Essays on Plos

Human Genome Evolution and Disease

Genome evolution is one of the key aspects that have helped determine the overall position of human beings from a scientific perspective, as it focuses more on providing scientists with an understanding of the changes occurring within the human body (Tomkins, 2016, p.261). The study of genome evolution has focused more on evaluating the changes in structure, otherwise referred to as a sequence, and size of the human gene within a given period. The study provides scientists with a better understanding of the changes occurring within the human body as well as some of the changes that human beings ...

Abstract

In the last century, the knowledge of molecular biology has increased, opening new opportunities for addressing different diseases that have been affecting all populations. Before, genome and proteomic studies were seen as complicated field due to inability to get significance understanding of disease components at the molecular level. However, with the expansion of molecular biology, different techniques and tools have been developed to aid diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this study, these tools have been investigated to understand how the knowledge on molecular diagnosis helps in detection and treatment of diseases. This study focused on the application of ...

Abstract

The immune and nervous systems are two body structures that have different functions. Moreover, most people may not be able to readily identify the and the relationship between these two. While the immune system is responsible in protecting the body from destructive and invading pathogens, the nervous system is tasked to relay information to the brain. This process allows for the proper coordination of the different functions of the body. In general, the concept of the connection between the nervous and the immune systems stems from the theoretical idea of stress. Stress is denoted both as a physiological and ...

Introduction

Zika virus also termed as ZIKV is a known to have gained worldwide attention, especially in the USA, South East Asia, and Australia. The Zika belongs to the Flaviviridae family which comes under the genus Flavivirus (Wikan & Smith. 2016). The Zika virus is spread though day time mosquitoes belonging to the Aedes family. Some of the most common mosquitoes to contain and spread Zika include A. aegypti and A. albopictus. The name of Zika originated in 1947 where it was first isolated from the Zika forest in Uganda. Based on evidence, the Zika virus was associated with varying viral ...

The purpose of this paper is to present a research proposal for nurse hand hygiene practices in a hospital setting. The paper will provide an introduction and literature review in order to identify gaps in the literature with respect to hand hygiene practice in hospitals. Finally, the paper will present a research project to address the issue. 1. Introduction The relationship between nosocomial infections and hand hygiene has long been understood and established with Larson’s publication in 1988. Although hand washing had been established as a cornerstone of nursing practice, by 2003 compliance in hand hygiene in hospitals ...

Introduction

In the process of designing and implementing projects, some ethical issues are faced by the project managers on a daily basis. If such ethical issues are not dealt with effectively with solutions, the efficiency of project implementation becomes reduced significantly. Ethical issues relate to how team members develop and sustain a good working relationship with each other and vary in the type of project and the region involved. There are no existing hard and fast rules that act as directives to solutions when ethical challenges arise. Therefore, professionals need to apply both leadership and entrepreneurial skills to resolve ethical ...

Violent Video Games

Introduction Video games have become common among children especially when dealing with teenagers most of whom have access to video games. Video games are part of the media environment in which children are exposed to that help in defining their overall connection to their environments. Exposure of children to pro-social video game content may help in promoting overall brain development among children, as it makes it easier for these children to experience that overall connection towards their surrounding environments (AlShaiji 126). For a very long time, it has become important for scientists to study the impacts associated with exposure ...

According to Gulanick and Myers (2013), the nursing process has been identified as the most appropriate strategy which can be employed in trying to ensure that the most suitable care is provided to a particular individual. Ensuring that the patient gets the best out of the Caregiving process should form the primary objective of any nursing undertaking. Addition studies (de Oliveira et al. 2012; Weber and Kelley, 2013), show carrying out a thorough assessment of a patient is a significant step as it forms the basis of a care plan. Studies by (Papathanasiou et al., 2013; Morrissey, 2016) showed ...

In a time when Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) have become a global concern, there is a universal consensus on the importance of hand washing in both clinical and non-clinical settings. However, research in this field are yet to reach an agreement on whether hand sanitizers work more effectively than soap and water for healthcare workers during patient care. In this light, the current paper summarizes two articles exploring the subject of hand washing and hand sanitizers. More specifically, this paper will rate and evaluate the strength of evidence found in both articles. The principle aim of this paper is to ...

INTRODUCING EMERGENCY SEVERITY INDEX (ESI) FOR BETTER PATIENT OUTCOME

Introducing Emergency Severity Index (ESI) for Better Patient Outcome Introduction to ESI The core objective of various triage tools across the emergency department attributes to the systematic prioritization of the patients in accordance with the severity of their clinical conditions in the context of determining the period until which the patient might wait in the emergency department before his/her evaluation by the healthcare professionals (Gilboy et al., 2011). The nurse professional after executing a focused assessment of the patient determines the waiting time and accordingly provides a triage acuity level of the patient in the emergency department. The patient ...

Abstract

Over thirty years after its identification, HIV and AIDS remains a somewhat elusive virus, particularly when it comes to its history as a human infectious agent, and resourcing a complete epidemiology of the disease. Part of the problem is that so many antiretroviral drugs have come out and have either been used or prescribed incorrectly. In addition, the virus, like many other reverse RNA transcriptase viruses, has a very high aptitude in terms of developing resistance to drugs at a very rapid rate. What further complicates matters is how quickly it has spread. It will probably never truly be ...

Violent Video Games

Introduction Video games have become common among children especially when dealing with teenagers most of whom have access to video games. Video games are part of the media environment in which children are exposed to that help in defining their overall connection to their environments. Exposure of children to pro-social video game content may help in promoting overall brain development among children, as it makes it easier for these children to experience that overall connection towards their surrounding environments. For a very long time, it has become important for scientists to study the impacts associated with exposure of children ...

Influenza Vaccine on the Elderly

Introduction Based on current evidence, there is an overwhelming response with respect to the clinical efficacy, safety, and feasibility of influenza vaccine in the elderly. The impact of the vaccine is observed in elderly patients with chronic diseases with an influence on reduced mortality and hospital admissions. Based on a recent publication, the influence of the vaccine is also observed among health elderly population around the globe. Researchers and healthcare providers state that the declining age is associated with poor antibody response coupled with various confounding factors. However, these factors have not been clearly stated in literature. On the ...

Methodology

Extraneous Variables The focus of this study is to determine the efficacy as well as sustainability of school-based and home- based for children between the ages of six and eleven years and with a BMI ≥ 85th percentile in gender and age. In this case, the outcome measure is on the weight gain that will be measured as the BMI of the participant. Apparently, the idea is to have a situation where there is a comparison as to which of the two proposed interventions; school-based and home-based techniques that can help reduce the cases of obesity measured as BMI in ...

Average velocity

The average velocity reported for microtubules propelled by kinesin expressed in insect systems is much higher than that reported for kinesin expressed in E. coli with a calculated mean and median of approximately 2.9330μm/s and 2.7974μm/s respectively for kinesin expressed in insect systems and 1.1579μm/s and 1.0903μm/s respectively for kinesin expressed in E. coli. This result is similar to result obtained by Korten et al. (15: 64) and Agayan et al. (29: 2265–2272) and the lower velocity observed in microtubules propelled by kinesin expressed in E. coli is likely due to the presence of ...

A proposal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Introduction Wheat (Triticum sp.), an extensively adapted crop, is one of the primitive and primary staple food crops in the world. Wheat is cultivated from temperate; dry to irrigated or rain-fed areas, to warm, humid or cold conditions. Such a high adaptability is attributed to its intricate genome (Acevedo et al., 2002). Wheat cultivation covers more land area compared to other commercial crops and endures to be an essential food grain for humans (Curtis, 2002). Estimations reveal that by 2050, the population of the world will reach 9.1 billion (34 percent greater than today); correspondingly, the food requirement and ...

Business managers in Nigeria lack understanding of the business development process needed for successful growth in quarry in Akamkpa, Nigeria.

Requirements for the Degree of Prescott Valley, Arizona

Introduction

A quarry is like an open pit mine from where minerals are extracted that are mostly used in the construction of buildings and civil engineering works. Quarrying is a part of mining but is slightly different as it has a close connection with the society because different builder of a region requires material that is extracted in order to complete their work. There are not many restrictions for quarrying as it is open for all the contractors. Due to this reason all the managers and developers at different levels need to ...

Vid30 complex participation in the degradation of CDC25 in yeast and their role in Ras/ cAMP/ PKA pathway

Background: Unicellular organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae in its total life cycle is exposed to diverse and changing nutrient conditions. Thus, in order to survive and achieve a competitive advantage, it has adapted itself such that it not only uses the wide range of available nutrient sources but also the sources that are nutrient rich. It mainly uses fructose and glucose by rapidly fermenting to alcohol. In response to these nutrient conditions, the intracellular trafficking transcription and turnover of protein from nutrient transporters (e.g. Hxts) get regulated. Therefore, when the availability of the glucose increases, the expression of low- ...

(DWB)

Application of Drone Technology to Facilitate Effective HIV Diagnostic and Treatment Services to Children in Rural Malawi

INGO UNICEF 1Broadway, New NY 10022 USA Dear Sir, Drones without Borders (DWB) is an organization which has been created to serve HIV vulnerable children in rural Malawi through a partnership with ZipLine Drones. Our organization seeks to develop and implement an four-months program aimed at ensuring fast and continuous delivery of HIV test kits, results, and antiretroviral drugs to provide immediate medical attention to HIV positive children in rural, cut off, hard to access, often combat zone areas in Malawi. The mortality rate of the infected children has been on the rise due to lack of access ...

One of the most significant health issues that effects men, women and children throughout the United States is obesity. Obesity is the label given to anyone who is more than simply overweight, but is carrying a vast amount of excess weight that it effects their abilities, energy and psychological well being. When that weight has increased to a size that prevents one from fitting in a single seat or unable to walk without assistance, they are often called “morbidly obese.” According to studies, more than 17% of children and 30% of adults living in the United States are considered ...

Application of Drone Technology to Facilitate an Effective HIV Diagnostic and Treatment Services to Children in Rural Malawi

Director, Grant Organization Technology to Save Children from HIV is an organization that has been created to serve HIV vulnerable children in rural Malawi through a partnership with ZipLine Drones and UNICEF. Our organization seeks to develop a program aimed at ensuring fast and continuous delivery of HIV test kits, results, and antiretroviral drugs to provide immediate medical attention to HIV positive children. We propose the application of drone technology to facilitate easy and convenient transport of HIV testing supplies, test samples, and medication that has been hampered by the poor state of transport infrastructure in rural Malawi. We ...

Director,

Grant Organization Technology to Save Children from HIV is an organization that has been created to serve HIV vulnerable children in rural Malawi through a partnership with ZipLine Drones and UNICEF. Our organization seeks to develop a program aimed at ensuring fast and continuous delivery of HIV test kits, results, and antiretroviral drugs to provide immediate medical attention to HIV positive children. We propose the application of drone technology to facilitate easy and convenient transport of HIV testing supplies, test samples, and medication that has been hampered by the poor state of transport infrastructure in rural Malawi. We seek $ ...

The purpose of this paper is to review the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, inheritance patterns, and recent advances in disease management of cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a progressive and lethal disease resulting from an autosomal recessive gene (Singh, Rebordosa, Bernholz, & Sharma, 2015). The major problem associated with cystic fibrosis is the repeated lung infections that over time severely damage the lungs, scar and widen the passageways and limit the ability to breathe (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, n.d.). As of 2013, there are an estimated 70,000 cystic fibrosis patients globally with 33,000 of them in the United States ( ...

Video Games Negatively Impact College Students’ Performance in School

Introduction For college students, a high rate of academic performance during school years is strongly associated with future career success. With this objective in mind, college experience supplies students with an environment where they have an opportunity to gain relevant knowledge and acquire related skills, which are likely to contribute to their future career paths. Recent technological advances have changed the way young individuals obtain new information and communicate with their families and peers. In this case changes in their social development are dependent on facilitating access to information, sharing personal data, and promoting communication via the Internet (Lepp ...

The number of people on the planet continues to increase and with them, the need for more and more nutritious food grows. For that reason, scientists seek research to genetically change plants and animals to provide medicine, good, and organisms not for consumption. As the public is exposed to information on genetically modified organisms (GMOs), strong opinions are forged concerning the safety of eating them. Questions arise over the risks presented to human beings and the environment, if GMOs are really necessary to supply the world with adequate amounts of food, if there are alternatives, and what surrounding ethical ...

Analysis of Diseases

Overview Chikungunya (CHIK) refers to a re-emerging arboviral disease transmitted by the mosquitos Aedes aegypty and Aedes albopictus (Pialoux 318). The virus belongs to the genus Alphavirus and family Togaviridae. The word chikungunya derives from Makonde language (spoken in Tanzania and northern Mozambique), where it means “to walk bent over” (Halstead 557). This name refers to the main feature of both chronic and acute phase of the disease a change in posture causes by the arthritis and arthralgia (Charrel, Lamballerie and Raoult 769).

History

The disease gained its name after the outbreak in Tanganyika, the modern Tanzania in 1952. However, ...

L'Engle describes the Paranthropus boisei as an evolutionary kin of human beings, which was discovered in southern side of Africa around 1.5 million years ago (1-19).The discovery of its remains shed some light into the controversy of whether Africa was the home of the evolving man. Paranthropus boisei was also discovered in Olduvai George in Tanzania (Dominguez et al., 13). The hominid is believed to have existed between 2.7-1.3 million years ago. It is particularly unique in its dental structure, having a hyper-thick enamel and thick molars. This gives an idea that this hominid fed on hard foods, ...

Hypothesis and Methodology

The proposed research paper will focus on the social psychology, specifically on the topic of how deep voices can influence an individual’s perception of another person (i.e. the speaker). This can be assessed in both public and private and formal and informal settings. The rationale behind the decision of choosing this topic is the fact that society puts a lot of weight into figures of authority. It is commonly perceived that the deeper a person’s voice is, the more authoritarian that person is. In some cases, the depth of voice is associated with personality types (i.e. how ...

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) can be termed as the integration and option of best research evidence with clinical expertise, skill and patient values. It seeks to improve the care process and the care outcomes based on the evidence collected over time and tailoring that to the needs of the patients within a particular setting. The EBP process is aimed at improving judgment and decision making but this is also based on the experience of the nurse in understanding the research evidence and relating the same to specific scenarios within the clinical setting. It is a process that is facilitated by ...

Is Climate Change Caused by Human Action

Introduction Are humans responsible for climate change? While it is evident that climate change is a result of different factors which when combined produce a hazardous effect, human action is considered to be the main cause of global warming. Numerous studies show that various human activities produce gas that traps heat which results in most of the increase in globally averaged temperatures. Clearly, atmospheric warming and cooling did not begin with people. It used to occur long before the rise of humankind through natural activities, such as volcanic eruptions, changes in the sun’s intensity and the already existing ...

Background Information

Flooding occurs in many countries around the world and the need to have proper response plan is inevitable. The case in no different this year as floods continue to hit various countries around the world leaving deaths and property damage on its way. A recent report by the United Nations, The Human Cost of Weather-related Disasters 1995-2015 documents the danger posed by floods around the world and the lack of preparedness among several institutions involved. From 1995 to date, flooding has accounted for over 47% of weather related disasters which is significant when compared to other disasters. In recent ...

It is an intersecting fact to not that to date the notion of dynamic networks refers to either one of two different concepts. First the pattern of Links, in a network topology evolves dynamically in time. Second the nodes can be individual dynamic systems coupled by static links [5, 6, 10, 22 24]. Adaptive networks are not new. Nearly all real world networks are to an extent adaptive and adaptive networks occurs in multiple disciplines today [12, 13, and 18]. What is new is that in recent years adaptive networks have become a focal point of extensive investigation using ...

Today, it is estimated that more than twenty-six million animals are being used yearly in the United States for both scientific and commercial research, as they are used in the development of medical treatments, determining of toxic medicines and analyse how safe are products designed for people use among many others. According to Langley et al., “the issue with animal research has been in practice since 500 BC as those who agree with the issue testifying on how it has been of help in developing plenty life-saving medicines for both human beings and animals (270)”. According to the proposers ...

References

Belenko, S., Dembo, R., Weiland, D., Rollie, M., Salvatore, C., Hanlon, A., & Childs, K. (2008). Recently arrested adolescents are at high risk for sexually transmitted diseases. Sexually transmitted diseases, 35(8), 758. Butler-Jones, D. (2013). The Chief Public Health Officer's Report on the State of Public Health in Canada, 2013: Infectious Disease-The Never-ending Threat. Public Health Agency of Canada. CDC. (2007). Summary of a Review of the Literature: Programs to Promote Chlamydia Screening. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/std/healthcomm/chlamydialitreview2008.pdf Dutt, K., Chow, E. P., Huffam, S., Klassen, K., Fairley, C. K., Bradshaw, C. S., & Chen, M. Y. (2015). High prevalence of rectal ...

Introduction

Cyclones have been affecting populations throughout the world for a very a long time. From Southeast Asia, the Americas, the Western Pacific, and now so often the Island of Madagascar, cyclones have been having a significant influence on people, societies, and nations for centuries. For instance, over the last century alone, tropical storms have affected more than 629 million people and caused an estimated 1.33 million deaths in this timeframe (Doocy, Dick, Daniela, and Kirsch). Whereas the effects of cyclones on humans are widespread and devastating, studies show that this trend is poised to continue due to factors such ...

Microbe-Host Analysis

Microbe-Host Analysis

Introduction

It is unknown how long Staphylococcus Aureus (S. Aureus or staph) has been on this planet. We have been too busy trying to conquer all of successful attempts that it has made to evade our weapons against to establish an intricate epidemiologic profile of it. We do know when it was discovered to be a harmful bacteria, though. One of the primary toxins of staph, PVL, was first discovered by an assistant in Belgium by the name of H. van de Velde in 1894. He was taking care of some rabbits in a laboratory and noticed a ...

Assignment 2 Research Essay

Draft 2 The Fast Food Industry SUNGD1403 2016/3/10 Abstract The rapid development of world economies has been characterized by skyrocketing trend in consumption of fast foods. The causative variable for the surge in consumption of the said food is largely the need for instant gratification by most contemporary diners coupled with convenience, speed and ease of access associated with fast food industry which complements the need for most workers to save on time. Additionally, the paper looks into cross-sectional studies with regard to the existence of a causative correlation between the increase in the trend in consumption of fast ...

Five centuries years ago the Brazilian Atlantic forest covered approximately 330 million acres of the state’s area but today more than 93% of it has been cut down. The Brazilian Atlantic forest is one of the richest and most biologically diverse forest on the planet. But unfortunately, it is one of the most vulnerable and endangered natural objects of the Earth. During the settlement of these lands, the Atlantic forest was cut down mercilessly for coffee plantations, cattle grazing and for the needs of the construction. Today, only about eight percent of the original Atlantic forest is preserved – ...