Optimal Literature Reviews Samples For Students

Determinants of Capital Structure

Abstract
Decision on capital composition is a crucial decision for firms as it has major financial and profitability implications. The objective of this paper is to identify the determinants of capital structure and discuss the key theories on capital structure. The paper discusses they key theories of capital structure, providing evidence of the theory and listing its limitations. The MM theory is the foundation for the other modern theories of capital structure. The trade-off theory is an extension to MM theory relaxing the assumption of bankruptcy. Pecking order theory highlights the firm’s preference of internal cash flows as ...

INTRODUCTION

In broad terms, the concept of sustainable economic growth is an attempt to combine growing concerns about a range of environmental issues with socio-economic issues (Bill Hopwood, Mary Mellor and Geoff O’Brien, 2005). However, the phrase sustainable economic growth or development has many meanings attached to it. Sustainability itself (as a strategic concept originated in the Brundtland report in the year 1987) means a degree of growth which can be retained without creating other substantial economic or environmental problems for future generations. In other words, it is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future ...

In this assignment researches built up a model of the mutual definition of the level of economy’s advancement and improvement through business sector collaborations and the degree of pollution regulation through corporate intention of making decisions.
The key point in this brief literature review is to resolve a concern whether societies care about pollution or does it continue to grow boundlessly as revenue increases? The aim is to show the interaction between income and environmental degradation and present an understandable theoretical model of political and economic process to set up environmental policy for pollution to be controlled. The ...

Precisely, the influence of social media on the development of students' communication skills has turned into a problem studied by many modern researchers. From a historical perspective, the issue is new, as social media have evolved very quickly. Even 15 years ago, the general theory of interpersonal communication in the context of education did not yield to analysis, which would take into account the impact of social media on the development of students. However, today, millions of young people around the world feel the effect of the total virtualization of social processes, i.e. communication in particular. The use of ...

Health promotion is the science or art that enables people to discover the synergies between optimal health and their core passions, thus enhancing their motivation to achieve good health and assisting them in changing their lives so as to move towards an optimal health status. Therefore, in other words, health promotion can be further explained to be the process that enables individuals to increase control over their health status and its determinants, and ultimately improving on their health. Generally, optimal health is perceived to be the dynamic balance of physical, spiritual, social and intellectual health. Consequently, various life changes ...

Abstract

In the scope of this paper, the analysis of the business model was conducted from the perspective of the following aspects –as they are represented by the scholars in scientific literature: cost structure; key partners; central activities; major resources; value proposition; revenue structure; customer relationships; channel and customer segment. Additional emphasis was put on the case studies, which demonstrate effective utilization of the innovative business models
Key words: segmentation, business model, strategy, customers, planning.

THE BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS

First of all, in the scope of the business model canvas development, the cost structure would be discussed. In the scope of the article ...

In addition to the fact that Tiebout's assumptions are unrealistic, as mentioned before, even with these assumptions he did not provide a mathematical proof of the equilibrium in his article. Some scholars tried to formalize the model and suggest that the model does not work as we would expect from a pareto optimal general equilibrium model. Bewley (1981) showed that Tiebout equilibrium does not have a Pareto optimal solution unless we add some other restrictive assumptions to the model. He provided a series of examples which highlights the inefficiency of Tiebout model. Moreover, as the reviewed literature shows, relaxing Tiebout’s assumption does ...

Healthcare

In the current paper, we will discuss the complications in removable implant prosthesis, fabrication, delivery, and function. For the purpose of understanding these topics better, we need to understand the basic concepts of dental implants first. A dental implant can be described as an artificial replacement of a tooth root which is placed in the jaw for the purpose of holding a replaced tooth or a bridge. Dental implants can be used as an option for the patients who had lost a tooth as a result of a periodontal disease, injury or any other reason.
Two different types of ...

Abstract

Risk management is undertaken differently in varied sectors. In a survey of 415 projects in Brazil, the revelation came out that hiring a risk manager or planning for risk enhances project success rate. However, risk means diverse things for different sectors. In IT, some risks are desirable, because they disrupt the status, making some people redundant and increasing the opportunities for the skilled. Hence, the path taken to manage risk in the IT field is different from how risk is managed in other areas. The construction industry is intensive in the use of resources, and risk management should be ...

Literature Review

Abstract
Innovations and modifications that produce cost reductions and enhance performance have driven the evolution of the classic solid rocket and the liquid bipropellant rocket into hybrid models that integrate the predominant solid and liquid model features into more sensical, more economical fabrications of design. The commercial spacecraft demands for aerospace propulsion have also evolved to include a market for environmentally sustainable hybrid rocket engines that has yet to fully mature to the Technology Readiness Level (TRL). Numerical modeling has been used as a tool to test the feasibility of new solid fuel types. ABS has been considered as ...

There are many definitions to the term ‘medical referral system’ by a variety of authors and scholars. A referral system, according to Almalki, FitzGerald and Clark (2011) is an institutional framework that comprehensively connects a variety of entities that have different responsibilities and duties into one network. Another definition by MOH (2016) posits that a referral system in healthcare is the “process of directing or redirecting the patient to the optimal level, usually from the lower potential levels to the greatest potential ones ensuring the access into the right care, at the right time, in the right setting, by ...

Abstract

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an infection which often develops as a result of poor handling of mechanical ventilation. Such as, poor nursing practice in caring for patients with difficulty in breathing can lead to microorganisms entering patient’s body through a tube inserted especially via mouth and nose of the patient. When these microorganisms get into the respiratory system they cause lung infection which is referred to as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In preventing this infection, it is important that nurses adopt best practices to reduce the incidence of VAP and provide quality care that is aimed at improving the ...

Introduction

It is challenging to fathom exactly what drives people towards accomplishment in life, but there are some reasons to believe that both external and internal forces play significance roles in motivation. “Motivation is the particular word commonly used to describe the situation of self-determination” (Deci & Ryan, 2014). The theory of motivation developed by Deci and Ryan (2014), suggest that individuals are necessarily driven by the need to grow to gain personal fulfillment. However, where does that motivation stems from? Deci and Ryan (2014) explain that “self-determination influences people towards accomplishing such tasks." First, people's activities and efforts are usually ...

Introduction

The role of Nurse Practitioners has expanded extensively over the past few decades. This has been necessitated by a number of factors ranging from the need to cover the apparent nurse shortage, the reforms in the healthcare sector and the increasing number of Nursing Practitioners which has immensely led to massive power and influence by professional bodies that represent Nurse Practitioners. With the primary need to help overcome the apparent challenges in the healthcare sector especially with the increasing population of patients, as well as the increasing demands for quality of care and new models such as the holistic care ...

Introduction

Industrial/Organizational psychology is an applied science dealing with psychology of ‘people at work’. (Kalat 2002). The workplace dynamics comprise of both tangible and non-tangible elements, both of which impact on employee satisfaction. Satisfied employees tend to be more committed and enthusiastic about their work. Moreover, employee satisfaction and dedication is contingent on a number of closely related variables such as, employee engagement, empowerment, the perceived (organizational) support structures as well as the organization’s commitment to employee welfare. Employees feel empowered when they have more opportunities for interacting with colleagues, a certain level of decision making authority and are accorded a fair ...

Chapter 2 – Literature Review

Chapter II
The Review of the Related Literature
Introduction
During the past decades, breakthroughs in the study of Vitamin D and findings pointing to its importance in maintaining health have been made. Apart from the found importance of Vitamin D in human skeletal development, further evidence is attributing the benefits of adequate Vitamin D to the development of other tissues in the body. In addition, the prior belief regarding the amount of Vitamin D needed in the body was changed encompassing new findings that the human body needs more Vitamin D than usually thought (Holick, 2004). ...

The term biological marker or biomarker refers to a quantified characteristic which may act as a key indicator of a biological condition or a biological state. It can also allude to a substance whose existence indicates the presence of living organisms. In medicine the term can be used for a traceable substance introduced into the system of an organism as a way to examine aspects of health for example organ function. Clinical trials often employ the use of biochemical biomarkers chiefly by deriving them directly from bodily fluids. In genetics biological markers play quite a pivotal role as they are a sequence of DNA associated with disease causation ...

Introduction

Teratogen is broadly defined as an environmental agent capable of causing abnormal prenatal variation in form or function. In other words, it can be any environmental factor that can produce a permanent abnormality in structure or function of an embryo or fetus or restriction of growth of an infant (Gilbert-Barness, 2010). In prenatal life, exposure to teratogens may even lead to death of the embryo or fetus. It is estimated that approximately 15% of all congenital structural abnormalities observed in a child are due to exposure to some kind of teratogens during the prenatal life (Brent, 2001). A larger number of ...

1. Benjamin is amused by the fact that the collector builds a lot of amusement through creating a link and a storyline by linking generations or history. This means that the collector aims at re-modeling or reflecting a certain object so as to provoke a memory among people such that there is a connection. Through provoking one’s memory or history, people form a bond or a link between things such that an image represents an idea or something of substance. Benjamin explains that there are three types of memories that can be evoked: intentional memory, voluntary memory and involuntary memory (Leslie 68). The collector is said ...

Critical Analysis

In a qualitative study, Bryon, Gastmans & de Casterle (2012) explored the experiences of nurses with nurse-physician communication that occurred during decision-making for artificial nutrition or hydration (ANH) among hospitalised dementia patients. Twenty-one nurses in nine hospitals in Belgium were selected for semi-structured interviews as they reflected a wide range of personal characteristics and practice experiences. Successful advocacy for the dying patient and his family, a nurse’s ethical responsibility, depends on the quality of interdisciplinary communication. From data analysis which used a grounded theory framework emerged three factors influencing the nurse-physician communication: the attitudes of physicians toward nurses, the attitude of nurses toward ...

What Would Be The Consequences On The Italian Economy If They Were To Abandon The Euro Currency And Re-Establish The Lira?
There has been a believable rumour that Italy is at the verge abandoning the Euro for its local currency, the Lira. There arise many questions as to why such a developed country with a high GDP per capita would embrace such an idea and the implication of the same to the Economy.
This informing paper clearly sets out all the possibilities that are likely to occur based on previous example of abandoning a currency as well currency areas.
Previously ...

Patient Situation and Literature Review

Patients receiving chemotherapy treatment for cancer experience a great deal of extremely unpleasant and severe side effects. These include immunosuppression, anemia, thrombocytopenia, gastrointestinal symptoms, peripheral neuropathy, alopecia and fatigue (Chemotherapy side effects, n.d.). Effectively managing these symptoms increases patient quality of life despite serious and potentially terminal illness and promotes compliance with treatment in order to optimize the benefits (Perwitasari et al., 2012). Nausea and vomiting are particularly distressing symptoms among patients and nurses working in the oncology ward must be knowledgeable regarding the range of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic techniques which can be used for control. This paper presents the ...

Care of People with Heart Failure

Introduction
The constantly increasing number of people suffering from heart failure and other chronic conditions is always raising concern about the quality of health services accorded to these people. Admittedly, improving health care has emerged as one of the urgent issues around the world with governments, health care administrators and physicians, just to mention but a few, letting their policy objective be appreciably influenced by the desire to improve health care delivery, particularly for chronic and long term illnesses. This paper aims at describing the best model for care for heart failure. The paper also describes how models of ...

Introduction. Night blindness is one of the early warning signs of a deficiency in Vitamin A. Each year, between 250,000 and 500,000 children lose their sight because they do not consume enough Vitamin A, and half of those will die within twelve months of losing their sight. Also, many pregnant women in developing countries suffer from night blindness as a symptom of Vitamin A deficiency, a problem compounded by mortality during pregnancy and childbirth, as well as difficulties in birth and in performing lactation (Rahi, et al., 1995, p. 332). In addition to night blindness, Vitamin A deficiency can impair ...