Budget College Essays Samples For Students

Question One: Public Budgeting

The budgeting process goes through different stages. It goes through five strands namely the decision making, revenues, processes, balance and implementation. In all these process, Rubin asserts that the chief tension would often be between public accountability and public acceptability. While public accountability refers to the implementation of the budget through expenditure as agreed in the budget, public acceptability refers to the concept of incurring expenditure as per the wishes of the people, that is, the taxpayers. However, the budget process is complex and complicated making the interface between public acceptability and public accountability uneasy. It is on that ...

Budgeting is the process of planning on measures to accomplish programs related to objectives of an organization. Government officials adopted the public budgeting to allocate the scarce resources to achieve the government’s goals at a given period. Public budgets serve a vital role in governance of a country. Public budgets are contracts agreed upon by both the legislative and executive officials to raise and spend funds on public projects, within a fiscal year, usually from July 1st to June 30th. Irene Rubin argues that accountability and acceptability of a public budget is hard to achieve among the public ...

Introduction

Financial budgets refer to monetary estimates of expenditure that the organization expects to incur in future as it carries out its periodic business operations.
Budgets have proven to be important business tools over the course of time. One of the most important uses of the budget is that it can be used by the management of a business entity to make decisions. Decision making is the most important process in a business entity because it determines the direction of the business after a financial period. Financial periods are marked by losses or profits depending on how the entity has ...

COMPANY DESCRIPTION

Fantasy Hotels is a leading UK based hotel chain which was established in the year 2004. The company mainly focuses on establishing and running budget hotels across Europe. Over a quick span of time, Fantasy Hotels had grown into a leading player in the European hospitality sector. Even though a budget player, the company’s hotel properties provide all the basic facilities like wireless internet, LED televisions with cable access, swimming pools, dry cleaning, etc. The company manages to provide these additional facilities by charging an extra fees over and above the regular room charges. As Fantasy Hotels is ...

For example Elizabeth L. Angeli, Department of Psychology, State University.

This research was supported in part by a grant from the Sample Grant
Program.
Angeli, Department of English, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 55555
Project Management
Definition and Introduction. A project is a one-off task as compared to an “ongoing task”. Project management focuses on completing one-off tasks on time and on budget. One of the dark side of project management is that a project objective may fail to be met. The project manager has the following responsibilities.
- All stakeholders agree to granular detail on the expected outcome ...

The resolution by the United States to increase the number of people who get incarcerated has come with abnormally high cost that has become quite difficult to manage. Compared tony other country, the number of people who get incarcerated in the United States has been on a steady increase. It has fueled the United States budget with substantial values. The cost of managing the incarceration is very high. As reported in the year 2008, more than 2.3 million American was serving prison terms while out of every 48 working age men, one was behind the bars.Precisely, the cost of ...

For RTWMTC, budgeting is important since it will allow the company to plan its expenditures. It will allow for a balance between the capital and recurrent expenditures. This will ensure that the company maintains growth in a balanced manner hence avoiding illiquidity or insolvency. The other reason is that the budget will allow this company to manage its financial information and also review it on a real time basis. This will be achieved by maintaining an automated budgeting system which will ensure that the company makes timely and right expenditure decisions (Besley & Brigham, 2008). Thirdly, it is a means ...

Budgets are a major part of management, designed to ensure efficiency in resource use. Behavioral aspects in budgeting are crucial to the success of the budgeting process. Budgeting highly impacts human behavior .i.e. motivation and dysfunctional behavior. Since individuals react to budgeting demands differently, their behavior may damage the budgeting process. Behavioral problems linked to management styles include dysfunctional behavior and budget slack. Budgeting is a form of communicating organization’s goals to the managers. Therefore, budget managers develop attitudes that maintain cooperative relations with staff.
Budgeting involves two behavioral aspects. On one hand, is the authoritative approach adopted ...

Business

European socio-economic model is an amalgamation of the wide-ranging welfare systems and powerfully politicized and institutionalized forms of the industrial relations (Grahl and Teague). It comprises of the social security, economic life, educational system and the methods for driving the formation of human capital and for creating and diffusing knowledge. There are several advantages as well as disadvantages of the European socio-economic model. Considering the advantages, the European model is not merely a social model; rather it influences employment, production, growth, objectives and goals of economic policy and the competitiveness (Aiginger and Guger). The European socio-economic model is a ...

1- What items dominates the budget?

The items that dominate the budget include; education, infrastructural development and private sector initiatives. Other key areas that the budget focus on include creating more jobs for the people and focusing on revenue collection. Domination of items is based on the importance attached to them. Some of the areas that budget focus on are directly related to one another. For instance, in infrastructural development, when the sector is active, a number of jobs can be created as without much of a hustle. The budget focused on critical areas capable of boosting economic stability. In a sense, by looking at ...

A budget is an integral part of any economy. It outlines the financial plans of a country to facilitate economic growth. Most countries, including the United States of America prepare a budget comprising a one fiscal year financial plan. The US budget has indicated a deficit since 2008; this indicates that the government’s expenditures exceed the amount of revenue collected from the tax revenue. The federal government borrows funds to achieve its expenditure needs, and the interest rate increases annually. The borrowed funds are paid using the tax receipts from the taxpayers; the US government usually pays off ...

Introduction

The President Barack Obama unveiled his blueprint budget for the fiscal year 2015 on Tuesday the 6th of March 2014. The $3.9 trillion budget blueprint sent to the Congress has already elicited sharp reactions among the American Public. The Government has made it clear that this budget is aimed at seeking new spending to improve economic growth. It also aims to reduce the national debt by increasing taxes on the rich, reducing outflows to health-care providers and revamping immigration laws.
The budget is also seen as a bridge towards development, opportunity, and economic accountability. Through this budget, the President ...

1. WHAT ITEMS DOMINATE THE BUDGET?

Employment and Job creation

The president’s speech featured employment as a major concern for the government. This is because it is the major macroeconomic indicators for economic growth and development of the country. The President expressed disappointment due to the manufacturing companies’ intention to hire workers from abroad. To avert the situation, he said that the key impediment to job creation is the stiff tax regime that has deterred potential investors from investing their capital in the country. He said that the proposal on tax reforms, which he had proposed to the budget committee, had been ...

Reference: Kotler, P., & Lee, N. (2007). Marketing in the public sector: A roadmap for improved performance. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Wharton School Pub.
Theme: Communicating effectively with key publics by informing, influencing, and serving the citizens.
Summary:
- Communication channels provide high performance among practicing practitioners and collaborative teams in action.
- Marketing communications are used to inform, educate and often, persuade a target market about a desired behavior.
- Promotion is the forth “p” used to mean persuasive communication.
- Communication decisions will impact on decisions regarding evaluation, budget and implementation plan.
- Communication enables the marketer to ...

Answer 1)

Time Value of Money is an important concept in the world of finance. As per the principle, the value of money received today is more than the same amount of money to be received in some future date. In other words, as per the principle of Time Value of Money, money carries the power to earn interest. Thus, any amount of money is worth more the sooner it is received. For Instance, $100 invested at 10% rate of interest for 1 year will be $110 after the end of year. Similarly, if $100 is received after 1 year, this ...

Management is a base of successful company’s growth. There are different principles and rules which are used by managers to analyze or understand the severities that may arise due to the realization of the project. The one thing created for better managers’ work, especially in resource planning, is project management triangle or triangular management.
First of all I want to consider what the project management triangle is. It includes three sides: time, cost, scope and a core – quality. So, this triangular describes three main constraints of every project. Time is an uncountable factor which depends on the amount ...

Criticisms of Payback and Simple Rate of Return Methods

Payback Period and Simple Rate of Return Methods are among the tools used in capital budget budgeting. Payback period measures the length of time to recoup an investment, while the simple rate of return method, also known as Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) provides the expected income for the entire life of a capital investment (Investopedia, 2014).

The formulas to calculate for these two methods are:

- Payback Period = Cost of Project / Annual Cash Inflows

Criterion: The project that has shorter payback period is deemed better.

- Simple Rate of Return= Average profit /Initial investment

Criterion: Choose the project with higher returns or exceeds the hurdle rate.

Although considered as the simplest method in appraising capital investments, one of the criticisms with the payback period method is it ignores benefits ...

Monetary and fiscal policy is a way in which the United States government controls its economy through changing bank reserves and increasing interest rate. In the budget year starting commencing October 1st 2013 and ending September 30th 2014, the government of the United States estimated its budget to be 3.318 trillion dollars. However, its estimated revenue was 3.034 trillion dollars. Therefore, the estimated deficit was 280 billion dollars. This was not the first time the government was experiencing a high budget deficit. In the earlier years during economic recession, it had also experienced high budget deficits. This high budget ...

Introduction – Situation

The purpose of this document is to prepare the detailed negotiation plan and risk assessment for the negotiation of the Toyota Rv4 purchase with one of the medium-size dealers in the area and the maximum budget of USD$ 20,000 available immediately. The negotiation process will be done within a given timeframe of two days that will include the first stage of negotiation and will potentially extend to the second negotiation round that will depend on the trade-off and negotiation priorities. The conclusion and signing of the deal are not included in the scope of this document as the ...

Budgeting

Budgeting
Planning stage of any business plays an important role in the progress and profitability of business. Business forecasting means that to predict or access the outcomes or the performance of the business in coming future or the coming accounting period. To maximize the profitability of the business, it is very important for the management of the business to predict the outcomes, both certain and uncertain, to maximize the profitability of the business. Therefore, in these circumstances, management of the business uses probabilities or expected values of expenses and revenues and creates budgets on the basis of forecasting. The ...

The process through which the companies authorize the spending of capital on the long-term projects is known as the Capital budgeting. Capital projects require careful evaluation due to the limited availability of capital. There are many different techniques for capital budgeting but the most significant ones are the NPV and the IRR. The Net Present Value (NPV) is the method that determines the project worthiness by taking into consideration the devaluation of the money with time. Internal Rate of Return is that rate which is determined by the investor on a particular risk to forecast a profit (Arnold & Nixon ...

‘Instructor’s Name’

- Describe the basic Public Budgeting System outlined by the instructor in class. Be sure your outline details how information, justification, and examination all play an important role in the development of a public budget.
Public Budgeting System involves, defining the goals that are aimed to be achieved through the process, and allocating the necessary resources to achieve those goals. It is an act of balancing the fund allocation among various public sector needs, and deciding how much to spend on each such programs.
The crucial first phase of the budgeting process is the gathering of information. The information ...

Project management pertains to methods, processes, and best practices that are used in ensuring the successful completion and delivery of a project. The methods and processes act as roadmap of milestones and deliverables that guarantee all tasks and activities are done on schedule and with high quality output. The best practices ensure that teams are working smartly and efficiently according to norms practiced in the industry and are customizing their processes to fit their methodologies and requirements (Atkinson 338). Project teams without a standardized methodology results to inefficiency of processes and employees, including going overboard the budget, extension of ...

- MOV - The project creating the new web ordering system will result in a 10% increase in customers within 1 year of system completion.
This is a complete MOV. This is because the MOV gives the statistical data that will be found if a new ordering system will be implemented in the stated period of time. This is a complete MOV as it contains all the information required. Perhaps what needs to be added to the MOV is the subsequent increase that will be realized in the years to come. This will help show whether the system will ...

Introduction

When designing a forensic laboratory, there should be efficient planning done. This is because a forensic laboratory should function effectively to avoid interruptions. A forensic laboratory handles sensitive criminal investigations and is the reason why this investigation process should not be interrupted. This calls for the budget committee to have effective planning so that there is a reserve fund for any emergencies. A computer forensics laboratory is a place that can be either permanent or temporary that is used to carry investigations that deal with computer crime. Computer forensic investigations are a collection of techniques, procedures, and processes that ...

There exists a difference between federal government’s debt and deficit and most people tend to confuse these two. The differences are outlined as below. Federal government’s deficit refers to a situation whereby any government spending surpasses its income that comes from tax revenues collected from the citizens and other sources by any amount. Government deficit has some effects in a country’s economy. For example, it causes inflation which can be described to as the increase of the amount of money in circulation resulting to high pricing of goods. Federal government’s debt on the other hand ...

In the United States budget expenditures are divided on direct (mandatory) and discretionary. Direct costs are guaranteed by the legislation in force and cannot be trimmed (social benefits, health care programs, etc.). Discretionary spending annually are reviewed and approved in the budget for next year by the US Congress. At the same time a limit such costs is fixed. If the actual costs exceed the budget limits, sequestration runs, reducing the budget deficit (Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act).
In 1986 the Supreme Court determined this Act as unconstitutional on the basis of sequestration gave the Congress inopportune authorities. Anyway, in 1987 the ...

All Aspects of Life

Budgeting is a word most often heard referring to maintaining a healthy balance between paying bills and purchasing necessities and spending money on things not necessarily needed to survive. Financially speaking, most people make out a budget either in their heads or on paper that lists out the bills they need to pay in order to maintain their current lifestyle, such as rent, heat, car payment, insurance, credit cards, etc. And then there are percentages of income factored into savings and another percentage as frivolous cash; money to spend as extra perks in one’s day. Maintaining a healthy ...

System development life cycle originated in the 1960’s when there was a need to develop large-scale business systems. The aim of the cycle is to develop high-quality systems based on customer’s requirements, and that meets and exceeds the clients expectations. The cycle ensures that systems are delivered within budget and the estimated time frames. The cycle has planning, designing, building, testing and delivering as the work phases (Radack 2009).The cycle begins with initiation and concept development which define the scope of the system. This is followed by planning where the plan for the project is developed, ...

Roles and goals of budgeting: I was inspired by the ideas of budgeting expressed in the course. The concept made me realize that for any kind of financial planning, the importance of budgeting cannot be ignored. The role of budgeting is so important that a financial venture without proper budgeting may fail in achieving its goals. Therefore, proper budgeting is highly required. Furthermore, it must be observed that if the actual budget has exceeded the expected budget what were the reasons that caused this to happen?
Identification of variances: In any financial venture, there are always pre-determined standards that ...

Personal Finance: Creating a Budget

I thought that it would be a simple and straightforward thing to prepare my personal budget. While it was easy to register the monthly income and estimating other categories of income, computing the expenses was the most challenging thing (Freeman and Media, 2014). I had to review my budget several times before I was satisfied with the final budget. After entering the monthly income from my monthly salary and other expected incomes from parents and relatives, I started thinking of the items that involve fixed costs for instance, house rent, education loan, car insurance and the rest. Expenses of ...

English

Introduction
The job profile of an interior designer is perfect for anyone who is interested in the art of decoration and designing. A person who is an interior designer is highly creative in his outlook and has the resources and skills to innovate. I thought to write this paper to understand what skills are needed to become an interior designer and also what is the financial aspect of the interior designing process. According to me interior designers are individuals that are creative, practical, well organized, have skills in drawing and computer aided design (CAD), project management and are well ...

Introduction

The U.S. is moving ahead on a dangerous budget path. With the current spending and debt already treacherously high, the future debts are expected to rise even higher. It is certainly a serious matter when public debt is expected to reach 90 % of GDP (Boccia). The implications would be severe as the larger debts would increase interest rates, horde private investment and raise price inflation. U.S. policymakers should take lessons from Greece and Japan to avoid a fiscal crisis and economic stagnation that occurs due to public debt overhang. Growing federal debt in U.S. could lead to a sudden ...

1 If there is no discretionary increase in government spending then the business cycle will affect the size of the budget surplus and also the investment and trade balance. When the economy is in upswing then the government will collect more taxes as people will have more spending power. Similarly the investment balance would improve as firms would invest more in capital to cater to an increasing demand for goods and services. The trade balance would be in a deficit as improving conditions at home would mean that consumers at home have more purchasing power and hence imports would ...

Introduction

Traditional budget making has been playing an important role in the business environment since the dawn of 1900 and is considered to be one of the major evaluators and key drivers of managerial performance in every organisation. It also plays a critical part in the designing as well as implementation elements that affect the organisation wide planning and control.
Traditional budget making is the most powerful tool which has been in use for management control as it plays an essential role in the organisation’s corporate politics. It can also increase the authority and power of the senior or ...

Economics

The federal finance minister, Mr. Joe Oliver announced annual updates of economic and fiscal projection. But these economic updates are basically prepared not keeping in mind the real economic growth of the country. The expectation is very high from this budget. These projections show that the government wants a balanced budget. The main results of Decision taken by them are as follows
The Government has decided that GST would be cut by 2 points plus boost stimulus spending. From this way they have shifted the tax from consumption to income. This has increased the deficit. Latest tax cuts and ...

The Euro was officially started in 1999 in the first eleven countries. In the beginning, the Euro was employed for transaction purposes while the banknotes and coins came into life in 2002. There are five Maastricht Convergence criteria that are used in the consideration of membership. European countries wishing to join have to meet them. First is the price stability that says that the nation’s inflation rate shall not be more than 1.5 percent above the levels of the best three performing member nations. The second condition was the durability of convergence. The criterion identifies with the factor ...

A government’s budget is an estimate presented by fiancé minister of the government’s revenue and expenditure for a year. When the revenues exceed the expenditure the budget is said to be in surplus. In a budgetary deficit situation the government’s expenditure that includes transfer payments and government purchases is greater than the revenue. The real GDP of an economy is the monetary value of all services and goods produced in a year with reference to the prices of a base year. Real GDP excludes the price changes due to inflation or deflation.
In a budget deficit ...

For any budgeting plan or mandate to work, there has to be coordination. This means that the upper budgeting department management should be able to keep track of all the ins and outs of money to and from the company’s treasury. This means that even the smallest expenses should be counted, listed, and audited if the company does not want to unnecessarily and unproductively lose any money.
As an employee, the most important thing I would look for when it comes to budgeting would be coordination. So, given the chance to create and submit my own budget proposals ...

Being a budget manager or a budget officer of a medium-sized property management firm can be a real challenge because there are simply a lot of things to consider. According to Shim and Siegel (2009), “the first step in creating budget is to determine the overall or strategic goals and strategies of the business, which are then translated into specific long term goals, annual budgets, and operating plans” . If there will be a particular aspect of budget management that I want my property managers and budgeting staff (assuming that I have been appointed as the General Manager of a ...

New dialogue on fundamental reforms has been raised again in EU. The president of the Republic of France plans to reduce taxes on business and make some more moves toward liberalization of economy. It sounds pretty interesting due to the fact that he participated in elections with completely different moto in the nearest past. Even the Prime Minister of the Republic of France Manuel Valls traveled over Europe to communicate and confirm this message. Even such countries as Spain, Greece and Portugal report economic progress as a result of liberalization.
On the one hand, this fact should give some ...

Variance Analysis

According to the statement of operations provided, personnel expenses that have a negative variance were managerial/professional personnel expenses that had a negative variance of $750 that resulted from actual expenses of $ 8500 against a budgeted amount of $7750. Net salaries and wages had a negative variance of $550 due to budgeted and actual amounts of $9750 and $10300 respectively. Benefits had a negative variance of $200 from budgeted expenses and actual expenses of $1200 and $1400 respectively.

Possible Causes of Negative Variances and Proposed Solutions

One possible cause of negative variance is under-budgeting. This means that planned amounts for use were lower than the expenses. This would ...

Part 1:

There are a lot of changes that can be conveyed to the board of directors regarding the upcoming events. The detailed budget that has been prepared can act as a guide for the management to understand what steps need to be taken, and how things are to be implemented in the company. Mr Wiggins should take the board of directors into confidence that the overall position of the company is strong and it can continued to operate according to the basic accounting principle of going concern. The company, therefore, need not to display its assets at the par value ...

Introduction

Every institution must have a budget team to oversee the spending of money. Without this, transparency and accountability will not be promoted. This may lead to embezzlement of funds by the op management, leading the institution t bankruptcy. Institutions that have strong teams to oversee the implementation of the budget have always been successful. His is because they have a strong foundation on which to make progress without limitations. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T) is one such institution which values the importance of accountability and transparency in handling financial matters. Because of this, the institution has always been ...

Managing cost and budget is a risky task which requires careful planning and flexibility on the part of the manager. Additionally, the manager nurse is required to have good decision making so that the resources available are used adequately to meet the goals. However, a nurse who is a manager needs to have good leadership skills which are essential in the time of crisis. The absences of one registered nurse at the City Medical Center require sound decision-making skills and good leadership. This is to make sure services delivery to patients is not compromised, and all the staffs are ...

The budget of the project will be an analysis of all the tangible or non-tangible products or services including the cost of the labor and other workforce and the cost of operations required in the course of project development. The following table gives an estimate of the budget required for different employees, project deliverables, project steps, and all the monitoring or maintenance tasks.
The budget of labor internal to the organization is around $ 450,000 and for the external labor it will be $150,000. The external labor would comprise of outsourcing labor which would comprise of some of ...

Provide an overview of the emerging trend of privatization of jail and prison facilities.

For the past few decades the government correctional institutions started outsourcing their different jail and prison functions to the private agencies. The government took the initiative to privatize the jail and prison facilities to curtail the escalating correctional expenses and to reduce the pressure of inmates from overcrowded prisons. In 1991, number of private prisons was 44, in 1994 it was 88, and in 2000 there were 184 private prisons. (Perrone, D., & Pratt, T., n.d.). From1990 number of inmates in private facilities rose from 7771 to 129336 in 2009, which is an increase of 1664%. The quantum leap of ...

Sexually Transmitted Disease

As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2014 sexually transmitted diseases, or sexually transmitted infections (STIs) “spread primarily through person-to-person sexual contact” and include a variety of “more than 30 different sexually transmissible bacteria, viruses and parasites” (“Sexually Transmitted WHO”). This problematic issue affects untold millions of people around the globe. According to World Health Organization (2014) reports the sexually infectious conditions most commonly transmitted include cases of syphilis, genital warts, genital herpes, chlamydial infection, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In particular instances infections may be spread via pregnancy and childbirth, causing the ...

Budget

A budget is a means to track down income and expenses. When you know your bottom line or what is left of your income after your spending, you are in a better position to assess your financial condition and determine how you can improve it to achieve your goals.
Budgets are useful to individuals, as well as for businesses in terms of planning for short and long-term goals. For instance, a start-up company with limited capital would find budgets specially critical. In starting a business, there are assumptions and expectations built on revenues to be generated and expenses to ...

Every person is born with a different mindset and thinking in this world, and on the basis of this mindset and thinking, they will take different aspects accordingly. On the basis of the mindset, an individual will select a desired career for them. The clearest intentions behind selecting and addressing a particular career depends upon the fact that how much future benefit it will give or arise for the individual in particular (Peterson, Fabozzi & Habegger, 2004). The aspect of return on Investment (ROI) is the most important aspect that strides under the analysis of development or pursuing a career. ...

Besides a house, buying a car is one of the most expensive purchases a person will make during his lifetime. At the outset, it is important to decide whether you can afford a new car, or a used car. It is important to know your budget in advance. When you begin your actual shopping, you will then know what you can afford.
First, you must make a number of decisions about your personal needs and expectations from a vehicle. It is a good idea to take into account the size of the vehicle that you will need, as well ...

Provide an overview of the emerging trend of privatization of jail and prison facilities.

For the past few decades the government correctional institutions started outsourcing their different jail and prison functions to the private agencies. The government took the initiative to privatize the jail and prison facilities to curtail the escalating correctional expenses and to reduce the pressure of inmates from overcrowded prisons. In 1991, number of private prisons was 44, in 1994 it was 88, and in 2000 there were 184 private prisons. (Perrone, D., & Pratt, T., n.d.). From1990 number of inmates in private facilities rose from 7771 to 129336 in 2009, which is an increase of 1664%. The quantum leap of ...

An entity incorporates an array of stakeholders that aids in performing its operations aimed at achieving the set objectives. A school is an example of such organization that relies in both internal and external stakeholders in case of budget planning and presentation. There are fundamental parties that ought to be present for school budgetary reporting and they include the principal (ex-officio manager), parents, community leaders, donors, regulators, potential partners, and suppliers. According to Keagy and Piper (2013), the external environment is as important as the internal organization. The school board must present the budget to the parents, sponsors, regulators, ...

IT Projects

- Temporary
- Unique
- Progressive Elaboration
All projects are temporary meaning that they start and end at definite date. They are not for forever and end once the objective is achieved. These projects deliver unique product, service or deliverables and milestones. The end-product of these projects is usually utilized by the companies that benefit from it. The last characteristic is that these projects are progressive. They are started with a purpose, but with the passage of time and as the project nears completion, more benefits and the scope of the project widen and new solutions and deliverables are ...

Public administration is how the government implements its policy through the civil servants in everyday situations. However, the implementation of these policies is influenced by various factors or processes such as changes in the demographic, economic cycles and the budget conditions which have been set by the congress. Thus, the constitution spells out the role of congress and the federal government on how the public programs are to be implemented (Kettl, 2014, 319). It looks further how the various decisions made by the federal government or the congress affects the programs that have been set during the budget process. ...

I like the way you have structured your essay. It is very simple yet very concise. I agree with you that decisions on teacher’s credentials and their placement on different classes should be made during staff meetings. I am also in agreement with the proposal that fundraisers be used to provide materials and supplies to the Physical Education program. Parents want their kids to participate in physical education and, therefore, your suggestion that the support of parents be sought after is also very viable. They might even be willing to pay for the entire program. As you have ...

In San Diego, there prevails an association of the regional cities and county government regarded as SANDAG. As an association of 18 cities coupled with county government, SANDAG entails San Diego association of governments. The public agency serves as a plausible forum inculcated for the regional decision-making facets. SANDAG constructs consensus, inculcates strategic plans, acquires and allocates resources, plans, engineers, and manage the construction of public transportation. Moreover, the public agency provides extensive information on a vast range of topics that are impactful on the pertinent region quality of life. As such, the public agency is focused on the ...

Planning in Health PromotionMargoloHow to conduct face to face interviews Face to face interview is a useful tool of obtaining information from a reliable source. The interviewer can comfortably give his or her point of view about the issue in question. I agree with the fact that the researcher can observe the respondent behavior. However, I disagree with the drawback that, the response may introduce biased responses. The reason is, a researcher can maintain face to face contact with the respondent, and there is no room for biased responses. It is very crucial that one identifies a reliable source. ...

The budget making is a significant process for both the state federal government since it details what the activities of the government will undertake in the next financial year. Furthermore, the budget shapes the national economy based on the policy that the federal government wants to undertake (Goodsell, 2014). Thus, the budget gives an indication on what projects and policy the government is willing to spend its money on and which areas the public and private sectors need to chip in their efforts. Additionally, the budget gives a glimpse of how the government is planning to fund its activities ...

Introduction

Kelsey does face new budgetary challenges. That the federal government has reduced the federal pass-through money at a time when crime in the state is increasing and there is need to revamp the state’s police force and infrastructure does not help. But most importantly, the conflict of interests on this matter might make it even harder to arrive at a conclusion that helps the state. This paper discusses the various elements of Kelsey’s budgeting process under the circumstances mentioned: ethical issues; changes to the budgeting cycle (preparation, execution and evaluation); new budgeting approach and it addresses the ...