Oil Literature Reviews Samples For Students

Analysis of Oil Palm Shell Concrete-A Review

Many researches have been conducted on to use oil palm shell (OPS) as the light weight material in last three decades. It is an agricultural waste normally generated from palm oil industry. This industry is normally situated in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and some other countries. There are many products being made from OPS. The use of OPS as lightweight aggregate in making concrete mix is the main project of many companies in different countries including Malaysia that was first introduced by Abdullah in 1984. Malaysia playing an important role in manufacturing of different oil palm products as it gives ...

Introduction

The bloody Algerian Civil War was triggered off when the army staged a coup d’état to halt an impending second round election victory by the Islamic Salvation Front. However, the causes of the conflict are both complex and interrelated. The deposition of President Chadli Benjedid in January of 1992 and cancellation of the election results, brought to a head the more than three years of continuous riots and demonstrations in the lead up to the first ever multiparty. The basic problem stems from the country’s indecision on whether to introduce democracy or not, especially when it became apparent that ...

Abstract

The Piper Alpha disaster is well known for it resulted in the highest number of casualties who lost their lives in the history of off shore oil and gas rigging. This paper reviews literature on the Piper Alpha disaster presenting an overview of the circumstances that led to the occurrence of the tragedy. Further, it examines the role that different parties played with regard to their contributions to the situation. Subsequently, an analysis of the course of action taken with regard to the management of the disaster as it happened and in its aftermath is as well evaluated. The ...

Abstract

As the majority of the people are becoming more aware of the adverse effects of petroleum-based products consumption and of the continued diminishing of natural fuel oil reserves all over the world, the search for more environmentally friendly and renewable substitute is becoming the focus of many studies. Such substitute products include the soybean-based adhesives, and soybean-based adhesive bonded wood composites and particle boards. In this study, a “literature review” was conducted in order to identify the many issues associated with the search for a replacement for petroleum-based adhesives. Accordingly, the issues identified are (1) environmental friendliness, such as the biodegradability ...

Introduction

During the creation of the world, the world contains some amount of resources to produce energy. The need for light during dark period forced many scientists to invent the flow of energy called electricity. The need for electricity forced humans to use non renewable energy resources like coal, petroleum etc. The Human fails to understand the non renewable energy resources are depleting in nature and it will diminish after some years. Now all of them are searching for renewable energy resources, among them solar energy is the good renewable energy resources that can be obtained from sun. The suns ...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality in the US. According to American heart association statistics, nearly one million men and women succumb to various complications from CVD. In the US, CVD claims more lives than cancer and AIDS combined (CDC, 2012). It is also one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide (WHO). The economic cost of CVD in 2008 was estimated to be $448.9 billion, which was double the cost estimated for the year 2007, $219 billion.
There are a number of factors to the incidence of CVD. These include non modifiable factors such ...

LITERATURE REVIEW: UNITED STATES ENERGY INDEPENDENCE

Question: How the concerns relating to the exploration of Shale gas were mitigated.

The issue of energy independence is a subject of debate that has dominated US politics for several decades. Virtually, every President since Richard Nixon to Barack Obama have pledged allegiance to assisting the United States realize the goal of energy dependence. Policy debates tend to focus on the strategies that could be implemented to minimize US’s dependence on foreign oil. Homans (2012) argues that the United States has remained independent on imported oil despite increasing demands for energy anxiety across the globe. According to Miller (2010), ...

LITERATURE REVIEW: UNITED STATES ENERGY INDEPENDENCE

The issue of energy independence is a subject of debate that has dominated US politics for several decades. Virtually, every President since Richard Nixon to Barack Obama have pledged allegiance to assisting the United States realize the goal of energy dependence. Policy debates tend to focus on the strategies that could be implemented to minimize US’s dependence on foreign oil. Homans (2012) argues that the United States has remained independent on imported oil despite increasing demands for energy anxiety across the globe. According to Miller (2010), most Americans agree that America’s dependence on foreign oil particularly the Middle ...

As the United States campaign for the next president rented the air, the issue on Energy Policy was inevitable. The two major candidates on the race to the White House agreed with each other on some of the issues that should or ought to have been done about energy and sharply disagreed on some. It was a tough battle as they stood on podiums and tried to convince the Americans how their laid policies was effective and efficient and tried to outdo one another on the Presidential Debates hosted on the national television.
The two candidates agreed that America ...

Introduction According to Taylor (2006), a ship leaving Shanghai today will arrive in Lobito, one of the largest Angolan ports, after exactly six weeks. One then wonders, why the tight financial and commercial links between Angola and China? Despite the geographical distance between the two nations, their financial win-win relationship has been remarkably stable for over a decade now. The essence of the relationship is the crude oil in Angola. Currently Angola is the biggest competitor taking on Nigeria in the oil business in Africa. According to Naidu and Marks (2010), intelligence reports relating to the year 2009 indicated that unrefined ...

British Petroleum – Perspectives on Gulf of Mexico’s Oil Spill

Introduction
The Deep Horizon oil spill caused by British Petrouleum’s improper operations in the Gulf of Mexico on April 20, 2010, marked an environmental catastrophe, although BP has tried to minimize its effects and its outcomes. In her article, “BP’s Deep Secrets”, Julia Whitty investigates precisely the outcomes of the oil spill on a long term, focusing mostly on the Gulf ecosystem and following how are the flora and fauna from this area are affected by this catastrophe.
The current essay, based on Julia Whitty’s article will be supported by other sources that have treated ...

Literature Review

It is found that oil prices have undergone critical decline over past couple of years for several reasons at the bottom of this decline. However, reducing demand triggered by increased production of oil in USA, over production by OPEC, and shift towards renewable sources of energy is considered the most fundamental reason behind current downtrend of oil prices. It conforms to the simple theory of demand and supply according to which demand and price are in positive, while price and supply are in negative relationship with each other (Stafford, 2015; Scott, 2015; Goldenberg, 2016; Arnold, 2008; Hensher, Rose, & Greene, ...

ENERGY RELATIONS

Introduction
The US and Canada have been supporter and challenger, associate and adversary, foe and friend- throughout their history. As a result, the two nations have experienced durations of conflict with one country’s national interests dictating actions that caused adverse effects on the other (Behiels and Stuart 2010; Andreas 2013). Since the 1980s, however, the two nations have increased their energy relations through integration and cooperation (Hooper and Newlands 2012). As such, significant issues have often been resolved through negotiated compromise. Nonetheless, some US-Canada trade relations have been unsuccessful. For example, although the two nations are widely known ...

Abstract- Literature 1

Edible oil refinement is one of the major problems faced by the developing countries across the world as edible oil effluents are a major source of environmental pollution. Owing to this, it is essential to ensure that the effluents are treated prior to its disposal. The composition, characteristics and quantity of the waste water generated depends on the operating conditions and processes followed and can vary from different organizations in the same industry. An investigative method comprising of an in-depth study of unit operations, monitoring, measurement and analysis of parameters affecting environment, and performance evaluation of utilities and pollution ...

1.0 The Company and Its Products
Royal Dutch Shell PLC (Shell) is a public limited company, founded in 1907 as the Royal Dutch/Shell Group and registered in England and Wales with headquarters in The Hague, the Netherlands (Shell, 2014a, p. 9). After it was renamed in 2005, Shell became the single parent company of two publicly-traded subsidiaries: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company (RDPC) and The “Shell” Transport and Trading Company (TSTTC) (later renamed as The Shell Transport and Trading Company Limited). RDPC handles upstream and downstream production activities, while TSTTC handles transportation and trading.
In the upstream segment, the ...

Summary

Saudi Arabian economy is over-dependent on oil reserve and petroleum based revenues. Recently the Saudi government has recognized the importance of developing other industrial sectors and small and medium size businesses for the country's economic growth. The development of entrepreneurial sector would remain incomplete unless men and women join hands to contribute to the growth of the country's economy. Almost half of the population in Saudi Arabia is women and therefore, the government in recent times has undertaken a lot of positive measures in support of Saudi women's entrepreneurial endeavors. This paper has discussed upon the role of Saudi businesswomen ...

Summary

Saudi Arabian economy is over-dependent on oil reserve and petroleum based revenues. Recently the Saudi government has recognized the importance of developing other industrial sectors and small and medium size businesses for the country's economic growth. The development of entrepreneurial sector would remain incomplete unless men and women join hands to contribute to the growth of the country's economy. Almost half of the population in Saudi Arabia is women and therefore, the government in recent times has undertaken a lot of positive measures in support of Saudi women's entrepreneurial endeavors. This paper has discussed upon the role of Saudi businesswomen ...

Control Valves

A valve is a control device that is utilized in adjusting the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe (Doddannavar, Barnard, and Ganesh, 2005). This implies that the flow rate will change as the valve opens and closes either partially or fully, thus providing some obstruction to some extent (Rennels and Hudson, 2012). The valve comprises a flow passage in which the flow area can be varied. Operation of valves in most scenarios is manual. In cases where the valves are operated automatically, electromechanical actuators are used. The electromechanical actuators can include electric motors or pneumatic actuators that are motorized by air ...

Green supply chain management

Green or sustainable supply chain management. According to Ageron et al. (2011), green supply chain management is the transparent, strategic, integration and achievement of an organization’s social, environmental, and economic objectives in the systematic coordination of key inter-organization business performance of the firm and its supply chain partners. Ageron et al. (2011) argue that helping other players in the chain is an important as other players will understand the importance of resolving the environmental and social problems. Supporting each member in the supply chain is, therefore, important in any supply chain as all members of the chain will ...

Abstract

The advent of war is usually occasioned by the development of conflict of interest between warring factions; however, the result of the war is usually a resolution that comes from the defeat of one faction or a peaceful agreement between the warring parties. This paper reviews literature that provides information as to reasons behind the duration that wars take. In respect to this, the focus of the literature review is to analyze literatures advanced on the topic of duration of wars. The intention of the literature review is to investigate reasons behind why some wars take a short duration to resolve while ...

LITERATURE REVIEW: THE WONGA COUP BY ADAM ROBERTS

Literature Review
Africa, throughout the 20th century, has become a byword for massive poverty, corruption and greed. It is an understatement to say that Africa is a place rife with hunger, given that its rich resources have become central to the interests of various exploitative factors throughout its history. European nations, in particular, have scourged Africa for its material richness, much to the expense of the lives of the people living there. Adam Roberts covers that reality in his book The Wonga Coup, which details a seemingly contemporary repeat of the European exploitation of Africa through the attempts of a mercenary group ...

Is the process of Globalization harmless for the planet and it's population?

Overview
With the technological advancement in the contemporary world, the process of globalization has gained moment raising questions regarding its impact on the planet and its population. Globalization is political, economic, and social phenomena that explain on the increased integration of the global society, especially in the economic integration (Gangopadhyay and Chatterji, 2005, 57). Some studies show that although globalization is an essential process in the modern world, the process involved is controversial. According to Dauvergne (2005, 371), some scholars argue that the process is the source of ingenuity, progress, and cooperation of the future world and enhanced the ...

Introduction

Waste management refers to the process of collecting, transporting and disposing trash, sewage and other waste materials. There are different sources of waste including residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal, agriculture and manufacturing and all these waste products whether solid, gaseous, liquid or radioactive come under the realm of waste management. Due to the rapid growth and fast development in Australia, the country has produced waste on humongous amount. As per the data provided by Australian Bureau of Statistics, the growth of average annual rate of waste production in Australia is about 5.4% between 1996-97 and 2006-07. ...

Literature review

In the history of the construction of sea structures in oil exploration, load and corrosion together with how those structures will be maintained have always posed a scientific nightmare. Chamberlain, Adam and other authors in a scientific journal illustrate that for a good design of an onshore structure, there should be a right proportion of the ingredients in order for the structure to give maximum life service. They all agreed that in order to achieve this, keen interest should be paid to the permeability, strength, and durability of the mixture. Finally, they added that for effective control of corrosion, ...

Introduction:

Clean non-polluted water is a major basic requirement for all the living things. Nowadays, its availability becomes a major problem in the ecosystem. This problem is expected to increase in the future due to population growth and industrialization processes. The processes discharge of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes contribute largely to the contamination of existing natural waters in the environment. Therefore, at the present moment, it is important that the pathogens and pollutants are completely removed from the waste water to cater for the needs of domestic use, industrial use, and irrigation purposes. This paper discusses two processes of oxidation and ...

Introduction

Membrane filtration is a technique used to separate a liquid from any particles present in it. In membrane filtration, a liquid is passed through a semi-permeable membrane. The size of the pores on the membrane determines its permeability thereby enabling the membrane to act as a barrier to all particles larger than the pore sizes. Different approaches and systems can be employed in membrane filtration depending on the type and capacity of the liquid being purified but the overall goal is to obtain a clean liquid. Membrane filtration can be used in the treatment of wastewater, filtering milk during its processing among other applications. This ...

How has the current economic environment and the financial crisis of 2008 affected the real estate market in Dubai

It is now beyond doubt that Dubai and the entire Gulf region were affected by the global financial crisis of 2008. However Dubai has now managed to come back from the negative impact of the recession. This has translated into a recovery of the real estate market beginning the year 2010. Demand for properties has been on the rise as the economy began reviving and more employment opportunities being created. The point of concern in this paper is to review several literature materials in relation to the extent in which the market has been affected by the recent economic situation ...

Introduction

Tourism has many definitions, which include traveling for pleasure purposes. Tourism, according to World Tourism Organization, is defined visiting and staying places away from our normal environment for a period exceeding one year for leisure or other business purposes. Tourism can be either domestic or international where implications are on both the host and source countries. Today, tourism is among the major sources of revenue for most countries and has a great impact on the economic growth and development of nations. The hospitality services, transport services, entertainment venues, as well as goods bought by tourists are among the sectors ...

Abstract

The quality of financial reporting by various companies affects the economy of the country in more ways than one. Apart from the economy of the country, the quality of audit and financial reporting affects the operation of the company as well. Effective disclosure and transparent finical reporting provide a necessary condition to maintain and assure the confidence of the stakeholders. This study seeks to investigate the relationship that exists between the type of corporate governance and the quality of audit among listed companies in Australia's Petroleum and Mining industry. It presents a review of previous and existing literature concerning ...

Introduction

Canada is a developed country whose economy resembles that of the United States of America. Canada is a high-technology industrial economy, generating trillions of dollars in annual revenues. The country’s living standards and economic systems are very similar to the US, having economic sectors that complement its manufacturing, mining and service industries .
Canada, along with the United States and Mexico, signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994 which opened trade and economic integration among the three participating countries . Ever since the NAFTA happened, Canada experienced a very dramatic increase in trade with the United States. This increased ...

Angola’s economy is ranked at number 160 as the freest economy as per the current index. The economic freedom of this African country has a score of 46.7. Currently, this score has improved by a point of 0.5 which is attributed to improved government performance in terms of spending, business and human workforce. Even throughout of the 46 sub-Saharan African countries, Angola comes number 38, its score is still low compared to other world and African economies. Angola’s economic freedom is being undermined by corruption political interference especially on judicial affairs. Oil and diamond dependency for revenue by the ...

Dubai and other countries found in the gulf region are among the countries that were affected by the global financial crises that took place in the year 2008(Zaki, 2012). According to Zaki, Dubai is one of the countries that have managed to eliminate the negative effects of the word recession. This can be confirmed from the fact that recovery in the real estate investment has been witnessed. Many people have started investing in real estate’s as before. The demand for houses in Dubai has increased and this is what has facilitated the motivation to engage in investment ...

Overview

Islamic architecture is based on the traditions of the Muslim community dating as far back as the seventh century. It is well elaborated in traditional Muslim religious buildings such as the mosque and the madrasa. It is believed that the early Islamic architecture drew its designs from Christian architectural features which included columnar arches, mosaics, and domes. Additionally, the architecture included characteristics such as semicircular horseshoe arch and rich decorated surfaces (Ali et.al, 15). On the other hand, modern architecture is used to refer to architectural designs that emerged in the first half of the twentieth century and extensively ...

Introduction

Since the dawn of human civilization annihilation of millions of people has been occurring. After the two World Wars, this annihilation took place through many civil wars fought within the nations all over the world. The Genocide or the mass killing of a particular ethnic group has been a common phenomenon in civil wars. In 1990s, the Kashmiri Hindus were expelled by Muslim terrorists through severe massacre. The question is whether mass massacre is the answer to any problem. There is a universal agreement that genocide is immoral and unethical (Jones, 1999). Still even after the horrified consequences of ...

Introduction

It seems difficult to analyze democratic transition from the standpoint of international dimension both theoretically and practically because not so much literatures that discuss about what the external environment actually is and how it might contribute to domestic change (Cavatorta 2005). However, it does not mean that international context will be ignored in the analysis process because international factors might have impacts on the transition process through their connections with domestic actors particularly in terms of distribution of power and resources, which in turn have effect on how they will act (Cavatorta 2005). One thing to remember is a ...

After a massive methane gas leak, Governor of California, Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency on Wednesday, January sixth, 2016. The methane leak had taken place near the Porter Ranch that neighbors the North West part of California. The governor cited the reason that the government was not protecting the safety and health of the public by letting the gas flow to the atmosphere for more than eleven weeks, and he wanted the California Gas Company to be accounted for all the violations and costs.
According to an official coming from the California Air Resources Board, the leak ...

in the industrial and infrastructure sector

Abstract

In most parts of the Arab countries, the limited resources of water pose adverse constraints to both the social and economic development, while also threatening the people’s livelihood. The available surface water keeps on declining, and the ground water over-pumping that goes beyond the natural recharge rates has continued to cause great negative impact in the lowering of water table. Over-pumping of ground water also increases ground water salinity, ground water depletion, and ecological degradation (SCENR 5). The outcome prompted the Qatar government to start regulating its water resources as a measure ...

[Class Title]

Literature Review
It is quite obvious that the relationship between Turkey and Russia as well as their national interest in Syria came into the limelight when both countries went on a serious crisis after the downing of a Russian plane by Turkey on November 24, 2015 (Özlük 1). But prior to this incident, scholars have already been studying the national interest of Turkey and Russia towards Syria and how this national interest impacts the bilateral relationship between the two nations. In order to provide a deeper understanding of the national interest of Russia and Turkey in ...

Upon reading the two articles, the reader can infer that both articles feature the same scientific research, which is the engineering of Escherichia coli bacteria such that it can produce biodiesel directly from sugars and hemicellulose. The original research was published as a letter in Nature while a news article featuring the research was published within the same volume. As usual, the letter was authored by Steen et al. (559-563), the team of scientists who did the research, while the news article was authored by an outsider, Jeff Tollefson (409). Although both articles feature the same scientific research, their ...

Introduction

Globally, the automotive industry is possibly the most complex and largest undertaking in industrial history. The complexity of its production has resulted to cars whose main concern was the right price, performance, reliability, safety, market attraction and emission hence ignoring other major concerns like energy security and climate protection (Lovins & Cramer, 2004). Regular (conventional) cars use petroleum products (petrol and diesel) as fuel. (50by50 campaign) research showed that light duty vehicles are expected to triple by 2050. This translates to increased prices, environmental pollution, energy crises, reductions of oil reserves and eventually global warming. These has necessitated the need ...

“The Fish” talks about the interesting journey of the narrator who at first was just out to catch a fish, but ended up developing a deep understanding of nature and life through the fish. With the use of vivid imagery and abundant description, Elizabeth Bishop took the readers to the past struggles of the fish in order to stay alive, how its physical disfigurement reflecting those struggles translated into images of beauty and victory, and how these mental pictures elicited respect and admiration from the narrator.

True to its title, the narrator begins telling the story by talking about catching a fish.

I caught a tremendous fishand held him beside the boathalf out of water, with my hookfast ...

Integrated Literature Review: Gender Differences in Dieting

Integrated Literature Review: Gender Differences in Dieting

Introduction

Gender impacts eating behavior of individuals significantly, and the same has identified in various studies conducted on the subject. In contemporary society, good body shape and good health are desired by everyone, irrespective of their gender. However, the role of gender on health behavior is examined and proven by various experts. Women are more inclined towards dieting and eating healthy foods, whereas, men are more inclined towards tasty food even if food contains lots of fat (Wardle et al., 2004). This paper intends to conduct a literature review to identify the role of ...

The complete failure of the Arab nations to form a national narrative for the purpose of unification and the establishment of contemporary egalitarian polities happens to be the primary cause behind the ongoing socio-political explosion in the Arab world in recent times. Unity is no longer the major goal and the construction of a society that is capable of mobilizing its resources to combat backwardness and enhance the financial condition of the state has taken a backseat. The elite class has instead tried to enforce a brand of unity via Islam and Arab nationalism that has alienated portions of the population not present ...