Toxicity College Essays Samples For Students

Manganese

What function does it perform, in critical metabolic events in human biology?
Manganese acts as a co-factor to nearly all classes of enzymes such as hydrolases (phosphohydrolase), transferases (phosphotransferase), ligases, lyases, oxido-reductases, kinases and decarboxylase. It also helps in the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, proteoglycans and glycoproteins. It can also mediate reactions as a metalloenzyme (Medeiros & Wildman, 2015; Gropper & Smith, 2013). While manganese can be replaced by magnesium in some of the catalytic reactions, two reactions in the synthesis of connective tissue pathway, namely, the activation of xylosyl transferase and glycosyl transferase or galactosyl transferase, are specifically manganese–dependent. These ...

Introduction

The information provided by pharmacokinetics is important in the discovery of new drugs and in screening drug candidates. It helps in drug research and can determine the concentration of a drug present in the body. The discovery of new medicines not only depends on pharmacological activity but on pharmacokinetic parameters as well. Pharmacokinetics includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and execration (ADME). Absorption is the absorbing of a drug in the blood stream. There are two types of absorption, passive and active. The physico-chemical properties are responsible for passive transportation while the active transportation determines the binding of a molecule to the target site. ...

Family Profile

The family lives in the state of California in the United States of America. It is a family of four members that includes the mom, dad, and two children. The mom is 35 years old with seasonal allergies, and a healthy diet. Because of her seasonal allergies, she does take an allergy shot and some allergy medications when her allergies become a problem. The dad is 32 years old with no health conditions and eats a healthy diet. Since he has no health conditions, the only medications that he takes is an occasional pain pill for a headache or ...

Prions are infectious proteins that are usually linked with the occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders in humans as well as many other mammals. They belong to the class of misfolded proteins and are the causative agents for the different transmissible diseases, mainly encephalopathy that can be defined by the changes in the anatomy accompanied by Pathophysiological origin that follow Mendelian genetics. The main characterization of the disease is the aggregation of proteins in the neurological system leading to degenerative brain diseases that are fatal and are incurable at present.
Murray et al. (2004, p.37) have stressed that the transmissible ...

Kacew and Lu (2013) included three chapters in their book, Lu's Basic Toxicology, that discuss toxicology of the eye, skin, and kidney. After reading the chapters, three premises became clear. First, the anatomy of the eye is well understood and the effects of toxicants are capable of diagnosis. Toxicity of the eye can be caused by chemical, drugs, or diseases. Healing may be prolonged and scarring may result. Of particular interest is the concept of developing a toxicity index for drugs, as the reactions of the anatomy of the eye is not well documented for all medications and chemicals. ...

SCIENTIFIC OPINION ON GUIDANCE ON THE RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICATION OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN THE FOOD AND FEED CHAIN

INTRODUCTION

Food and feed can contain of elements that have internal structures that can be measured on the nanoscale for example micelles, liposomes or micelles that occur naturally. Nanomaterials is used to categorize materials according to their size.
Application of nanotechnology in agriculture can contribute to improved better pest management and protection of crops through better distribution of the agrochemicals and pesticides, growth agents or hormones. It is also applied in genetic engineering, sensors that are used in monitoring ...

Acrylamide is a substance that has the molecular formula of C3H5NO. The chemical acrylamide also is designated as prop- 2- amide. Acrylamide is a crystalline odorless white substrate that is soluble in chloroform, ether, ethanol and water. Acrylamide becomes decomposed in the presence of iron salts, iron, oxidizing agents, bases and acids. Acrylamide deconstructs into ammonia, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxides (European Food Safety Authority 1; Gilbert & Maurissen 32; Grob et al. 187; Lawley et al. 340; Mattram et al. 449; National Cancer Institute 1; Skog & Viklund 365; Zhang & Chen 7).

BACKGROUND

Acrylamide is a chemical substance that is applied in specific manufacturing ...

Introduction

There is a rapid growth in nanotechnology in the medicine sector that will bring advances in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The expected applications in medicine include the drug delivery methods both in vivo and vitro diagnostics. The appropriate mechanism of drug deliver is by use of nanotechnology. This technology is viewed as the use of nanometer scale complex systems ranging from 10-1000nm. The whole system does the prevention, treatment, and diagnosing diseases. (Badrealam, and Owais, 2015). Below are some of the methods that are used in the delivery of drugs for the treatment of various body organs. ...

LSD has been a popular approach among psychotherapists, as it has presented beneficial effects for patients, in treating anxiety. My query is regarding the efficacy and safety of LSD on patients while treating for psychological perspective. The required effective and suitable dosage of LSD is also a considerable question, that what amount of LSD exerts positive effects (Gasser et al 153; Hofmann 53-60).
LSD or Lysergic acid diethylamide is a compound that was considered to play a significant role in serotonin neurotransmitter system. As a potent psychedelic, it has been associated with brain functioning. Various clinical trial based studies have revealed that it ...

Part 1: US Today News

Health risks stack up for students near industrial plants
This article was updated 12th October, 2008 after being written by Blake Morrison and Brad Heath (2008). It highlights a toxic air phenomenon occurring in schools in an Ohio community. The reporter began by lamenting that the sounds of elementary school children chatter has been replaced by the air monitoring equipment at the Meredith Hitchens Elementary School in this Cincinnati suburb along the Ohio River. Further clarifications alluded to school officials three years ago removing students from the location after sample containing high chemical levels were found close to the ...

Biology

A recent pesticide study by renowned controversial French biologist Gilles-Eric Seralini has sparked a lot of debate on the effects of Genetically Modified Foods. In his report, that was published in the BioMed Research international Seralini clearly explains how pesticides ultimately kill cultured human cells. He creates more controversy when he concludes his article by claiming that pesticides have more toxic substances than the regulatory authorities assume. Nonetheless, some of the scientists appear to brush off Seralini’s arguments saying that they are neither surprising nor significant. In contrast, many environmentalist groups have started pushing for changes in how pesticides ...

Mesalazine and Cyclosporine

Mesalazine
Mesalazine is also called as Mesalamine or 5-aminosalicylic acid, and its systematic name is 5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Formulation. Usually, mesalazine is administered in the form of modified release (MR) tablet. Different formulations of mesalazine in UK are Asacol, Ipocol, Mezavant, Octasa, Pentasa, and Salofalk. The above mentioned formulations may vary from each other in their indications, dose frequency, tablet strengths, interactions, pharmaceutical, and pharmacological properties. Most of these formations are available as MR preparations. Commonly used mechanism for modified release tablets is their enteric coating. In order to prepare different formulations, Eudragit L and S polymers are commonly used ...

Discussion 1: Public Speaking

I definitely agree with the statement: Knowing the background, interests, and expectations of your audience significantly increases the effectiveness of your speech. All this information will help to find the right approach, to make the speech interesting exactly for these people. It is important to use the references, which will be familiar to audience. Sometimes it might be a good idea to use jokes to lighten up the atmosphere. But if the audience doesn’t appreciate your sense of humor or they will be somehow offended by it then it will just make the matters worse. You should absolutely ...

Animal testing refers to the scientific research and experiments conducted on the animals. Animal testing is not new to the society and existing for past several years. Every year millions of animals are used for commercial testing and research purposes. Advocates of animal testing claim that it is essential for development of new life-saving medicines and treatments, especially in absence of any other suitable alternative method. Opponents of animal testing claim that it is inhuman to perform experiments on innocent animals, when alternative methods are available to scientists. Testing on animals also does not provide hundred percent assurance of ...

Relevance of nursing research problem, addressed in SRR

The research review, developed by Lanzkron, Wilson, Beach, Haywood, Park and Segal (2008), is dedicated to studying published literature on the efficacy, effectiveness and toxicity of hydroxyurea, when used in adults with sickle cell disease. Sickle stem disease is a dangerous condition that tends to decrease life expectancy by 25-30 years and cause high morbidity level, while hydroxyurea remains the only approved disease-modifying therapy (Lanzkron et al., 2008, p.939). Taking into account severity of the disease and the fact that the drug under study is the only available non-supportive therapy, studying its efficiency, efficacy and toxicity is highly relevant for ...

Part 1: Annotated Bibliography

BBC News. BBC, 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.
The United Nations issued a directive in 2008 due to the pleas of the animal rights movement. The proposed changes that may result to an amicable agreement between the two sides of the debate include making it compulsory to have ethical reviews on the experiments prior to conducting them on animals. In this regard, any experiment that requires animals will also require authorization to approve the process (BBC 10).
Cochrane, Alasdair. Animal Rights Without Liberation: Applied Ethics and Human Obligations. Vol. 1. WestHam: Penguin, 2010. Print.
Cochrane ...

Drug abuse is the chronic or excessive use of mind altering drugs to an extent that interferes with the social adjustment or health of an individual. The most vulnerable group to drug abuse is the youth, many of whom yield to the peer pressure into becoming regular drug abusers. The other factors are lack of moral education and parental care, broken homes, media, pop culture, and depression. Drug abuse affects the society in many ways such as increased criminal activities, spread of HIV and other infections, deaths on the road and off the road, medical expenses and disruption of ...

Conference on role of organic matter and temperature in contaminant toxicity and global perspective within an ecosystem.

The focus of the first conference was on the role of organic matter and temperature in containment toxicity and a sub-theme was a global perspective within an ecosystem.

About the main theme, one particular presentation struck me. It was on the Sequestration of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants by Gadsosorbents. It examined the chemical interactions that occur between hydrophobic contaminants and the soil. It suggested that the sediments may lead to strong binding and release rate that is slow and therefore affect remediation rates and endpoints. However, ...

Appropriate clinical reasoning ensures that the patient receives the right intervention at the right time and for the correct reasons (Rossiter, 2013). In addition, the use of evidence-based practice (EBP) guarantees that the chosen intervention is right in terms of effectiveness supported by research findings. The clinical reasoning cycle (Levett-Jones, 2012) is a useful framework to guide the clinical reasoning process. The purpose of this essay is to apply this framework in the planning of nursing care to address dyspnea in Mr. Thompson, a 70-year-old gentleman admitted to the coronary ward with congestive heart failure (CHF). This essay will ...

Introducing New Products in McDonald

Introducing New Products in McDonald
McDonald is among the leading fast food restaurants across the world. Over the years, the restaurant has grown from providing only barbecue to various other products ranging from hamburgers, French fries, soft drinks to salads and desserts. However, most people, especially diet experts, associate the firm with unhealthy foods given their high concentration of fats and sodium. Obesity has been a major public concern in the US, and such allegations threaten the reputation of this multinational institution. For this reason, McDonald began including healthy foods in its menu by offering snacks and meals with ...

The deceased died due to Cocaethylene toxicity. That is an overdose of the contents of cocaine and alcohol substance in the liver. The manifestation of a fenestration of the nasal septum in the victim’s body proves that she was a cocaine user. The cardiovascular abnormalities and damages plus the condition of lungs show the side effects of excessive cocaine intoxication since detoxification occurs in the liver (Cittadini et al., 2015). Usually, when an individual takes a significant amount of substance that is dangerous to the body, metabolism takes place so that they can be eliminated in the urine. ...

1.

The eleven blue men developed symptoms at different times of the day as listed below;

1st man at eight o’clock, 2nd man at 10:25am, 3rd ,4th and 5th men at 11:05am, 6th and 7th men at 11:20am, 8th and 9th at 11:35am, 10th at around 12:00pm, and the 11th man at around 6:00pm. All had been in misery for at least one hour. The epidemiologist need to know these information on the symptoms timeline framework in order to establish the the incubation period of the suspected disease (Roueché, 1955).
3.

Outbreak investigation was carried out in the following steps;

The outbreak having epidemiological characteristics was reported to the U.S. Department of Health Department as its required by the law and the ...

Healthy behaviors play a key role in daily life. Yet, certain unhygienic practices tend to interfere with the health and induce a risk to the overall life. These practices could be high-fat diet, alcohol, and smoking. There is a need to know much about these. In such context, the present description deals with a topic “ What will kill you first, a smoking, a high-fat diet or alcohol?”.

Health -related risk factors:

A risk factor is any quality, trademark or presentation of a person that improves the probability of building up an ailment or damage. A few illustrations of the more vital danger elements ...

During the initial visit the registered nurse from the Community Nursing Service will elicit information concerning the seizure history from Jessica. While seeking information concerning the history the nurse will seek to know when the client had her first fit, whether there has been any improvement after initial diagnosis and treatment. The nurse will also seek to know whether the client would wish to have her medication changed due to their ineffectiveness.
The patient is then asked concerning the factors that may trigger the seizure. While doing so, the nurse will document on alcohol intake. Other factors that trigger ...

Vegetarianism

Vegetarianism
Vegetarianism or veganism as some may call it means much more than just a paradigm shift to veggies and other non-animal foods. There is a general belief that veganism is just a dietary choice. However, reality implies a different idea contrary to the general understanding. Veganism is all-encompassing, and literary affects all life aspects that involve animal products,. To some vegetarians, it means to shift from using all animal products. To some, it implies to end all the animal exploitation. More importantly, to most it means running away from the toxicity associated with animal products and live a ...

Occupational and Environmental Health in Carbon Nano-Tube Thread Manufacturing

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have novel physicochemical properties accompanied by new risks and uncertainties (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work [EU-OSHA], 2009). CNT release into environment and worker exposure can occur during any stage of production, usage, transport, waste treatment or storage. Data on occupational exposure to CNT is limited, and measurement techniques are also not fully developed. Engineering controls and personal protective equipment used for aerosol pollution are recommended for CNT also. Though CNTs have a primary graphene structure, their properties are entirely different from carbon particles, for which there are established exposure limits. CNT emissions are ...

Abstract

The prodrug design is an efficient and powerful method that can be practised in a wide range of parent drug compounds, administration routes and preparations. Its main goal is to overcome the drawbacks of regular drug compounds by effectively targeting the drug's particular site of action for improved therapy. This assignment seeks mainly to depict the different classifications of prodrugs and the role these play in drug design through the use of several examples. A brief description highlighting the modern aspects of prodrug design is also covered here.

Introduction:

Prodrugs are inactive forms of drug compounds that undergo chemical or ...

Industrial Hygiene

Engineered nanomaterial can be said to be unique class of materials that are on the forefront of research and development. Nanomaterial are composed from nanoscale particles which are very tiny structures that vary from 1 -100nm. This nanoscale particles that form nanoscale materials could either be natural or manmade (Fadeel, Pietroiusti & Shvedova, 2012). When coming up with the nanomaterial, it is important to note that the nanoparticles could have serious health hazards as well as other chronic effects. As such, it is very crucial that the nanoparticles are handled with proper care and aligned with the right procedures. When ...

The debate to legally sell weed has been going on for decades. Many see it as only a bad drug that causes harm and ruin lives. They think weed will lead people to trying other worse drugs. Some also think weed will lead to more crime or that weed will become addictive. But others know it can be used for medicine. It can treat anything from anxiety to chronic pain. Weed is also proven to be a less harmful drug than legal substances like alcohol. Those who want to sell weed legally also know it will be good for the country ...

Abstract

The primary aim of anticancer therapies is to induce the death of tumor cells. Cisplatin has done a good job in achieving this aim, which explains why it is the most commonly used adjuvant therapy of cancers. However, the success of applying CDDP and any other platinum compounds for cancer chemotherapy depends enormously on the ability to manage its side effects. This paper reviews the studies and literatures on cisplatin and some other similar platinum compounds. It presents its history and background, chemistry, mechanism of activity, as well as the side effects.

Introduction

The cisplatin has been described as a tiny little ...

DRUG EVALUATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

FDA has established the Centers for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) to evaluate new drugs before they can be sold. The aim of drug evaluation is to prevent quackery and to provide the necessary information to the doctors and patients so that they can use the drugs wisely. Drug evaluation process ensures that both branded and generic drugs work correctly and their benefits outweigh their risks. The pharmaceutical companies test their drugs to prove their safety and effectiveness for the intended use. The results of these tests are then shared with the CRERs where clinicians, statisticians, chemists, pharmacologists and ...

Have you ever heard that a monkey brain is edible? I guess according to current trends everything is almost edible; dogs, cats, tigers. Name all of them. Some are even consuming our ancestors the monkeys. What is wrong? Is it ignorance gone on a rampage, or just a mere discovery that we did not know before? Imagine some people consume monkey brains and they even have descriptions for the delicacy cooked, raw, and flash fried while others still eat it as a snack in the mid-morning. It is such an expensive food. I wonder where these monkeys are sourced from and how they ...

What is nicotine?

Tobacco that basically comes from the plant known as nicotiana tabacum has been utilized for many years. It can be chewed, sniffed, or smoked. The initial depiction of tobacco addiction is contained in a New World report in which Spanish armed forces said that they were unable to quit smoking. Initially, nicotine was being used as an insecticide with its analogs still being used as insecticides currently (Yamamoto & Casida, 1999).
When isolation of nicotine from tobacco leaves was performed in the year 1828, scientists started researching its impacts on the body as well as brain. This research ultimately demonstrated ...

Extended Methamphetamine Self-Administration in Rats Results in a Selective Reduction of Dopamine Transporter Levels in the Prefrontal Cortex and Dorsal Striatum Not Accompanied by Marked Monoaminergic Depletion [Article Summary]

Abstract

The study sought to unravel whether prolonged self administration of methamphetamine interferes with the level of dopamine and serotonin in rats. The rats were place in a lit chamber in which they were allowed to self administer meth. The researchers regulated the duration of the self administration session to achiever long and short access which the main variables in the experiment. The researchers discovered that long and short access to meth result ...

Communication and decision making

Communication and decision making

Everyday we are all faced with a chance to make decisions that may have major or minor consequences. Making those decisions come with their challenges and dilemmas that determine success or failure. This paper will discuss the issues faced in decision making, in the context of Martha’s scenario.

Kind of decisions to be made

In the prevailing scenario, Martha is faced with an opportunity to make decisions. Martha has to make a non-programmed decision, as opposed to programmed decision. Non-programmed decisions are decisions that are unique and have major consequences; that require information gathering, conscious thinking, and consideration of alternatives. On the ...

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF APPENDICES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature review
2.1 Definition of GM products and foods.
2.2 Historical development of GM Foods.
2.2.1 Bioengineering and agriculture.
2.2.2 Biopharming.
2.3 GM food regulation and legislation

2.3.1 Production regulations

2.3.2 Import regulations

2.3.3 Labeling requirements
2.3.3.1 Article 8 Regulation (EC) 258/97.
2.3.3.2 Regulation (EC) No 1830/2003: Traceability and labeling.
2.3.3.2.1 “May contain GMO” labels.
2.3.3.2.2 “Does not contain GMO” labels
2.4 Risk assessment of GM ...

1. Introduction

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010), nearly one billion people suffered from hunger in 2010, representing nearly 16% of the population of developing countries. At the same time, the world population is growing and global warming threatens the production of crops. Profound changes are needed in the way that food production and food consumption are perceived, or the world may face mass starvation. Genetically modified (GM) technology has been found capable of feeding the world but there are concerns regarding its safety (Moseley 2002, Carpenter 2010). Consumer acceptance of GM foods in the ...

1. Introduction

1.1 Perception of GM foods in the UK
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010), nearly one billion people suffered from hunger in 2010, representing nearly 16% of the population of developing countries. At the same time, the world population is growing and global warming threatens the production of crops. Profound changes are needed in the way that food production and food consumption are perceived, or the world may face mass starvation. Genetically modified (GM) technology has been found capable of feeding the world but there are concerns regarding its safety (Moseley 2002, ...

Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Organisms

Similarities in both organisms include the fact that both organisms are non-sporulating. Although, not the only metabolite, Salmonella enterica can produce lactate as one of its metabolite while Lactococcus lactis produces lactate. Both organisms are anaerobes, feeding by fermenting substrates (PHAC, 2010). Salmonella enterica ferments glucose while Lactococcus lactis ferments milk.
Salmonella enterica is different from Lactococcus enterica in several ways. From gram staining, Salmonella enterica is a gram-positive organism while Lactococcus lactis is a gram-negative organism. At the level of feeding, Salmonella enterica feeds on a wide range of carbohydrates (PHAC, 2010). It is a heterofermentative organism whereas Lactococcus lactis is a ...

Centrum Multivitamin for Adults under 50

Centrum multivitamin provides a broad range of minerals and vitamins including new beneficial nutrients such as Lycopene and Lutein. This multivitamin should be used by adults aged below 50 years. Centrum must be taken with normal solid food in order to prevent stomach discomfort and to enhance absorption.

The following table shows Centrum’s vitamin and minerals daily value

Fig 1. Note. Values are percentages obtained from Centrum.com on centrum Adults under 50 tablets.
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for minerals and vitamins is as follows; Vitamin A-900 mcg (males), 700 mcg (females); Vitamin D- 600 IU; Vitamin E-15 mg; Vitamin K-120 mcg (females), 90 mcg (females); vitamin C-90 mg ( ...

Section 1. Renal Excretion of Drugs and their Metabolites

Determine whether your drug is:
a) Primarily excreted unchanged (as the parent drug) in the urine (renally cleared)
b) Excreted in the urine principally as metabolites (metabolised; hepatically cleared)

Salbutamol is cleared through the urinary system, metabolizing through the inactive 4’-O-sulphate (phenolic sulphate). Within the urine (with a minor extraction method being faeces), both the salbutamol and the metabolite sulphate are excreted. In studies, urinary excretion of salbutamol has resulted in around 64% of a dose being excreted as unchanged salbutamol, with about 12% excreted as the sulphate conjugate (Spina, 2003).

Section 2. Drug Metabolism

For your drug:
a) discuss its metabolism noting the ...