Essays on Translocation

Lis Rodriguez

Lab 1 ASA College Abstract Patau’s syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that involves trisomy 13. The condition is characterised by either an extra copy of the autosomal chromosome number 13 or a translocation to chromosome 13 from another chromosome. There are severe symptoms observed in the unborn and newborn children having this defect. Polydactyly, cleft lips, physical retardation, mental retardation, heart defects are few of the many symptoms. The disease can be diagnosed during gestation via screening methods followed by several analytical procedures like FISH, karyotyping and microarray on samples of blood and serum from the pregnant ...

The process of DNA replication at biochemical level

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a biopolymer that encodes all the structures needed for the organism’s lifespan and development. In a cell it is located in the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA consists of four types of deoxyribonucleotides, the sequence of which is used to store the data.

The essential characteristic of DNA molecule that allows it to pass the stored information to the next generations of cells or organisms is the way of self-reproduction known as replication. The molecule consists of two complementary chains that are held together with the help of hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases. ...

I.Introduction

Down syndrome or Trisomia 21 is the most common chromosomal condition in U.S, one in every 691 babies in the U.S are born with it (NDSS). More than 400 thousand people live with it in U.S (NDSS). Risk of giving birth to a baby with the Down syndrome increases with age. If for mothers under 30 Down's Syndrome Risk is less than 1 in 1 000, for mothers aged 35, 42 and 49 the risk increases to 1 in 400, 1 in 60 and 1 in 12 respectively (TheSpecialLife.com). At the same time, over 80% of ...

Protein synthesis is the process through which the biological cells produce new protein molecules. The process helps in balancing the cellular proteins that are lost through export or degradation. The synthesis of proteins occurs through a series of processes known as translation where the ribosomes are the organelles that are involved in the creation of proteins. Translation is a part of gene expression using the messenger RNA or mRNA that is produced through transcription of the DNA molecule. The produced mRNA is then decoded to produce a chain of specific amino acids using the ribosome complex. The amino acid chain produced is ...

Every child everywhere has the right to live, grow, learn, and lead a normal life. Children with disabilities the most vulnerable and discriminated against groups in the world. The stigma associated with disability places the children at a great disadvantage as they get isolated at home, abandoned in institutions, and robbed of the chance to attain quality schooling. Children with disabilities are often stowed away from the public eye as family members consider them a source of embarrassment. Regardless of any disability, all children have a right to reach their full potential. At a young age, learning and teaching of the disabled and normal ...

The immune system has an immune arsenal that help in the combat of infections including the challenging viral infections (Iannello 2006). Upon infection by a virus, the host invariably reacts by activating its line of defenses. These immune defenses can fall into two main groups: the innate immune system (first line of defense) and adaptive immune response. The innate immune system is non-specific in nature, but the adaptive immune system is acquired following previous infections or vaccinations (Iannello 2006). However, viruses continue to undergo an evolution and have engineered strategies that evade the hosts’ immune antiviral responses. This paper examines ...

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) describes that Utah Prairie Dog is a species of rodent that inhabits the grassland in the southern part of Utah in the United States. This species inhabit grassland areas and feed on grasses and forbs (USFWS 5) that are readily available in their habitat. Social structure of this species is called a clan consisting of an adult male, several females and their young (USFWS 5). Historically, the habitat of Utah Prairie Dogs were reportedly extended from Pine and Buckskin valleys in Beaver and Iron counties, north to Salina Canyon and near Gunnison in ...

Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder. According to NSGC (para.1), the National Society of Genetic Counselors, the human body is made of cells whose nucleus have chromosomes that contain the DNA that carries traits. Each Nucleus normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes; down syndrome occurs when an individual ends up with an excess of chromosome 21, full or partial. When this chromosomal abnormality due to the extra chromosome occurs, a child is born exhibiting traits characteristic of down syndrome. Many children are born with Down syndrome, since it the most common genetic disorder. Due to progress in medical technology and research, ...

The Kokako (Callaeas cinereus) is an imperiled timberland feathered creature which is endemic to New Zealand. It is slate-light black with wattles and a dark veil. It is one of three types of New Zealand Wattlebird, the other two being the close undermined Tieke (saddleback) and the wiped out Huia. Beforehand far reaching, Kokako populaces all around New Zealand have been wrecked by the predations of mammalian obtrusive species, for example, possums, stoats, felines and rats and their reach has contracted essentially. There are two sub-types of Kokako, North Island and South Island, in spite of the fact that the ...

Discussion of the Dynamics of Endoplasmic Reticulum And Mitochondria

Introduction The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) of an organism forms an interconnected membrane network that extends from the outermost nuclear to the periphery cell wall. Mitochondria are a group of cell organelles that undergo fusion and fission at a constant rate. . In plants, daily regulation of energy is important for optimal growth thus mitochondria are important for integral regulation of the cellular responses for the survival of the plant. . In this paper, we are going to discuss the dynamics of ER and the mitochondria in plants by looking at the importance of Lat.B, AA and MV regulation energy in treated and ...

Introduction

The thyroid gland is an essential gland found in various vertebrates, and has thyroid follicles (comprised of thyroid epithelia cells), which are supplied by a dense network of blood capillaries. The thyroid tissue’s main function is the biosynthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormone, which is an essential biological molecule existing in either of two forms, T3 and T4. The activity of the thyroid gland is controlled through the neuroendocrine system, which involves the hypothalamus and the secretory actions of the pituitary gland. TSH plays a key role in stimulating the thyroxin-binding globulin (TGB) and the uptake of blood iodine ...

Overview of egg stem cells

Abstract Currently, the ability of a woman to produce eggs is limited by the age of the woman and the quality of the eggs that the older women produce. The research that was done about stem egg cells can address the issues of age and quality of eggs. Egg stem cells are eggs that are able to differentiate, or develop to other types of cells of the human being. There are possibilities that the new discoveries of egg stem cells is that they could be used and developed into new eggs. Even if this is not a possibility they could ...

Introduction

Mutation induces the formation mRNA strands that are formed later that they are converted into a native protein. Mutational causes the peptide formed develop a structure similar to a protein. Antimicrobial peptide formed after mutation depends on the chemical property. Mutation causes bacteria to increase in the peptide leading to low hemolytic function. Bacteria lead to anoplin to causing the shape of peptide to form a protein like shape that is spectroscopy. Mutation causes the chain of the peptide to form a protein structure that later forms a tertiary that is the antigen molecule responsible for forming the body immune system. The chains amino ...

Changes in my perspective regarding project management

Project management is a task that is constituted by proper integration of a number of interrelated activities. The different portions that are combined to build up a complete project are referred to as the work breakdown structure. Initially, I viewed project management as one huge task that a project manager has to carry out single-handedly. Considering of my perspective, the project manager would be involved in all the stages that a project had been scheduled follow. Provided the project manager has the vision and motivation, the project would terminate successfully in respect of time and objectives. However, after the simulation, I have acquired further ...

Introduction

Down syndrome also referred to as trisomy 21 is a genetic abnormality that is associated with a chromosomal condition characterized by the availability of a third chromosome 21 copy either in part or fully . The disorder is usually manifested by slow cognitive capabilities, slight to moderate intellectual debility, hypotonia in infancy and weak muscle tenor. . Physical characteristics encompass distinctive facial characteristics such as a flat facial outline, eyes slanting upwards, macroglossia, epicanthic eyelids, flat nasal bridge, small limbs, petite body frame, palmer crease, microgenia and smaller heads compared to the body frame . The slow cognitive capabilities are usually manifested by a major delay ...

Scientific research requires a systematic approach to using observations to generate a tentative statement, or hypothesis, to explain a phenomenon. There are four general steps to the scientific method: observations, generation of a hypothesis, testing of the hypothesis, and discussion of whether the hypothesis is disproven or the hypothesis needs to be revised (Krebs, 2009). The proper planning, background research, and budgeting of resources is required before any data collection begins. Once data collection is completed, the scientist must submit it to rigorous statistical testing before deciding to retain the current hypothesis or revise the hypothesis. A hypothesis cannot be proven, just disproven ( ...

Digestion in human beings and other animals is overly dependent on the action of enzymes; in their basic form, enzymes are protein materials that act as catalysts with the ability to produce certain chemical changes. Digestion of food substances usually begin in the mouth. The glands in the mouth produce enzyme salivary amylase (which acts on starch changing it into sugar) and lingual lipase (which kicks off the digestion of lipids) (Chiras 109). The stomach n its part, produces two enzymes, pepsin that breaks down proteins into peptides (Chiras 109). While there are no enzymes produced in the large ...

Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) exhibit genetic heterogeneity. Most of the HCC tumors are associated with activation of insulin/IGF-1/IRS-1/Ras/Raf/MAPK/Erk and a WNT/Frizzled receptors/β catenin signaling cascade which provides targets for therapy. All the pathways are mediated by genetic mutations and signaling compounds and the loss of regulatory proteins also contributes for tumor generation. Two signaling pathways are involved in the carcinogenesis which includes insulin/IGF 1/IRS 1/MAPK and Wnt/FZD/β catenin pathways. The insulin/IGF-1/IRS-1/MAPK cascade plays a crucial role in regulating regeneration of liver and embryonic development. The constitutive activation of these cascades which is due to IRS 1 over expression leads to HCC ...

Description of Down syndrome

Down’s syndrome is a genetic disorder that is characterized by mental retardation mostly caused by trisomy 21 (three sets of chromosomes instead of a pair) which is present in 95% of persons with Down syndrome. A combination of normal diploid and trisomy 21 cell known as mosaicism occurs in 2% while 3% have a Robertsonian translocation whereby all or part of an extra chromosome 21 is joined to another chromosome. Majority of the chromosome-21 translocations occur sporadically but some are inherited from a parent with the parent with the defective chromosome. The occurrence of trisomy 21 is due to a meiotic error in ...