Essays on Salinity

Literature on the effect of environmental stress caused by changes in the climate is more relevant today than it has been before, especially in the context of global warming (Beniston 2010). Schulte (2014) and Somero (2010) published articles on environmental stress and climate change respectively. Reading the two articles offers an understanding of how the two variables are interrelated and the effect that they have on living organisms. The manner in which the arguments are constructed presents with various positives and negatives. This critique will highlight the positives and negatives with the help of literature from other scholars. Schulte ( ...

Part 1

The current theory regarding the evolution of the earth’s ocean is that water is present during the formation of the earth. Most of the discovered materials which was more than 4 billion years old also contained evidences of the present of water (Genda, 2016). Some scientists suggest that the water on earth emerged in the surface when steam was released in the volcanoes. Additional water emerged in the surface of the earth coming from meteorites and comets during the formation of the earth. The continuous addition of water from volcanoes and meteorites or comets led to the formation ...

Abstract

The research is dedicated to studies of activated carbons performance in the wastewater treatment process of dye removal. The experiment was performed to assess the efficiency of the commercial activated carbons (F100, F600, F820, SGL 8×30, CAL, AP4-60, OLC12×30) in adsorption process for Dylon Burlesque Red removal. The effect of pH, type of activated carbon, dye, contact time, and salinity was studied. The experiments were performed by measuring the absorbances of the solutions before and after contact with the activated carbon. The absorbance was evaluated with UV-vis spectrometry. The adsorption of the dye took place on all ...

Chapter 1

Introduction

XX century was characterized with the significant technological progress, which has improved the life of people. Numerous products and services became available, labor and domestic life became easier and more comfortable. However, waste problem is the other side of the technological progress. The solid, liquid and gas waste are formed, and thus land, natural water and air quality degrade. Therefore, in XXI century the research efforts are dedicated to development of methods for sustainable use of water, gas, and solid resources. Wastewater polluted with dye residuals originate from textile, leather and food industry. These industries produce goods that ...

Article Summary:

The article entitled The Biology of Vibrio vulnificus provides a short discussion about the more important aspects of this pathogen. This pathogenic bacteria are known as one among the most deadly foodborne pathogen in the US, contributing to about 95 percent of deaths related to seafood acquired microbes in the country. Reports revealed that a larger number of cases occur during the more temperate months of May and October. The period of incubation is quite rapid, with an average of about 26 hours after ingestion, and the patient showing symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, pain in the abdomen, ...

Introduction

Sharp Park, which is named after George Sharp, has a long, rich history. Mr. Sharp owned a more than 400-acre estate that he established with a vision for the San Francisco residents to enjoy recreation in a natural setting. When he died together with his wife, the property was left to the San Francisco City Council under strict instructions that it would only be used for recreational purposes. Sharp Park is in California off Highway 1 along the Pacific Ocean, San Francisco. It has existed since 1917; the golf course was established in 1930s. In 1941-internment camp was established ...

In generic sense of the term, a "genetically modified organism" is a living organism whose genome has been altered artificially. This understanding includes all the possible ways of modifying the genetic information, from crosses method for genetic engineering tools. From a legislative point of view, a large number of countries and organizations use a more restrictive definition in reference to that specified in the Cartagena Protocol, which means "living modified organism" "any organization living with a novel combination of genetic material. " However, this definition is not universally recognized. Some countries, including the United States, do not make this use ...

According to EPA (2016), environmental management involves the development of systems aimed at reducing environmental impacts of various activities. In the Brundtland commission report (WCED), sustainable development has been described as development aimed at meeting the current needs of the present generation. However, as the current generation focuses on meeting their own needs, their activities should not compromise the capability of future generations to also meet their own needs. Available evidence suggests that the future generation would have challenges meeting their own needs if the current generation fails to adopt sustainable practices. The sustainable development incorporates the triple line: ...

Contractor: AL Jaber Transport & General Contracting, LLC.     

Abstract. The installation of water table control in any soils is a key tool in the efforts to improve the soil environment for better and effective growth of vegetation. In addition to this, water table control installations also regulate or manage the irrigation water and drainage. This systems help in storage of water for future use as well as ensuring the rainfall is effectively used. This study looks forward to exploring the effects of a poorly controlled water table and how the damages involved can be done away with.

Introduction

Drainage is a very important component of land development and ...

International Organization for Migration (IOM) in Somalia

The combination of several factors resulted to the challenges faced by people in terms of having access to safe and clean water in Somalia. There is relentless pressure to improve the living conditions of the population living in Somalian communities through the provision of continuous supply of clean and safe water. The IOM deemed it sustainable to implement a system where appropriate sanitation process and knowledge to protect the community from exposure to water born diseases. Currently, the challenges that exist in Somali in terms of the water supply in the communities are affected by such factors as arid ...

INSTRUCTION

Choose an online news article that examines the benefit of some food, food components, or diet plan. You can go go Google News and do a search on a specific topic you’re interested in. Or you can just browse the health section of any news site and find an article. (Has to be within last week or current) News Article from the news in the United States. DO NOT USE GARCINIA CAMBOGIA

QUESTIONS Link to article: http://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-02-tackles-obesity-nutrition-literacy-soccer.htmlLi

What is the hypothesis of the study described in the news article?

Researchers hypothesized that a change of health among school children can be caused by rise in physical activity through playing soccer ...

Salt Marsh in Estuaries

Salt Marshes are located near the estuaries where water varies from extremely salty to freshwater. Most estuaries are positioned near river mouths where freshwater of the river meets to the salty seawater. These places face high tidal fluctuations (Dyer). Mangrove forests are the distinct types of plankton found in the region of the intertidal precinct of tropical estuaries. The Mangrove consists of a range of various mangrove trees and plants. Marine flora and fauna of this region present high diversity and abundance. The salt marsh species are dependent on the decay of marsh plants for food and nutrients in ...

Biodiversity hotspots refers to a geographic region within a reservoir or biodiversity that is receiving threats from humans. It is described in terms of the number of species inhabiting the region, the number of species exclusive to the region and with the kind of threat faced. Australia has 15 biodiversity hotspots, of which 10 are located in South-Western Australia. These hot spots are discussed below:

Fitzgerald River Ravensthorpe:

Uniqueness: It has a diverse landscape that is made of rugged hills, coastal land, plains, cliffs and ranges. Species present: It is home to 1800 species of flowering plants. More than 70 varieties of ...

Zooxanthellae are single-celled dinoflagellates that live in the tissues of coral. The zooxanthellae and the coral exist in a mutually symbiotic relationship where the zooxanthallae supply the coral with nutrients (which it has obtained through photosynthesis) necessary for growth and calcium carbonate. The zooxanthallae also produces oxygen and assists the coral to remove wastes. In return the coral provides protection to the zooxanthellae from marine grazers and the zooxanthellae has access to nutrients that the coral excretes. Because the algae need light for their own photosysthesis, zooxanthellae limits the range in which corals can grow, i.e. unclouded water within ...

Difference between freshwater lakes and oceans in terms of the formation of ice

Ocean ice is found in Polar Regions. It covers an area of 25 million square kilometers. Ocean ice forms on the surface of the ocean. It grows and melts above oceans. During winter, ocean ice grows but melts during summer (Thompson & William 1). The occurrence of ocean ice has a direct influence on the global climate. Ocean ice has a bright surface that reflects most of the light that strikes it. The co sequence of this phenomenon is that areas that the ocean ice covers have low absorption of solar energy (Ilker 149). In this regard, the temperatures in the solar ...

Invasion of exotic Channa argus in USA and its

1. Introduction Exotic species are referred to the species of living organisms when discovered in an alien habitat. These exotic species when harms the ecological balance in their introduced habitat, then they are called invasive species. Channa argus commonly known as northern snakehead are native of China, Korea and Russia (Courtenay and Williams 143). In United States, it was first discovered by a fisherman in a pond in Crofton, Maryland in the year 2002 (Fields 1). It is considered highly invasive due to its harmful impacts on the aquatic ecosystem in the United States. Firstly, these fishes are voracious creatures ...

Water can be considered one of the most vital resources in the planet because of its benefits to every aspect of life. Aside from being used for drinking, water ensures that life is continously sustained around the planet. However, as mankind continues to grow, supplies of critical resources like water are slowly drying out due to various causes. While a majority could argue that it is due to the changing climates causing extreme heat, there are others saying that the reducing supply for water is because of pollution. For countries like the United States, issues regarding water supply and pollution ...

The project was to test the salinity of the water in the hotwell. On checking the salinity meter, the readings were unexpectedly high at 500ppm from the normal 0.5 to 2ppm. One possible explanation would be the failure of the meter. The problem that the team faced is that the engineer that had left did not leave any indication of the meter being faulty. This led to the team having to inspect the hotwell to find out what could have caused the problem. On inspecting the hotwell, there was thick formation of dark sludge, which showed that the ...

Genetic modification, as the name suggests, is a biotechnological process by which the genetic material in an organism such as plants is altered in a manner that does not take place in the nature or via nature-influenced recombination. Such organisms which are called as the Genetically Modified Organisms or GMOs find immense practical applications in the modern times. They are used extensively for carrying out medical and biological scientific work, are used to manufacture new pharmaceutical medications and importantly, are used in agriculture to produce good quality crops. The reason why genetic modification has gained prominence in agriculture is because it ...

According to the Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat, The Burj Khalifa is the world’s tallest building based on height to top, height to highest occupied floor, and height to architectural top. The building is a multi-use Burj Dubai development tower with an approximate total area of 460,000 meters squared. It includes parking facilities, shopping malls, entertainment centers, offices, hotel, and residential (AL-KODMANY 2013, p. 12). The decision to construct this building was initiated by government’s idea to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is tourism and service oriented. It is 828 meters tall ...

Causation of Climate Change

The world’s climate system is composed of five elements that include hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, cry sphere, and biosphere. It varies naturally with time and is dependent on the incoming and outgoing energy which determine the optimal balance of the earth’s energy. These determinants constitute factors that cause climate variation that result in either warmer or colder states. This result into a phenomenon referred to as climate change. This is a condition, in which, the earth experiences adjustments in its weather that occurs over a period. This essay provides a detailed analysis of the causes, characteristics, and the impacts of climate change ...

Abstract

Different physical and ecological events along the Gulf of Mexico allows the toxic phytoplankton – red algae to become dominant. The phosphorus-rich nutrient supply encourages phytoplankton succession. The objective of the paper is to study the background of red algae, and why the downstream red tides have only increased over the last couple of decades. The toxic red tides are seen in similar coastal habitats of the western boundary currents China, New Zealand, Japan, and South Africa.

Introduction

The Gulf of Mexico is looked at as a marginal sea as it is linked to the major oceans and the procedures that occur ...

Lab Report:

Abstract The tidal cycle of natural water bodies present challenges for sampling and interpreting physical, chemical and biological data. The Rainbow Channel at Morton Bay was the location for a field work project on sampling characteristics about the biota and about water quality parameters. Rainbow Channel experiences ocean flushing dependent on daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual at regular natural time intervals. Both daytime and night time sampling took place to better understand 24 hourly and daily cycles of nutrient concentrations, salinity, temperature, fluorescence and currents. Primary productivity takes place at different three different depths. The rate of productivity depends ...

Ocean Trends

World ocean circulation experiment (WOCE) is a branch of the World Climate Research Program, formed with the aim of evaluating, and establishing the role of oceans in the climatic system on earth. The institution was formed in order to capture world ocean coverage adequately, especially in the southern hemisphere (McKibben, 2011). The scanty data that existed during summer and winter months also prompted the formation of the institution. The incomplete comparison of data collected from the study of ocean circulations led to the creation of WOCE for analysis of the data collected (Pastor, 2008). Figure 1: WOCE Salinity Map ...

International Marketing

Executive Summary This paper will focus on evaluating the Palm oil industry in Malaysia and Indonesia, the biggest exporter of palm oil. It will also discuss the Sentek Technologies in terms of international marketing operations. This will be coupled with the growth of the industry and particularly international markets as well as the market issues that may impact the business. Additionally, the paper will bring out the consumer and business trends in the marketing and distribution of products or services. The final part will discuss professional development steps to a secure role within the industry or company.

Introduction3

Industry..4

Company.4

Why ...

Dissolved oxygen is believed to be the volume of oxygen in water. Dissolved Oxygen is believed to be part of the microscopic bubbles of oxygen which are normally mingled water and then appears to occur among water molecules. This component is a vital index of the water body's power to back aquatic life. Aquatic animals and other species like fish "breathe" by absorbing the available dissolved oxygen by means of their gills. The gaseous oxygen comes in the water by absorption straight from the air or by aquatic plant and algae photosynthesis. The dissolved oxygen is believed to be ...

Abstract

Access and availability of portable water supplies in arid and semi-arid areas of the world is quickly becoming a large problem. Notably, these semi-arid and arid regions only have the least amount of annual precipitation and account for 2% of the entire global runoff. Water is and will always be the most important resource in the world. This report will investigate the feasibility of different techniques for providing fresh water in the arid and semi arid regions of Liberia.

Introduction

The United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights regard water as a universal human right. In many parts of the ...

It is through archaeological work and studies that the modern living human is able to discover various forms of life that existed in the past and during the prehistoric era. It is with the analysis of fossils collected that and the use of various technological and chemical analyses that archaeologists are able to put together socio-cultural, economic political set up that existed during the prehistoric era (Weisman 2007: 34). This is the archaeological study of the year 2513. In this study archaeologists were trying to unravel the culture, social-economic and my palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the year 2013 and ...

Introduction: A documentary film titled Genetic Roulette: The Gamble of Our Lives, declares GMO or Genetically Modified Organism food as the most dangerous threat that human beings are facing today. Likewise, a headline in Pravda newspaper criticizing the decision to broaden GMO agriculture in Russia, reads "Russians are proud to poison themselves with GM food from their own land" (Caplan, 2013). This is how notorious GMOs are known worldwide in this generation, and anti-GMO groups have been formed to get rid of them in the market. But how true is it that GMOs are killers when there are also advocates ...

Introduction

Our knowledge of ocean life is limited to big fishes and salty water. However, with new discoveries it is now evident that ocean life is mainly kept in balance by microorganisms. Billions of micro, nano and singular celled organisms called planktons are the primary producers of the marine fish web. Any living being in order to survive needs energy in the form of food and on earth the sole supplier of energy is the Sun. Be it ocean food chain or terrestrial food chain it always start with the sun. In case of terrestrial chains plants and weeds are ...

Water and Its Unique Properties

Water is has a unique physical and chemical properties which are essential to life and to the earth processes such as climate change. Water molecules generally consist of one oxygen atoms and two hydrogen atoms. However the atoms do not share equal electrons thereby making water slightly charged—exhibits polarity. Water molecules interact with other water molecule through a weak hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonds allow water to interact also with other polar substances. Water is known as the universal solvent. Thus, it has the capacity to dissolve various polar substances like ammonia and nonpolar substances such as methane (Freudenrich, 2011). ...

Ocean layering is the division of various depth ranges of the ocean according to their characteristic traits into zones so as to enable scientists to study it better. There are five major zones that the ocean is divided into. These are: - The epipelagic zone also known as the light zone. - The mesopelagic zone also known as the twilight zone. - The bathypelagic zone also known as the midnight zone. - The abyssopelagic zone, also known as the abyss. - And the hadelpelagic zone also known as the trenches. It is apparent ...

Critical Thinking

During our visit, we were able to access the sea to carry out an extensive research about the vessel and collect the relevant information which would be used in our studies. The application of the concept of the water column would be of significance in this study. It would enable us to come up with the appropriate mix which would assist in ascertaining all the facts to be researched o during our studies. Hence, there was need to use the appropriate gadgets which would put us in a better position to easily collect the required samples without much constraints. ...

The lower parts of St. Johns River is an estuarine river that has salinity rivers fluctuating with changes in tides. The dark coloration of the rivers is due to the extremely high levels of tannins from decaying matter. Turbidity, the dark coloration and other matters prevent the penetration of light deep into the water. As such, the growth of submerged vegetation happens in the shallow regions of the river. The river is fed from tributaries some of which are salty, the Atlantic ocean, tributaries and human wastes from industries and treatment plants for waste water. The lab report presents ...

Abstract

Global sea levels have fluctuated during the earth’s long history, falling during the ice ages and rising during periods of global warming. The most recent ice age occurred more than 10,000 years ago. Over the last few decades, we have experienced global warming, which has been aggravated by the effects of global warming resulting into excess gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. Records on rise in sea level for the last 100 years indicate an average rise of one to two inches every 25 years and the figure is increasing. The rising sea level will have ...

A COMPARISON BETWEEN FRESH WATER WETLAND AND SALINE WETLAND

The Australian landscape has a natural component which is salt. This salt in the landscape gets into the various water bodies and affects their level of salinity which affects the way of life of the various biota inhabiting these places. Around the world and in Australia it is been identified that the salinization of fresh water is a major environmental issue. This concern of the effect of the gradual rise of salinity in water bodies’ biodiversity has resulted in the investigative studies on the lives of the invertebrate family both in the saline water and in the fresh water. There has ...

A sea is a large water body that has saline water. In most cases, seas are connected to the oceans. Seas are sometimes referred to as large water lakes with saline water. Seas usually have no outlets and this is why they have saline water. The sea is important to many organisms both plants and animals. There are some plants that are able to live saline water and these plants can usually be found in many seas. Many animals such as fish, snakes and lobsters are usually found in seas. However, plants and animals live in different depths of the ...

Summary & Data Analysis

In the first part of this assignment it is important to make a summary of the kind of soils that are present in this area, the steps of soil development that have given rise to these soils, and some of the factors that have led to the kind of soil formation processes that are evident in this Area of Study [AOS]. The area that is under study is about 1144.5 acres. Historically, this area has had various constructions like homesteads for the Native Americans, who inhabited the land prior to their conquering by the colonial power. The area also has ...

Coral bleaching occurs when there is physiological stress experienced by the coral reefs. The stress is caused by an imbalance of the symbiotic relationship that the corals have with the algae that live within them. These algae are of the genus Symbiodinium. The algae are important to the coral reef since they are a source of nutrition and color. The algae will reduce or all will leave the coral reefs when there are harsh physical conditions. When this occurs, there is no tissue growth and sexual production in the corals. They end up losing color and thus the term coral ...

Coral Bleaching: Causes, Effects and Response Action Plan Coral bleaching occurs when there is physiological stress which leads to an imbalance of the symbiotic relationship that the corals have with the algae that live in the coral leaves (Rosenberg, Kushmaro, Kramarsky-Winter, Banin and Yossi 1). The algae will reduce or all will leave. The algae are important to the coral reef since they are a source of nutrition and colour. When this occurs, there is no tissue growth and sexual production in the corals. They end up losing colour and thus the term coral bleaching (Douglas, 386). The skeletal ...

Abstract

Global warming remains by far the biggest challenge humans have faced in this century. It affects the entire planet although not the entire plane is to be blamed for it. The emission of greenhouse gases and particularly carbon dioxide has been at all-time peak in this century especially the last half of the century. Studies show that the current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is about 385 ppm, up from 285 ppm prior to industrialization. This has sparked an unstoppable change in the climate patterns in the world. The changes are mostly with regard to the precipitation ...