Smoking Literature Reviews Samples For Students

Factors such as race, sex and age may be significant benchmarks in the analysis or understanding of epidemiological details such as incidence and mortality rates of oral cancer.1 For instance, the incidence and mortality rates in men are twice more than in women.1 Based on race, African American males have a higher incidence rate than White males.1 This also applies between a comparison between African American females and White females respectively.
Despite the occurrence of new cases of oral cancer, the overall incidence rate trend over the last 30 years has been declining.2 The incidence rate of oral cancer among ...

Young students who are currently studying in American colleges are an asset to the nation. They are the future leaders and, therefore, it is in the nation’s interest for campuses to encourage healthy habits as they impart curiosity and intellectual discipline. The health status of the mind and the body influence each other. Smoking of cigarettes poses the biggest danger to the health of those enrolled in college campuses. Studies have shown that a quarter of college students smoke tobacco, more than half of them doing it daily. Despite decline in the number cigarette smokers, 18% of college students ...

Second-hand smoke or involuntary smoking, which can cause air pollution and adverse health consequences, refers to the combination of smoke, which fills offices, restaurants and other enclosed premises from the burning of tobacco products like cigarettes, water pipes, and bidis. Tobacco smoke contains over 7000 chemicals, of which hundreds are toxic or poisonous and approximately 70 can lead to cancer (USDHHS 1).
Secondhand smoke causes many adverse health effects among immigrants’ children, and infants, including respiratory infections, severe asthma attacks, and ear infection (USDHHS 1). Some of the adverse health effects in immigrants’ adults due to secondhand smoke ...

Introduction

Since ancient times, minority groups in many parts of the world have faced some form of stereotyping. In the United States, minority groups such as Native Americans (American Indians), Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, Hispanics, African Americans among other people of mixed races have faced severe stereotyping. American theater and media have exemplified the stereotyping (Thomson, 14). The film Smoke Signals was written, directed, produced and acted entirely by Native Americans. In the film, Victor Joseph (Adam Beach) is a young man living with another young man Thomas (Evan Adams) whom Victor’s father-Arnold rescued from a fire when he was an ...

A)Pathophysiology of crocidolite.

Pathophysiology refers to both the pathological and physiological effects of a disease or injury. Crocidolite is a type of asbestos which is blue in color which has very thin fibers hair like fibers. This makes it the most dangerous type of asbestos as these thin fibers are very easily inhaled when blown by the wind where the asbestos occurs naturally (Australia) and when people are working with it especially during mining. This type of asbestos is used mainly for insulation as it is sprayed on walls, ceilings, boilers ovens and pipes.
Crocidolite falls under the category of respirable dusts. These ...

Control Valves

A valve is a control device that is utilized in adjusting the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe (Doddannavar, Barnard, and Ganesh, 2005). This implies that the flow rate will change as the valve opens and closes either partially or fully, thus providing some obstruction to some extent (Rennels and Hudson, 2012). The valve comprises a flow passage in which the flow area can be varied. Operation of valves in most scenarios is manual. In cases where the valves are operated automatically, electromechanical actuators are used. The electromechanical actuators can include electric motors or pneumatic actuators that are motorized by air ...

Abstract / Summary

This Literature Review is formulated with the intention to assess the dangers surrounding the detection of tar and nicotine content, specifically utilizing High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Also other methods to measure and evaluate the importance of these substances from a researcher's viewpoint. Attention will be primarily focused on HPLC as an important method to be utilized. Focus will also be directed at other methods used, such as taking blood samples to measure the effects of tar and nicotine. This Literature Review acknowledges the limitations of research as there are many risks regarding cigarette smoking that are relatively unknown. Moreover, ...

Health Care Environmental Management

In any institution where people conglomerate, a number of health hazards may exist naturally. Such problems have to be identified by a health care professional such as a nurse manager and appropriate action be taken in order to minimize the effects of these hazards to individuals. As such, health care personnel have the sole responsibility of conducting a health care environmental checklist then come up with strategies of appropriately managing the risks. This therefore forms the basis of this piece of work.
Availability of clean drinking water: The common healthcare environmental hazard in my institution includes the common drinking water pollutants. The ...

Introduction

Following a decline, since the mid to late 1990s, in the number of young people smoking, more recent reports have indicated that these numbers are now, once again, beginning to rise. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), figures from a 2005 study indicate that 23% of high school students had smoke in the month prior, which shows an increase from 21.9% in a 2003 study (Family First Aid, 2000-2006). This figure alone is enough to prompt fears that smoking could begin to grip our nation’s youth, irrespective of the amount of anti-smoking education that they are presented ...

Cigarette smoking is one of the favorite trends not only in American society, but in every civilization around the world. Despite the fact that smoking has almost become a part of the American tradition; this habit should be discouraged and even banned in order to promote safety of the nation’s stakeholders. Thus, this paper seeks to identify and evaluate the varied reasons that would justify the banning of cigarette smoking. Several literature suggest that while America is a democratic country that supports its citizen’s freedom, the government must limit such freedom when practices like smoking destroys the life of ...

Step 1: Problem

The problem involved is the smoking habits of women during pregnancy. This problem will also be presented using (1) Population or Patient Problem, (2) Intervention, (3) Comparison, (4) Outcome, and (5) Time. This is otherwise known as the PICOT this is an approach that is used to formulate questions about the identified problem or topic.

Step 2: PICOT

P = (Problem) Pregnant women who smoke
I = (Intervention) Application of Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) and Counseling
C = (Comparison) –none-
O = (Outcome) Cessation from smoking of pregnant women
T = (Time) During pregnancy

Foreground question: In pregnant women, does counseling and/or NRT reduce smoking?

Step 3: Variables
The two involved variables are Pregnancy and Smoking
Step 4: ...

Introduction

The negative impacts of smoking not only affect the direct smoker but also the person that inhale the smoke secondhand. A number of researches have linked various diseases with smoke from the direct smoker. A research conducted on the cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke reported that the effects are closely as huge as smoking. It concluded that the secondhand smoke elevates the chances of developing coronary heart disease by an estimate of thirty percent. Barnoya & Glantz (2005) suggests that there is a relatively high risk to heart diseases and conditions associated with second hand smoking as compared the normal ...

Introduction

Quality of air is a determinant in the quality of life, indoor air is important as people spend on average 80-90% of their lives in door (WHO, 2007). Indoor air quality began a long time but only been a health concern decades ago when awareness of contaminants presented in the air. The problem begins when the construction of building are highly insulated to conserve energy, which caused a trap to air intoxicants inside the building (E. Willard, 2005). This causes the exchange of outdoor to indoor to lessen and therefore the indoor air pollution builds up.

Indoor air quality is a complex issue as ...

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Literature Review

Introduction
Dentistry as a branch of medical science has successfully and uniquely combined the principles of human science and the art of healing. The dental profession in particular has changed during the past years due to the review of scientific evidences that emerged in the health fields and medicine that rely on systematic approach. The findings from several literatures suggest clinical practices and other relevant concepts pointing out the recommended frequency of visits to dental practitioners for various types of patients. This includes patients suffering from oral cancer, periodontal diseases, and caries risk. In ...

Introduction

Cigarette collection systems comprise of the major ways that several companies including Tobacco manufacturing industries that help as one of the strategies in managing effect of cigarette butts in littering bins that is currently a big challenge in urban areas.
According to Riutta, (2012), it is imperative to address this topic of issues concerning cigarette butts in our daily city lives because of the high negative impact they have on our environment, and thus health being one of the leading causes of preventable deaths. According to health analysts, cigarette butts are made from a fibrous material that is essential ...

"Are Protein-Protein interactions likely to be valid therapeutic targets for cancer therapy?"
In her paper entitled “Protein-Protein interactions and cancer: small molecules going in for the kill” Michelle Arkin raises questions regarding the grooved and linear regions that permit protein-protein bonds, the binding peptides also found in those regions, if those interfaces are tractable for small molecule discovery and what compounds might serve as bonding agents. Further investigation of compounds would include if they are active, inhibiting, and do they help further characterize the target. She documents tubulin and several others that have potential. Her conclusion confirms that ...

Introduction

Among initial efforts to investigate the impact of mass communications, the most widespread are the reports forwarded by the eighth black bound volume published between 1933 and 1935 (Rupprecht, 2011). The pioneering work, “Payne Fund Studies,” was carried out when mass media comprised of solely the press, the radio, recorded music, as well as recorded movies. Out of all these, movies emerged as the greatest concern to education activists. This is because of their enormous attraction to children. The survey sought to establish the nature of influence movies had on the American youth. Children’s movies can be influential ...

Introduction

Waste management refers to the process of collecting, transporting and disposing trash, sewage and other waste materials. There are different sources of waste including residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal, agriculture and manufacturing and all these waste products whether solid, gaseous, liquid or radioactive come under the realm of waste management. Due to the rapid growth and fast development in Australia, the country has produced waste on humongous amount. As per the data provided by Australian Bureau of Statistics, the growth of average annual rate of waste production in Australia is about 5.4% between 1996-97 and 2006-07. ...

Alcohol is the world’s oldest known drug that is abused by people. Alcohol has been used by many people for several years and its abuse has become a major societal health problem. The consequences of excessive alcohol intake vary from a mild hang-over to mass destruction, diseases, and death at its worst. When consumed in moderation, it has no or little effects for the drinkers and the people around them. Nonetheless, its misuse has become very dangerous to the drinker and the society. We all agree that, occasional taking of alcohol does not hurt, nonetheless it can lead to addiction ...

Definition and description of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a complex chronic disease, characterized by the reduction of bone mass, increasing the likelihood of bone fractures.
There are two types of osteoporosis. The first type is common among the women who have the lack of estrogen during postmenopausal period. The deficit of estrogen leads to the increasing rate of bone loss. Osteoporosis type 2 is common among the male and female who are older than 70 years (Peña & Perez, 2012, p. 37).
As Unnanuntana and Kleimeyer indicate, scientists predict that the incidence of hip fractures increased from 1.26 million in 1990 to 4, 5-million by ...

An investigation was conducted at the University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates to assess the dental students' oral hygiene measures, their oral health status, and the effect of knowledge gained in preventive aspects on their personal health attitudes (Yildiz and Dogan 259). A sample of ninety-three students was taken, after their voluntary response, for study under the approval of the University’s Research Ethics Board. The students were provided with questionnaires consisting of twenty polar responses (agree/disagree) and additional two questions on brushing and flossing the frequency (Cortes et al. 1208).
The result of the study ...

Abstract

Methamphetamine, known to the world in various names such as “crank” or simply “meth”, is notable for having severe effects similar to that of marijuana. While it is reported and proven to be capable of treating several psychological and physical disorders, the known stimulant is capable of producing heavy complications in terms of a users’ physical, neurological, psychological and social nature that may be difficult to heal. In terms of its effects to children, parents and pregnant women; the effects of methamphetamine vary. However, heavy physical, behavioral and social disorders would be visible to these groups since methamphetamine can cause ...

MicroRNAs are small, single-stranded, non-coding, 16–29 nucleotide RNA molecules comprising of an evolutionarily conserved class of endogenous ribo-regulators that regulate gene expression (Wiemer, 2007; Garzon et al., 2009). They were discovered in 1993 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Espinosa & Slack, 2006). Currently, 4167miRNAs are listed in the miRNA registry and 474 human miRNAs have been identified (Wiemer, 2007).
MicroRNAs are crucial for the development of vertebrates due to the fact that depletion of the components of the miRNA processing pathway, or interfering with maturation of miRNAs, is not compatible with life (Wiemer, 2007).
The miRNA ...

MicroRNAs are small, single-stranded, non-coding, 16–29 nucleotide RNA molecules (approximately 22 nucleotides in length) comprising of an evolutionarily conserved class of endogenous ribo-regulators that regulate (modulate) gene expression (Wiemer, 2007, p.1529; Zhang et al., 2006, p.9136; Garzon et al., 2009, p.168). They were discovered in 1993 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Espinosa & Slack, 2006, p.131). Currently, 4167 miRNAs are listed in the miRNA registry and 474 human miRNAs have been identified (Wiemer, 2007, p.1530).

The miRNA genes are dispersed across the genome in gene clusters or as single genes. At least 50% of the miRNA genes are ...

One of the major public health problems and the societal concerns these days is the maltreatment of children which impacts millions of children all over the world. There are a variety of long and short-term health consequences of child abuse and neglect which leaves a long-lasting impact on the mental and social growth and development of the children. Child abuse does not just mean broken bones or bruises, it impacts the safety, physical, social, mental, emotional and educational needs of the children. Child abuse and neglect as defined by the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) of 2010, ...

Abstract

Introduction
Transitioning from a life at home with parents and the teachers as in charge into a college life where the student finds independence of every choice possible, problems like risky behaviors and irregular sleep patterns are nothing out of the ordinary. This new-found freedom is in most cases seen to be unfavorable for the college student because 70 to 96 percent of the student in college get less than 8 hours of sleep per day.
This is not a blanket rate which applies to the student of every major from each and every department; rather there are students ...

What are the perceptions of students in health-related undergraduate programs of the health behaviours of their peers (e.g. alcohol consumption, smoking) ?
Undergraduate students taking courses related to human health have various perceptions of the behavior that may affect their health, if this behavior is exhibited by their peers (Zhang, 2011, n.p.). Ridder, Heuvelmans, Visscher, Seidell, & Renders (2010) argue that there is a relationship between the actual behaviours reported about students and perceived behaviour by the medical students in Netherlands. The authors used a sample of 1608 students issued with questionnaires regarding the number of students engaged in alcohol consumption. ...

The excellence of the air around us is referred as ‘air quality'. In the case when the area is given good air quality credit, then it means that the air around the area is clean and most of all, unpolluted. Clean air is the most important aspects required for all living creatures on this planet. There are variant factors that causing poor air quality or pollute the air. The emissions from factories and vehicles used to play a major role in air pollution toxins. When the concentration of the pollutants reaches beyond the mark and can affect the health of ...

"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (“Prufrock”) was first published in the June 1915 issue of Poetry: A Magazine of Verse (“Poetry”). It was written by American-British poet T. S. Eliot (“Eliot”) (1888–1965). Eliot first started work on the poem in February, 1910. As the Overseas Editor of Poetry, Erza Pound (“Pound”) had instigated the whole business (n.a., n.d., “Bio,” 2014; and McCoy, 1992).
Prufrock has been studied by many, many talented scholars. In fact, what makes it such an outstanding piece of poetry is the fact that people can read so many meanings into it. ...

Abstract

The Piper Alpha disaster is well known for it resulted in the highest number of casualties who lost their lives in the history of off shore oil and gas rigging. This paper reviews literature on the Piper Alpha disaster presenting an overview of the circumstances that led to the occurrence of the tragedy. Further, it examines the role that different parties played with regard to their contributions to the situation. Subsequently, an analysis of the course of action taken with regard to the management of the disaster as it happened and in its aftermath is as well evaluated. The ...

Abstract

This paper aims at identifying and elaborating the development and functions of the human placenta, an organ that supports growth and development of the fetus. The human placenta is a fetomaternal organ that supports the development of a growing embryo by providing nutrients and gas from the mother to the embryo. Notably, the human placenta facilitates nutrients and gas exchange between the fetus and the mother which helps in maintaining fetomaternal tolerance. The placenta can release metabolic products into fetal and maternal circulations and it also metabolizes various substances. It also protects the fetus against maternal diseases, infections, and certain xenobiotic ...

Discussion of the Dynamics of Endoplasmic Reticulum And Mitochondria

Introduction
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) of an organism forms an interconnected membrane network that extends from the outermost nuclear to the periphery cell wall. Mitochondria are a group of cell organelles that undergo fusion and fission at a constant rate. . In plants, daily regulation of energy is important for optimal growth thus mitochondria are important for integral regulation of the cellular responses for the survival of the plant. . In this paper, we are going to discuss the dynamics of ER and the mitochondria in plants by looking at the importance of Lat.B, AA and MV regulation energy in treated and ...

Office Base Strategies for the Management of Obesity 3

Introduction 3
Background 3
Aim 3
The purpose of the present literature review was to investigate obesity within the intellectual disability population. 3
Literature Review 3
Understanding the problem 6
Management Strategies 7
Policies at work Place 8
Awareness of Employees 9
Method 10
Results 10
Conclusion 10

References 11

Office Base Strategies for the Management of Obesity
Introduction
This research aims to discuss different office based strategies, which can help prevent and control obesity. The problem of obesity can be managed at workplace by providing financial incentives ...

Abstract

Water is the most important source of life. Survival of any living organism without water is impossible. Though a large part of the earth is constituted of water, the supply of fresh water is limited to only 3% of the total amount of water found on the earth's surface. With the demand for fresh and clean water rising across the world, it is time for us to think seriously about the importance of water conservation. There are several engineering and behavioral practices which, if adopted by us at home, industries and other spheres of work and life, can reduce the ...

Introduction

Teratogen is broadly defined as an environmental agent capable of causing abnormal prenatal variation in form or function. In other words, it can be any environmental factor that can produce a permanent abnormality in structure or function of an embryo or fetus or restriction of growth of an infant (Gilbert-Barness, 2010). In prenatal life, exposure to teratogens may even lead to death of the embryo or fetus. It is estimated that approximately 15% of all congenital structural abnormalities observed in a child are due to exposure to some kind of teratogens during the prenatal life (Brent, 2001). A larger number of ...

The Bhopal disaster

- Causes
The Bhopal disaster, was an industrial accident that occurred on the night of the night of the 2-3 of December at a pesticide plant in Bhopal India .[1] The company that owned the plant was the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), a subsidiary of the American company Union Carbide Cooperation (UCC).Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate gas (MIC) and other chemicals leading to the instant death of more than 3,800 people and causing significant health problems to thousands of people who lived around the plant.
The manufacturing process employed in the plant ...

Literature Review on Mobile Healthcare

Literature Review on Mobile Healthcare
In the field of health, the use of advanced technology is not anymore limited to highly specialized branches such as medical robotics or nuclear medicine. Different levels in the healthcare delivery system have utilized the benefits and convenience offered by mobile devices. Mobile healthcare or mHealth is slowly gaining ground in health facilities worldwide. The term mHealth refers to “the use of wireless communication devices to support public health and clinical practice” (Kahn, Yang, & Kahn, 2010, as cited in Barton, 2012). In the succeeding sections the terms mHealth and mobile healthcare will be ...

[Low flow anaesthesia with isoflurane in the dog].
This article in german compares the safety of high and low flow anesthesia in dogs preparing for surgery. Three groups of animals were divided into two low flow and one high flow groups. Vital signs were kept well controlled during the procedures. Notes the highest decrease in body temperature was in the high flow group, and a particularly cooled gas used for that group may have caused this.
At least in the context of dogs, this article seems to treat the question of flow rate and core body temp. as a ...

- Fitzroy River Turtle (R Leukops)
- The Biology
Fitzroy River Turtle, Rheodytes leukops is also called the white eyed river diver referring to its Latin name. Locally, it is sometimes called the “bum breathing turtle referring to its ability to utilize cloacal ventilating. This method of breathing improves its breath-holding capacity and enabling it to colonize riffle zones and take advantage of the associated greater densities of food resources during the wet season and early dry season. . “R. leukops was first described as a new genus and species in 1980 (Legler and Cann,1980) and most publications ...

The complete failure of the Arab nations to form a national narrative for the purpose of unification and the establishment of contemporary egalitarian polities happens to be the primary cause behind the ongoing socio-political explosion in the Arab world in recent times. Unity is no longer the major goal and the construction of a society that is capable of mobilizing its resources to combat backwardness and enhance the financial condition of the state has taken a backseat. The elite class has instead tried to enforce a brand of unity via Islam and Arab nationalism that has alienated portions of the population not present ...

Classic English Literature

Eliot’s poem “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” was first published in a poetry magazine in 1915. Later Eliot published other poems in the 20th century for which he was awarded The Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948. This poem, “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” is a contemporary poem because it was written when Britain was considered among the modern countries of the world. This was before the beginning of World War I. It is narrated in a dramatic monologue where we find the speaker very unhappy and in mental agony. The poem became a master piece because its ...

Classic English Literature

Eliot’s poem “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” was first published in a poetry magazine in 1915. Later Eliot published other poems in the 20th century for which he was awarded The Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948. This poem, “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” is a contemporary poem because it was written when Britain was considered among the modern countries of the world. This was before the beginning of World War I. It is narrated in a dramatic monologue where we find the speaker very unhappy and in mental agony. The poem became a master piece because its ...

English

24 May 2011

In Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland, the reader is privy to the adventures of the inquisitive Alice as she tumbles down the rabbit hole and finds herself ensconced in a world of magic, talking animals and vaguely ‘trippy’ happenings. Throughout the novel, there are a number of magical transformations where the characters transition between forms, much like characters do in a number of traditional fairy tales: for example, the pumpkin becomes the carriage in Cinderella; the beast becomes the handsome prince; the wooden puppet becomes a real boy. All of these events happen to represent an underlying message – for ...

Introduction

Shift work is basically any work outside the normal daylight hours and may differ from one work place to another. Given that up to 25% of the American population encounters shift work at some point in their career the subject of shift work has attracted a plethora of research especially with regard to the health implication of shit work[ CITATION Occ10 \l 1033 ]. There is a growing body of knowledge implicating shift work for on-job injuries and catastrophes, disruption of families and societal fabric, pathological conditions of both physiological and psychological nature. Of particular interest to this review are the health ...