. Maimonides also spends significant amount of time in trying to understand the structure and characteristics of the universe. To this point, it becomes important that Maimonides wrote the book before scientific discoveries, so he draws from Aristotelian ...

Worldview

Worldview refers to a set of suggestions and proposals that a person holds and deeply influences the life of people with similar believes. - The followers of Christian religion commonly regard their religion as a collection of ideas that may change their life and follow Christianity as a guideline to interact with society. Followers hardly comprehend their religion as a whole conceptual framework. - Following are the few examples of worldview narrated by different authors. - According to James Sire, the concept of worldview is just a conventional set of suppositions that one may hold of this world and its origin . ...

Martin (2006) enlightens that process philosophy attempts to bring together diverse perception found in visual and human experiences into a holistic scheme. Process philosophy focuses on the dynamics in the society and places philosophical account of reality. Globus (2009) asserts that process philosophy has an enormous contribution by some philosophers such as Whitehead and Hartshorne. According to Globus (2009), Whitehead says that process philosophy seeks to return to a neo-classical realism to avoid subjectivism. Sibley & Gunter (2012) give details that as the world transforms so do all the humanity. Western metaphysics explain reality as the assembly of static people who have ...

Ethics can be examined in many different manners, however, Kant’s model of ethics presents a framework to explain how people perceive ethics through reward and punishment. Kant feels that the only way to truly understand ethics is to experience a variety of ethical dilemmas and learn to solve them through emotional stimulus. Kant’s concept of moral obligation is that there is a priori concept of our minds. This essentially removes God as the basis for morality, and argues that we have free-will in regards to our own moral compass. Kant argues that ethics are learned throughout the course of ...

Philosophy

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist from 384 to 322 B.C. (Dunn F75). He was born in Stagira of Chalkidiki in northern areas of Greece. He was among those people who laid the foundation of western philosophy. Nicomachus, who was the father of Aristotle, worked as the court physician to the Macedonian king Amyntas II. He died when Aristotle was a child. Phaestis, mother of Aristotle, is also thought to have died in the young age of Aristotle. After the death of his father, Proxenus of Atarneus became the guardian of Aristotle. Proxenus of Atarneus was the husband of Arimneste, ...

In this paper, I will discuss the present-at-hand and the ready-at-hand in Heidegger’s philosophy. Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) is a German philosopher who is often thought of in terms of the Existentialist movement in Continental philosophical tradition, but who did not prefer to be classified as an existentialist (McBride 131). Heidegger concerns himself with the deep metaphysical question of being in his book Being and Time — a job he never completed in his lifetime (Blattner 9). Heidegger has an ambitious project in his book — that is fundamentally to investigate being, a project he feels has been forgotten by philosophers (Heidegger 1). Theologians ...

Plato's Influence on Medieval Thought

Plato's Influence on Medieval Thought

Introduction

Plato was born in 428/427 BCE in Athens, Greece. He was a Greek philosopher and Socrates’ student. Plato founded the Academy and best known for his efforts in philosophical works depicting unparalleled influence. Building on various demonstrations by individuals like Socrates that those considered as experts in every ethical matter did not have proper understanding necessary for a prompt human life, Plato came up an idea that the mistake were caused by their lack of proper engagement with a class of identities that he referred to as forms. Key examples of these forms include equality, beauty, and ...

The epigraph mentioned in the question has been taken from the journal The Medieval Church Encounters the Classical Tradition. This blame on medieval ages is most often credited to the Christian Churches for throwing away the minute sparks of science and other creative activities. However, the conformation of the scholars to this fact has proved to be a major hindrance to the real understanding of the medieval ages. It cannot be denied that the middle ages were the times of political and social turmoil and saw a steep decline in the fields of learning and literacy. But, it is the ...

Compare and contrast the Stoic and Aristotelian conceptions of God as the cause of nature.

There are several conceptions devised by various people on God as the cause of nature. The world exists with several compositions including human beings, other living and non-living organisms. Various groups of people have adopted both stoic and Aristotelian conceptions. Stoics believe that nothing passes without explanation. Stoics tend to give an explanation for the existence of everything in life and nature. Stoics believe that an active force exists and that the force is everywhere with matter. The implication is that anything that occupies space and has a weight has got some special type of force. There is a belief in ...

- Otto I The Great: Otto I was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He was considered to be one of the most powerful European rulers. His name goes down in the history for establishing a strong state of Germany. Under his reign, papal politics saw significant advances, making his rule the true beginning of the Holy Roman Empire. - Cluniac movement: was one of the most important movements of the medieval ages. Founded at the French Monastery of Cluny in 910, it was a movement aimed at the reformation of the Catholic churches. People adopted the old monastic ways ...

Ever since Georg Wilhelm Hegel’s death in 1831, the concepts and ideas that he had articulated in his political philosophy has continuously remained the crux of modern philosophical, moral, and ethical discussion. Hegelian schools – both ‘Old’ and ‘Young’ – emerged as propagators of the philosopher’s Hegelian system, and imbued it with controversy and a distinctive dichotomy. With the emergence of socialism in the early 1900s, thinkers such as Moses Hess, Karl Marx, and Ferdinand Lasalle began relating their works with that of Hegel, as did a significant number of liberal and conservative philosophers. Much of the impact that Hegel’s ...

Introduction

The passage from the Republic by Plato is prone to different interpretations. To gain full comprehension of the passage the reader is obliged to delve deep into the platonic debate between Socrates and Glaucon. The trajectory of the argument according to Plato, was that democracies are governments ran by fools. The principal argument in the discussion was that democracies elect courses of action without a coherent understanding of the matter they are handling. The overriding argument was that only those who are fully experienced in statecraft should be allowed to rule. ‘Socrates argued that the cobbler and the medical doctor ...

Very often people ask themselves why we think, how we think, what is the proper way and concepts of right thinking. These and many other important questions about human ability of thinking discussed philosophers from the moment of appearance of philosophy in VII century B.C. It is fascinating for all the creatures how humans can think, moreover how human mind can reach and find such unbelievable and logical ideas. Nevertheless, to have ability to analyze properly everything that is happening around us people must use laws of thinking. In other words, to eliminate all the ambiguous ideas that appear ...

Two different moral philosophies, utilitarianism and Kant’s categorical imperative are utilized for analyzing whether J.’s action of embezzling her employer was correct, even if the end was to provide a better private tuition for her son. The utilitarianism philosophy is based on the principle of doing the greatest good for the biggest amount of individuals, while being free from pain and engaging in pleasure (Mill 220). However, the utilitarianism ethics provides that there should be clearly specified between simple, animal pleasures, and elevated pleasures, of which individuals with high intellectual capacities are capable. In this sense, Mill ( ...

in the Debate Between Moral Relativism and Moral Absolutism The issue of moral relativism versus moral absolutism is an important one in the history of moral philosophy. Benedicts argues that normality is “culturally defined” and argues that what we think of as right and wrong, good and evil, and moral and immoral varies from culture to culture” (qtd. in Rosenstand, p. 146). This view of moral relativism is that the standards of moral right and wrong are based on the moral code of each culture. On the other hand, Christina Hoff Sommers observes an opposite view that moral ...

Part One: Area of Philosophy

The philosophical area in which this problem falls is the metaphysics because it raises the fundamental question of reality. The person who is existing after the accident has two personalities of a man and woman. They have mixed hormones and cannot be assumed to be male or female, me or my friend. It is against this backdrop that the question posed falls in the realms of metaphysics as it explains the nature of being, now that the personality is both male and female.

Part Two: Argument Analysis

According to Descartes, the mind and body are two separate identities. They do not need each other ...

According to Habermas (1983), the notion of “project of modernity” came into focus during the period of the eighteenth century. It is worth mentioning that the spirit of aesthetic modernity discussed by the philosopher was extremely striking in the works of Baudelaire, avant-garde movements, Dadaism and surrealism. At this very time, Bergson presents his philosophy of the new time, showing the elusiveness, ephemerality and discontinuity of life. That’s is why the way of modernist representation of art is rather abstract and ambiguous. The representatives of modernism were rebelling against the whole normative system claiming that they have no ...

Since at least the time of Socrates, Western thinkers have attempted to define identity and selfhood. A number of thinkers' arguments merit consideration for their efforts. However, Sigmund Freud and Rene Descartes (widely-considered to be the Father of Modern Philosophy) posited theories of identity that have withstood the rigors of both experience and analysis. Upon a more closer examination, Freud's theories of selfhood are more epistemologically-sound, and reflect more concern with a scientific description of selfhood, thus making them a more accurate definition of identity and selfhood. Both Freud and Descartes were scientific thinkers. They were both less concerned about questions ...

Introduction and thesis statement

Human action and society have been molded upon generations of interaction between past inhabitants of this planet. It is upon this richness and growth that practices are recognized as best practices or as out-rightly wrong. The presence of such guiding principles is useful in leading of the present organized lives that we enjoy. In this progression, philosophy has played a key role in formulating principles or guidelines upon which we can understand our actions, their implications, their motivation and the interdependence between various actions. The formulation of philosophies such as utilitarianism has acted as a base upon which philosophers can examine ...

"Thus a good will constitute the indispensable condition of being even worthy of happiness" (Kant, p. 7). According to the Kantian philosophy, good will refers to the only thing in the society that is universally good. He further describes good will by reason, and reason must be a universally accepted law in the society, which is universally applicable to all members of the society. Kant indicates that nothing in or beyond the world can possibly be considered as good without the qualification of good will, which implies that a good thing must be universally acceptable in the society. According to this ...

Aristotle and Plato are two Greek philosophers well known for their profound and great contributions to academic knowledge not only through their philosophical theories, but also through their great insights in sociology and economics. Considering that the work incorporated by the two still stands affirm, this paper will argue in favor of the notion that the work of the two still remain relevant in the contemporary times or rather the 21st century evident through the application of the same.

Plato

Plato is a classical scholar who name is regarded highly in the field of academics. He was born Greece around 423 ...

- THE OCENTRIC PERIOD: - 500BCE – 0 - Middle Age – Byzantium - ARISTOCRATIC PERIOD: - Renaissance (1450-1550) - The Age of Enlightenment (1550-1789)

IDEAS AND THOUGHT

RESEARCH JOURNAL I. OCENTRIC PERIOD: 1. 500BCE – 0:

Ancient and modern have the following characteristics: - Art was not the beauty residence: it is not the definition of beauty with art. - Reasoning about art theory and beauty developed independently of each other.

Socrates

Socrates was born in Athens in 470 BC. His father, Sofroniks, was a stonemason and his mother a midwife. From his father, Socrates learned the craft ...

Doctor Candidate:

Philosophy of Transformation: Differentiation or Subtraction Summary in Key Words Philosophy of transformation; Deleuze; Badiou; differentiation, subtraction, (re-, de-) territorialization; folding; plane of consistency; events (interventions); truth procedure; subject; the capitalism; the democratic materialism

Summary of the Theme and the Aim of the Project

This project focuses on the characteristics of the radical change, concerning philosophies of Badiou and Deleuze. The plan is to analyze Deleuze’s idea of creative differentiation, relevant to the (re-, de-) territorialization and the folding, meanwhile to examine Badiou’s subtractive philosophy about the event (the intervention), and the truth procedure. Four steps to undertake this project will be conducted in sequence: ...

1. Introduction The most of the people in the world was guided by some of the philosophers. The philosopher is the great thinkers that they can provide good advice to lead the good society. The ancient kings obeyed the advice of philosophers. The most famous among them are Socrates. The Socrates is a great thinker and philosopher; his sayings are still followed by most of the people. The one among the best philosopher is Confucius. The Confucius was born in 551- 447 BCE in the nation called china. The Confucius is the most influential philosopher in china. The thinking ...

Racism and ethnic discrimination in the West have been core issues of concern since the slave trade era and the colonial era. There was a form of legally sanctioned racism. Colonial powers used legislative institutions instituted and controlled by them to impose racism on the societies they colonized. In the United States of Americas the European Americas, particularly the Anglo Americans had privileges over the natives in terms of voting rights, citizenship, literacy, immigration, criminal procedures and land acquisition for a period spanning from 17th Century to the 1960s. These privileges were felt by the Anglo Americans and Europeans all over ...

Michail Bakunin was a great revolutionary and so was his political thought. He lived in Tsarist Russia in 19th century and was fighting against any form of state organization in favor of a common to mankind fraternity. Revolution for Bakunin was a key word of human existence. He is known for the idea of collective anarchism. The Russian revolutionary proclaimed that a will to revolt is the most natural thing in the world by stating that “Even a worm turns against the foot that crushes it”. In this essay I will connect this quote and its meaning to a reflection on Antient Greek tragedy and ...

Philosophy

What is the distinction between hypothetical imperatives and categorical ones, and why is morality associated with categorical imperatives? Immanuel Kant’s (1724-1804) Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) is a critical examination of the supreme principle of morality based on a priori (reason) knowledge rather than a posteriori (empirical) truths. He argued that his duty ethics is based on pure reason using a moral rule, which defines ultimate practical moral principles. He then distinguished between hypothetical and categorical ones such that the former is about actions that “represent the practical necessity of a possible action as to something else;” whereas, the latter ...

Classes

Analytic summary notes Summary notes Mills contends in the book, that the most important task for social scientists and sociologists is to create a link between different social environments of individuals and social and historical forces where the experiences are entangled. The view challenges that of structural functionalist because it creates a new opportunity for a social scientist to inhibit in relation to the broad social structure. The broad social structure is produced through a combination of individual function. In essence, the author was trying to make an attempt of reconciling two varying concepts of social reality, the society and the ...

Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher born in 384 B.C. He was also a student of Plato as well as the teacher of one of the greatest leaders ever, Alexander the great. He is seen as one of the most prominent and significant founders in the western philosophy. He wrote a great deal of work that included ethics, biology, and physics among other fields. He was indeed versatile with information. It is from all the writings that were assembled later on that were finally given the name metaphysics. All these, however, are referred to as first philosophy according to Aristotle. This ...

A first look at nature shows us the existence of corporeal substances and the universal presence of change. We see that all bodily substances, whether living or not, are subject to generation and corruption. Every change has a starting point and a terminal point. As regards substantial changes, the terminal point is what determines its nature. Aristotle calls this terminal point as the form, understood not in the geometric sense, but as that, which determines the nature of the substance. The substantial form is the reality or perfection produced in any substantial change. Aside from the form, a substrate is also necessary ...

The death penalty is absolutely one of the most hotly debated issues in criminal law, and in national politics. The issue becomes one of whether or not the death penalty is successful as a deterrent, or if it merely kills inmates, some of whom may be innocent. There are those who believe that the death penalty, being the ultimate punishment for an offender, is a threat that can successfully discourage people from performing wrong doing (and therefore foregoing that fate). Philosopher Immanuel Kant is one of the loudest philosophical voices to advocate for the death penalty; his notions of Ethics involve ...

An overview

Introduction In simplest of words, theology is the study of religions and religious beliefs. Some scholars choose to call it the science of deities and divinity. But atheistic scholars do not very much approve of theology as a viable branch of study or ‘science’. Nevertheless, theology has been helping religious people understand, follow and even reform their religions with time. The great theologians in history have acted like a guiding star to bring changes in religious beliefs and rituals. And in the course of past several centuries, the major religions in the world have been modified mainly because of these ...

Abstract

Popper’s View on Science Applied to Management Theory

Introduction

Popper’s view on science disregards the induction, considering that theories must be submitted to experiments before considered scientific, otherwise things, if they cannot be experimented, theories are not scientific, but of other nature, such as metaphysical, and the philosopher aims to differentiate between the empirical science and the metaphysics (Corvi, 2005). This perception contributes to expanding human knowledge, because taking knowledge for granted determines scientific stagnation, while testing proven theories as falsifiable leads to further discovery and learning new theories, generating scientific advancement. Applied to management, Popper’s view ...

Introduction

Aristotle and Plato are two of the most famous philosophers of time. Plato was actually a teacher of Aristotle at his academy. Aristotle found a lot of faults in the philosophical theories developed by Plato even though he was his teacher. He became his teacher’s greatest critic. In spite of this criticism, Aristotle was significantly influenced by Plato. This makes it relatively easy to compare their works due to the fact that they target the same philosophical aspects even though the most of the points in their philosophies are contradictory. The philosophical aspects explored by the two included metaphysics, ethics, ...

Introduction

Karl Heinrich Marx was born in a family of nine to Henrietta Marx and Heinrich in Trier in Prussia. He was born on 5th of May 1818. Karl Marx was brought up by a father who was a lawyer who was extremely successful Voltaire and Kant. The father was also a fervent Prussian reform activist. Despite his parents bringing him as a Jew in the ancestry of rabbinical, in 1816 his father converted to Christianity at 35 years of age. At school, Marx was never the best student. He was always an average student. For twelve years he was educated at home. After a ...

Introduction

Immanuel Kant was born in Konigsberg, which was the capital of Prussia, which is currently known as Kaliningrad city in Russia in the year 1724. He was the fourth child in a family of nine children. His original name that he got after he was baptized was Emanuel, which he changed to Immanuel after getting converted to Hebrew. For the best part of his childhood he stayed at Konigsberg. The father to Kant was a German harness-maker from Memel, which was the most northeastern city in Prussia. Kant’s father died when Kant was 22 years of age. His mother Anna ...

Socrates and Machiavelli are two great philosophers who believed in different ideologies about how people are supposed to live in a nation under administration and authority. However, the two had some merging points, where they could agree on some issues. According to Socrates, people in the community depended on each other for their survival since no person is complete without the other. He further postulated that people have different capacities to perform various tasks, and thus no person can have all the necessary art. Therefore, Socrates advocated for mutual interdependence among members of the society (Kreeft, 2002). On the ...