Essays on Irradiation

Gold Nanoparticles Article Summaries.

Original Article Summary: Turkevich, Stevenson, & Hillier, 1951. In their 1951 article, Turkevich, Stevenson, and Hillier explore the nucleation processes and growth of colloidal gold nanoparticles during synthesis under different methods. The paper explores the standard preparation methods of colloidal gold which all use a nucleating agent which usually comprises reducing agents that later form a mixed polymer with a chloroauric ion before reduction to the nucleus occurs. The authors of this paper explore gold colloids synthesis methods such as Bredig’s electrical arc synthesis, the Faraday method, and reduction methods using acetone, tannin gold solution, oxalic acid, Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, ...

This research is about radiation exposure to pregnant females. Pregnant females are often exposed to radiation from medical equipment such as X-Ray machines, security scanners, hazards from nuclear facilities, and other equipment in the workplace. There has been raising concerns as to whether radiation has any impact on pregnant females. While some argue radiation is harmful, some people believe radiation has no impact. This paper will review evidence gathered from previous investigations. The paper will discuss radiation and its impacts on the pregnant females. The paper will conclude with a summary of the findings. Radiation can be classified as ...

Abstract

The uses of radiation revolutionized medicine when experimentation on its potential applications begun. X-Ray technology, discovered by Wilhem Roentgen, is currently used as a common tool for diagnostics; Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie and Pierre Curie dedicated themselves to further investigations in the field, discovering additional radioactive materials (polonium and radium); radiation therapy is a popular treatment for cancer. This paper analyzes the historical background behind these two applications of radiation in the medical field. Moreover, the different types of radiotherapy are described (external-beam radiation therapy, internal radiation therapy). The concept of radiation homeostasis, which is the notion that low-dose ...

Ultraviolet light (UV light) is a type of electromagnetic radiation that is located between visible light and X-rays in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is invisible to the human eye, and has a frequency greater than that of visible light but lesser than X-rays. It has a wavelength ranging from about 10 nm to 400 nm (ISO, 2007). UV light is a part of the radiation that comes from the sun. It can also be produced artificially by electric arcs, black lights, tanning lamps and mercury vapor lamps. The name Ultraviolet literally translates to “beyond violet”, as it has a ...

Abstract

The debate over the potential benefits of organic foods and conventional ones has been ongoing for quite a long time. Due to numerous reasons, consumers believe that organic foods are healthier, environmentally friendly as well as possess ethical option and they are not far from the truth. A number of scientific evidence indicate that organic foods are better for nature, involves high animal welfare, natural and great tasting foods aspects as well as safer and healthier option than non-organic ones. Studies reveal various reasons why consumers choose organics and interestingly most consumers who go for organics do so because ...

The average amount of water in the body of an adult person is considered to be around 60 percent of his weight (Rhoades and Bell, 2009). Therefore, if Mark weighed 180 lbs (85 kg), the approximate physiologic volume of water in his organism was around 108 lbs (51 kg). If Mark weighted 168 lbs after the accident, we can think that this weight is the actual amount of water that he lost because during these several days he lost mainly water. Therefore, he lost 12 lbs of water, which is 11.11 percent of all water in his organism. Main ...

Summary

Supported on carbon particles using the high energy electron beam Yuji Ohkubo, Masashi Shibata, Satoru Kageyama, Satoshi Seino, Takashi Nakagawa,Junichiro Kugai, Takao A. Yamamoto (2011) in their study of the Radiation-induced synthesis of Au–Pd nanoparticles of random alloy structure supported on carbon particles using the high energy electron beam found that Au-pd particle of ca 5-nm dispersed well on the carbon surface with ca. 30-nm without a significant agglomeration. Upon adding citric acid to the original solution, the resulting high pH was effective in the formation of alloy structures from the resulting bimetallic nanoparticles. Using the irradiation ...

A neutron is a fundamental particle in the nucleus of an atom. Protons and neutrons have nearly the same mass and can exist as free particles away from the nucleus. Neutrons constitute more than half of all visible matter in the universe. They possess properties that make them ideal for various types of research. Their unique sensitivity to hydrogen, for example, allows them to locate precisely the atoms of hydrogen. Their sensitivity to hydrogen ensures the accurate determination of molecular structure ...

Executive Summary

In this report, the discussion explains the controls required to prevent physical and chemical contamination of food. It compared the characteristics of food borne infections and food poisoning. It further discussed how to control food borne illnesses. It categorized the food spoilage agents and discussed methods of food preservation. It highlighted the importance of effective prevention systems in control of food contamination with two case studies. It also constructed a food hazard assessment, a food safety control system and a food safety guide.

The given is the report that was sent by the Compliance Officer of the hotel when the incident of a ...

Introduction

Taste aversion is a common phenomenon in human beings. Most people are averse of food of one kind or the other, which is sometimes confused with allergy. If a person claims that he can eat cheese but is allergic to milk, it is mostly likely the case of taste aversion. Taste aversion is aversion to certain foods, in human beings and animals, due to a past illness experienced with similar food. It is an interesting topic of discussion, in the field of psychology, as this form of conditioning defies more than one rule of classic conditioning. The objective of this paper is ...

Introduction

Objective The effect of gamma radiation exposure on various biological species is known to vary with the radiation dose. Contrary to earlier theories which predict greater damage with increasing dosage, recent studies have observed a non-linear relationship at relatively low doses (Al-Safadi & Simon, 1996; Bajaj et al., 1970; Mokobia, & Anomohanran, 2005). An experiment to observe this effect on the monocot crop plant Hordeum Vulgare was carried out. Varying doses of 0 Krad, 5Krad, 10 Krad, 25 Krad, 50 Krad, and 100 Krad were used on six batches of seedlings. The aim of this paper is to discuss the methodology ...

- Normal issues and Organ at Risk Due to Irradiation The radiation effects in human are due to the deposition of energy in the human body. Not all the tissues are exposed to the radiation effect. Only few of the tissues are exposed to the radiation effect. The radiation therapy is used for the medical treatment. A high dose of radiation will result in damage of sensitive tissue, even, it may result in death. A high dose of radiation results in the death of cells. All the cells are not equal to the radiation sensitivity. Only the sensitive ...

Introduction

Headquartered in the City of Westminster, London, Marks and Spencer Plc. is one of the leading British multi-channel retailers of garments and high quality food products. Founded in 1884 by Thomas Spencer and Michael Marks, the company has 766 stores in the UK alone with 361 more stores spread across globally in over 50 nations (M&S #3 2014). With about 82,000 employees worldwide, the company aims to provide an excellent shopping experience to its customers, whether in stores, by phone or online. The company seeks to follow a green way of doing its business and hence it has engaged ...

Introduction

Germination is the process by which a plant develops from a seed and grows in optimal conditions where temperature and water available is suitable for the transformation of a seed into a plant. The conditions are favorable when the right balance of air, moisture and temperature are reached that stimulate the seed to come out of hibernation and start sprouting a root and shoot that starts the process of germination(Bewley, J. Derek, et al). Mostly, germination is the growth of embryonic seeds. When a seed is germinating and fertilizing, it produces an embryo where an embryo is present after fertilization and this embryo gets ...

Xerostomia

Xerostomia Xerostomia is a medical term used to describe the dryness of the mouth resulting from thickening of saliva, reduction in the usual volume of the saliva or complete absence of saliva flow. Xerostomia results in discomfort and persistence of this condition can lead to many oral diseases including dental caries and periodontal disease. It is associated but is not restricted to the hypofunction of the salivary glands. Some medications are also responsible for the reduction of saliva flow or thickening of the saliva leading to Xerostomia.

Impact of Xerostomia to patients

The greatest impact of Xerostomia on patients is the feeling of a dry ...

1. NAME OF STUDENT: 2. TITLE OF PROJECT: 3. SUPERVISORS: 1. TITLE OF THE PROJECT

2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT: (a) Aims and objectives:

This proposal mainly aims to:

- develop a system of strategy to decrease the exposure of patients and workers in X-ray radiation; - Make a proposal on the determination of the effect of the X-ray on cellular metabolisms of reproductive cells of sample populations; - Develop a method of procedure to lessen the X-ray exposure among the patients and workers; - Test the effectivity of the developed method; and, - do a comparative study with direct ...

Organic foods are foods produced using agricultural methods that use less modern inputs like chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides. Organic foods do not have artificial ingredients in them. This type of agriculture existed many years and it was known as traditional farming. The traditional farming used utilized various techniques to ensure that the soil remained productive (Popp et al, 165). The farmers used management methods to ensure that the soil remained productive. The management methods included the use of compost manure to and plant materials as fertilizer. They incorporated crop rotation to help maintain the fertility of the soil. ...

The ubiquitous climate change and the attendant consequences in the forms of flash floods, earthquakes, tsunamis etc has further intensified efforts at seeking alternative sources of energy to the currently used fossil fuels that contribute so much to the deterioration of the environment and the menace of climate change. The alternative forms of energy, termed green energy are renewable sources of energy e.g. solar energy. Theses green sources of energy do not contribute to the deterioration of the environment. The industrial production of hydrogen gas H2 is dependent on heavy use of fossil fuel-generated electricity to power the process ...

Q1 Insolation can be described as the amount of energy of solar radiation received on a certain surface area and recorded in a given time. It is also known as solar irradiation and expressed as daily irradiation when recorded during a day and hourly irradiation when recorded during an hour. Throughout the year, the seasons undergo changes based on the quantity of sunlight hitting the Earth as it circles around the Sun. Seasons occur as a result of Earth tilting on its axis, moving in a loop around the Sun every year. Summer occurs when the hemisphere is angled towards the Sun ...

Abstract

There was a time when one would have to visit a health food store to buy organic food. However, they are now freely available in general food stores and supermarkets. Organic foods have become the rave among the health conscious who believe that not only are such foods safer than conventional foods but taste better too. At the same time, there is a majority of people around the globe that continues to consume food produced using conventional methods. For any food to be marketed as ‘organic’, it has to attain certifications from the government. Different from private gardening, government regulation pertaining to ...

NITROGEN AND COPPER DOPED SOLAR LIGHT ACTIVE TIO2 PHOTOCATALYSTS FOR WATER DECONTAMINATION

Abstract: A new category of photocatalytic coating that can degrade chemical as well as bacterial contaminants under visible sunlight wavelengths was generated by the deposition of a stable photocatalytic TiO2 film over the internal lumen of glass bottles by means of a sol–gel technique. Such a coating was produced either in doped or undoped form. This coating used copper and/ or nitrogen for producing visible light-active TiO2 films that were normalized or annealed at 600 ◦C and were characterized by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The degradation of methylene blue was seen to accelerate with doped and undoped TiO2 films ...

Adult Hippocampal neurogenesis has often been associated with hippocampus-dependent learning memory. The whole process of neuron development is highly and differently susceptible to various factors and conditions that affect its survival, as well as functionality. Various prior researches have indicated that spatial training occurring 6-10 days after an injection of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), which is a DNA synthesis marker, increased the cell’s survival rate in male rats. However, sex differences has been reported in spatial cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis, hence developing difficulties in understanding whether spatial training would affect males and females hippocampal neurogenesis similarly. Therefore, the article by ...

THE OXIDATION OF OLIVE OIL UNDER MICROWAVE HEATING

Chemistry: Research Proposal Research is proposed to determine whether or not olive leaves are a good source of antioxidants. Reports of experiments to determine the effectiveness of natural plant extracts including olive leaf extracts have found that to be the case. The olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves are attractive because they “contain secoiridoids (oleuropein, ligstrosid, dimethyloleuropein, and oleoside), flavonoids (apigenins, kaempferol, leteolin), as well as phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol).” (Rafiee et al., 2012, p. 1498) High content of antioxidant properties and total phenols have been determined from olive leaf extractions. (Rafiee et al., 2012;) Rafiee (et al., ...

1. ABSRACT

The purpose of this experiment was two-fold. Firstly it was to synthesize shape-controllable Copper Oxide (Cu2O) under alkaline conditions by using hydrothermal methodology. Secondly it was to measure and evaluate its application for photocatalytic degradation of direct blue dye 53 also commonly known as Direct Blue 53 or Evans Blue. Materials used for the first step were Cu2O and the two reactants, CuCl2.2H2O and NaOH. The temperature during the hydrothermal process was raised from 80°C to 140°C. Two products were synthesized: a) the Cu2O nanorod and b) a mixture of Cu2O nanorod and Cu2O nanocubes.

Hydrothermal temperature was found to ...

Whenever a person hears the term isotopes, one is reminded of the negative effects of nuclear science as it is considered a medium that fosters nuclear radiation, and if handled incorrectly, it can cause massive radiation contamination on a larger scale. Although this perception is correct, this fosters the usual fear of the public whenever the idea of nuclear energy is discussed. Some would often forego the importance of both nuclear science and the use of nuclear power in various purposes. However, people do not realize that they benefit with nuclear science from the food one eats up to the items used ...

This survey is to fulfill the field research requirement for an MSc thesis entitled "Consumer Perception and Acceptance of Genetically Modified (GM) Foods in Medway, United Kingdom."

(Your participation in this survey is greatly appreciated). -----------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Gender

 Male

2. Age

 18-29  30-39  40-49  50-59  60 and over

3. Education

 High school  Undergraduate  Bachelor

 Masters  PhD  Other certificate (____________) 4. Profession

 Professional: non-food industry  Professional: food industry

 Non-professional  At home  Student 5. Please rank the following food related issues according to your level of concern? * Rate each issue as follows: 1, extremely concerned; 2, very concern; 3, moderately concerned; 4, a little concern; 5, not concern at ...

Pink Pork

Most top chefs and some scientists breathed a sigh of relief when the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced that pink pork is safe for human consumption. For years, they have been urging the USDA body to declare that pink pork is safe in vain (Cevallos, 2011). Previously people have viewed the pink color of pork with skepticism for they associated it with undercooking. With the recent announcement, the lovers of this rare meat do not have to worry about the pink color anymore. The color issues came about when USDA lowered the safe temperatures of cooking pork. Initially ...