Inflammation Research Papers Samples For Students

Crohn’s disease overview

Crohn’s disease (also called ileitis or enteritis) is a chronic, relapsing–remitting, non-infectious form of bowel disorder that mainly causes inflammation of the digestive tract, and is the general term for diseases that cause swelling in the intestines.
This term has replaced older terms that include regional or terminal ileitis and granulomatous colitis; it doesn’t just imply any cause, site, or pathological response. The terminal ileum and the right colon are two sites that are most vulnerable, a close to this pathological disability can negatively influence multiple parts of the body, but this negative effect is connected with ...

UniversityRheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease more common in women than men. It is an inflammatory disorder of the joints especially in the hands and legs which becomes chronic over time. The joints become tender and cause inflammation that could lead to serious disability which might also lead to death in some cases (Aletaha et al, 2010).

Etiology of Rheumatoid arthritis

The etiology of the disease has not been clearly understood so far. RA condition manifests itself when the components of the autoimmune system losses control and attack specific tissues in the body as they fail to distinguish between the tissues in ...

Asthma is a complex multifactorial disease that affects millions of people worldwide and can occur across any age or ethnicity. In children, boys are slightly more affected than girls, but in adults, women are more affected than men (Fanta 1002). Asthma affects about 300 million people and accounts for around 250,000 deaths each year worldwide (Lv et al. 105; Ober and Yao 11). Asthma can be atopic or non-atopic. Atopic asthma usually starts in childhood or adolescence and is hypothesized to be influenced by genetic predisposition. Non-atopic asthma usually occurs in adults and can result from bacterial or viral ...

[Your Name Appears Here]
[Your section appears here]
[Professor’s name appears here]
[Date Appears Here]

Heart is one of the most important part of the body. It performs many vital functions that are essential for life. Without the functioning of heart there is no life. Heart is also considered as the pumping organ of the body. The main function of heart is to pump the blood throughout the body ("The Heart (Human Anatomy): Picture, Definition, Location In The Body, And Heart Problems"). Inside the body blood is considered as the most important mean of transport of oxygen ...

INTRODUCTION

In the modern era there are a plethora of diseases, conditions and disorders that can affect individual’s health, well-being and quality of life for people all across the world. Whether it is from cancer to infections or from diabetes to HIV there is always the possibility of contracting or developing disease. However, not all diseases are contracted or developed due to an external influence, there are some that originate from the inside; such conditions are generally referred to as an autoimmune disease. This means that the problem involves an individual’s own immune system, perceives their own body ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]}
{Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Abstract

Asthma and allergic reactions result in inflamed and swollen lung airways. Asthma is of two types, atopic and non-atopic. The asthma symptoms include excessive production of mucus, coughing, tightness in chest, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing. The triggers for atopic asthma are allergens and the hyper-responsiveness of IgE immunoglobulin. Genetic factors are involved in non-atopic asthma that relies on the propensity of developing asthma and hypersensitivity of airways. Epithelial cytokines, macrophage, eosinophils, and T cells collectively influence the fibroblast production resulting in muscle mutagenesis and bronchial ...

The gastrointestinal tract, which spans from the mouth to the anus, is a durable yet sensitive system that is susceptible to a variety of disorders that can bring an individual great pain and distress. There are a myriad of gastrointestinal disorders that fall under the category of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including Ulcerative Colitis, Irritable Bowel Disease (IBD), and Crohn’s disease. Many of these gastrointestinal disorders have similar characteristics, but they are each distinct disorder and should be treated as such.

Etiology of Crohn’s Disease

According to a breadth of research into gastrointestinal disease, Crohn’s disease appears to be one of the more complex in ...

Description of Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD is a progressive illness due to which the sufferer is not able to breathe easily. In this connection, progressive means that this disease worsens with the passage of time. In COPD, the patient’s coughing produces mucus in large amounts, puffiness, breath shortness, tightness of chest, and similar other symptoms (Currie, 2011).
There are two major conditions in COPD i.e. chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Emphysema refers to the condition whereby damage of the walls between several air sacs occurs. Consequently, the air sacs become flaccid due to the shape loss. Such damage also ...

Hepatitis is a disease characterized by inflammation of the liver. The prefix hepat is the medical term for liver just as the term cardio is the medical term for the heart. The suffix –itis means inflammation and has been known for its attachments to many prefixes that represent different parts of the body. For instance, tonsillitis means inflammation of the tonsils, arthritis means inflammation of the joints, and bronchitis means inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs. When a part of the body or organ system is inflamed it means that there is a swelling or enlargement. This usually leads to other ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Introduction
Cirrhosis is caused by liver injury that results in fibrogenesis and inflammation. These problems result in collapse of liver structures and significant distortion of hepatic vascular structure. This distortion leads to elevated resistance to portal blood flow as well as portal hypertension. Moreover, hepatic synthetic dysfunction is also caused as a result of these problems. Clinically, liver cirrhosis is considered as an end-stage disease that could result in death until liver transplantation is performed (Tsochatzis, Bosch, & Burroughs, 2014).
Liver cirrhosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in most of the developed countries. In ...

Abstract

Worldwide, ovarian cancer is ovarian cancer is the sixth most diagnosed cancer and is responsible for the most deaths annually than any other disease of the female reproductive system. It has a poor prognosis because the symptoms are vague even into Stage IV of the disease. Epithelial ovarian cancer constitutes about 90% of diagnosed cases. Research has demonstrated that hormone therapy, chronic pelvic inflammation, and BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline pathogenic variants are factors in the etiology of ovarian cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 is also associated with breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, fallopian tube cancer, prostate cancer, and primary peritoneal cancer. ...

Introduction

Aspirin is one of the most commonly used drug in the world. The generic name is acetyl salicylic acid and the drug belongs to the group of non- steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, which works by inhibiting the production of compounds in the body that cause pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clots (Koester, 1993). Aspirin is also a member of the salicylate family of compounds as it is synthesized from salicylic acid, which was discovered in Oxford (UK) by Edward stone in 1793 and first synthesized in the laboratory in 1897 by a German scientist, Felix Hoffmann of the Bayer company (Rinsema, 1999). ...

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic problem with major infections to lungs, pancres, intestine and liver. The main characteristic of the disease is abnormal transport of chloride, and sodium in the epithelium leading to thick secretions.
It usually results from mutation in the gene for a protein known as cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This is a hormone which is usually involved in various body excretion processes. The main method of transmission of the disease is through genes. However, research has proved that it can be still transferred among people with no DNA connection
The disease is ...

Abstract

Cirrhosis is 12th on the list of leading causes of death in the US. Cirrhosis is characterized by scarring of the liver tissue due to inflammation that could lead to liver failure and death. Some patients develop cancer in due course of the illness. The scarring, which is usually permanent, covers the outer layer with collagen, makes the liver very rigid and limits the exchange of blood between the portal vein and the liver, thereby creating excess pressure in the hepatic portal vein. The scarring renders the removal of toxin such as alcohol difficult due to depletion of hepatocytes. ...

Introduction:

Gum diseases are one of the common diseases in oral cavity and periodontitis is one of them. But In order to understand the meaning of periodontitis we need to know, what the periodontal tissue is.

Periodontium is “the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and gum surrounding and supporting a tooth”.

What is periodontitis?
The inflammation of any of the mentioned tissues around the tooth is called periodontitis. So what can cause periodontitis? Basically any inflammation is caused by bacterial infections, but what are the specific etiological factors of periodontitis? In general periodontitis almost refers to bad hygiene of oral cavity or to say more exact, the accumulation of plaque around the teeth which ...

Application: Asthma and Stepwise Management

Introduction
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease which is experienced by a large segment of the population of the US (McGonigle & Mastrian 2011, p. 346). Because of the differences in severity and persistence which vary from person to person, it is vital to consider the various treatment options for asthma patients. The best way to do this is with a stepwise approach; the following outlines a stepwise management approach to asthma treatment and management, as well as the advantages of stepwise management in controlling diseases and adverse medical conditions. Stepwise management is shown to be an effective means of addressing treatment ...

- Introduction
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are disease associated with obstruction and chronic inflammation of the airway (respiratory tract). Though the two conditions are separate and different, they are so similar to the extent that misdiagnosis of either condition is highly likely. Some scholars have called for a re-evaluation of the two disorders in terms of their symptomatic differences, their coexistence and their overlap. Gibson and Simpson (2009) extensively studied the overlapping diagnosis of COPD and asthma and introduced the concept of the overlap syndrome. The major difference between the two conditions has to do with ...

The team of specialists provided a research on the role of Gleevec in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. This study was published in the journal Diabetes in 2016 and presents a new intervention for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in adults and children. The main problem is that obesity is widespread nowadays, it results in diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. The key idea is that Gleevec can be a novel therapeutic agent for use in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes only if its potential adverse effects will be removed (Choi 2016). However, ...

COPD is a medical condition that is characterized by alteration in lung parenchyma, bronchitis, emphysema and narrowing of the respiratory passages. It occurs as a consequence to chronic inflammation reaction involving the respiratory tract. The mucous secretion and fibrosis associated with chronic inflammation, can cause blockage and narrowing of the airway. Bronchitis refers to inflammation of the inner lining of the lung, while, emphysema is a clinical condition that occurs following the long term destruction of lung parenchyma. Bronchitis and emphysema are both characteristic features of COPD. Destruction of lung parenchyma causes loss of alveolar attachment and decreases the ...

Definition:

Ebola virus, well known for its hemorrhagic effects produced inside as well as outside of body. This virus progresses with bleeding, which leads to organ failure and if not treated properly can also cause death. ("Ebola virus and Marburg virus - Mayo Clinic", 2016). Ebola is also termed as Ebola Hemorrhagic fever because of its hemorrhagic property and it is also known to cause the death of 90% effected people ("Ebola Virus: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention", 2016). There are 5 strains of this virus and four of them are known to cause deadly symptoms like hemorrhage. Ebola have its ...

The chief complaints of a patient, which will be discussed in this paper, are of a female student who is nineteen years old and raised an issue as she states, “I experience irritation and feel scratchy because of the rash behind my knees and on my arms.” The subjective and objective data will be collected to evaluate the complaint of the patient and the patient will be guided according to the health promotional strategies.

Subjective Data

Presenting complain: I experience irritation and feel scratchy because of the rash behind my knees and on my arms.
History of presenting complains: The onset ...

Introduction

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most prevalent genetic disorder in the Caucasian population, with an incidence of 1 in 2500 births. CF is a disease that affects many organs including the upper and lower respiratory tracts, pancreas, intestines and reproductive system. Over the past 20 years, our understanding of the manifestation and management of the disease has progressed dramatically. CF was once considered a condition of childhood and there was very little expectation that children would enter adult life. However, CF has become a multisystem adult disease with the increased survival attributable to advancements in standardized treatment, introduction of ...

Hepatitis type B viral infection is a common and serious disease that is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV is a DNA virus with partial double strands and belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family. One-third of the world’s population is believed to have been infected by HBV of which 6% have chronic HBV infection. Depending on the rate of infection and carrier rate, the world is divided into low, medium and high endemicity regions (Franco et al. 75). The HBV resides in the bodily fluids of an infected individual and is transmitted via the same (Aspinall et ...

Introduction

At an old age, multiple medical medicals are almost unavoidable. The wellness of the body reduces and several elements may contribute to the ill condition of the individual. The elderly need special care with proper medical interventions. Geriatrics is a specialty aiming at resolving medical issues for old people. It is significant in promoting prevention as well as treatment of diseases in older adults. The medical wellness for the elderly is affected by some factors. One of the most sensitive factors influencing the participation of older individuals in medication regimen is the irresponsiveness of the body to the drugs. ...

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body not only to regulate and coordinate the body’s biochemical pathways but also to keep the cells healthy. This particular systematic removal of cells occurs through a selective mechanism called cell death or apoptosis process. Apoptosis is not a new concept in the understanding of the biological workings of the body. This homeostatic death of body cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many [1]. However, new discoveries have unearthed the existence of a different concept ...

Osteoarthritis is a common disease affecting many across the world, especially, the elderly (65 years and above).It is usually caused by the wearing out of the cartilage located on the bone ends (Hochberg et al., 2012). The disease is usually associated with mild symptoms in its benign stages and with time, progress to severe levels which are characterized by debilitating symptoms such as pain within the affected joints, stiffness, tenderness, grating sensation and bone spurs (Loeser et al., 2012).
Osteoarthritis has got no cure but symptoms can be managed through lifestyle modification and use of pharmacological approaches (Berenbaum, ...

Introduction

The healthcare sector has changed significantly due to the rise of chronic and lifestyle diseases, and better educated clients who demand quality services. To meet these challenges nurses have embraced evidence based care to improve quality by enhancing aspects such as safety and efficacy of interventions. One of the most important aspects of delivering quality nursing care is ensuring that nurses have the necessary skills, knowledge and attitude needed to improve care. Giving nurses these skills, knowledge and attitude is the key goal of the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) program. This essay evaluates the clinical management ...

HYPOTHESIS

Is the peak flow meter reliable enough to measure asthma? Are peak flow measurement variations sufficiently sensitive and specific in cases of occupational asthma, childhood asthma and under other asthmatic conditions?

INTRODUCTION

Asthma is a serious lung condition characterized by bronchial hyper-reactivity, inflammation and mucous plugging resulting in airway constriction. An acute asthmatic attack is usually reversible by rescue inhalers. Asthma affects over 5 % of the US population and is responsible for approximately half a million hospital admissions annually in the US. 1
The Peak Flow Meter is a simple device which is very useful in measuring changes in airway capacity in ...

1

Thesis on: The detrimental effects of drinking alcohol

Alcoholism is an addictive disease, which is characterized by increased and regular drinking of alcohol. It is a detrimental disease, and causes many harmful effects over the mind and body of the individual afflicted with it. His friends, family, and even in extreme cases, the society suffers from the detrimental effects of alcohol. The signs that a person is suffering from alcohol are an increasing consumption of alcohol intake, sole interest in drinking, denial that alcohol is a problem, etc. He may hide alcohol bottles, finish an entire rink in a few gulps, have an immense longing for drinking, and lose control ...

Introduction

Cells are independent units of life. However, when a cell becomes part of an organism, it becomes part of a tissue and organ system. Cells in a tissue are joined to each other and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cell junctions. There are three kinds of cell junctions: Occluding junctions, anchoring junctions and communication junctions. Occluding junctions occur in the epithelium where the adjacent cells are so tightly sealed together that even small molecules cannot pass. Communicating junctions allow the exchange of chemical and electrical signals between cells. Anchoring junctions are the ones which attach a cell either to its neighbor or ...

For more than ten decades now, aspirin has been a preferable and effective pain killer. However, its effectiveness in prevention and management of heart disease was established in 1970s. Based on research findings, the American Heart Association accentuate that; baby aspirin can effectively manage heart disease, particularly, those who have survived the same and in effect prevent heart disease to those vulnerable to heart attack (Halvorsen et al. 325). In concurrence with the above notion, the Food and Drug Administration establishes that; only those with a history of heart disease and those vulnerable to the same are permitted to use the ...

Introduction

Crohn disease is a chronic idiopathic condition in which there is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract at any segment from the mouth to the anus (Ghazi et al, 2013).

Eponym

Crohn's disease has several alternative eponyms including Crohn's colitis, Crohn-Lesniowsky disease, Crohn-Lesniowsky syndrome, Enteritis regionalis Crohn and Morbus Crohn (Whonamedit 2013). some clinicians; Burrill Bernard Crohn, Gordon Oppenheimer and Leon Gizburg presented a group of clinical cases at a conference of the American Medical Association in 1932 and subsequently, the disease was attributed to these authors. It was also said that although Burrill Crohn was the least experienced of the three clinicians, his ...

Introduction

The term migraine refers to a chronic neurological disorder characterized by persistent moderate to severe headaches that are usually linked to various autonomic nervous system symptoms. A typical case of migraine presents itself as a pulsating headache that affects only one side of the head for a period of two to seventy two hours. Within this period, the patient displays symptoms such as photophobia, vomiting, nausea and phonophobia. There are four documented sequential phases of a migraine i.e. the prodrome phase (1), aura phase (2), headache/ pain phase (3) and prodrome phase (4).
Analgesics such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are normally administered ...

Alzheimer's disease

How would you react when you notice that your grandfather starts to do the weirdest things ever such as forgetting the name of common objects, putting his fragrances inside of the kitchen’s cabinets and even blaming you for taking his sacks. Wouldn’t you feel sad if he doesn’t recognize who you are? Would you think that is normal for a person of his age? If your answer is yes, that means that you like many people misinterpret memory loss in seniors with the Alzheimer’s disease.
Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, ...

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary disorder that is characterized by an inflammation and hyper-responsiveness of the airways and causes several symptoms, including coughing, shortage of breath, tightness in the chest area, and wheezing. Although asthma is generally diagnosed early in life, all age groups can suffer from asthma and be at risk for acute asthma exacerbation. Asthma is a serious issue because acute exacerbations can lead to high morbidity and mortality rates.
In 2009, more than 3,000 people died because of asthma (American Lung Association, 2012). Only 37 asthma-related deaths per year occur in children, but the risk for ...

Response to question 1

In outlining similarities and differences between chronic bronchitis and emphysema in terms of anatomical/cellular, chemical, and functional changes, inevitably it would be highlighting differentiations between two conditions affecting the respiratory system.

Major differerences are that there are primary and secondary types of emphysemas classified as panacinary and centroacinary. In panacinary emphysema there is expansion of the entire respiratory acinus beginning from the respiratory bronchiole towards the alveoli. The changes commonly appear at the lower lobes of the lungs and the anterior walls (McCance , Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010). Centroacinary emphysema expresses changes in the upper lobe anatomy. There are ...

The physical and mental effects of alcohol

Introduction
There are three main theories when it comes to the development of addiction. These are the disease/genetic theory, environmental and the academic theory. This is a research on the effect that alcohol has on the body and brain leading to addiction.

The physical and mental effects of psychoactive drugs

Alcohol like other psychoactive drugs affects the brain mostly. It interferes with the transmission of impulses in the brain and the central nervous system. Alcohol is able to penetrate the protective wall of the capillaries that surround the nerve cells of the central nervous system. The brain and the protective wall are fatty alcohol is fat soluble ...

Introduction

Platelets comprise of a very important component in the blood. They prevent blood loss in the body. This is enhanced by formation of an entangled mesh made of fibrinogen which is activated by calcium ions and the von Willbrand factor. A complex physiology ensues within the first few minutes of exposure of the tissue underlying the epithelial tissue in the skin (Hoffman 2009, p.123). Platelets also play a very important role in ensuring the pathogenic organisms are prevented from entering the body through the exposed tissue on the skin. This paper comprise of various components which are intended to illustrate the ...

Autism is a neurological disease which impacts the ability of a person to communicate. Autism is known to be a group of several disorders which impacts the communicating and relating ability of the person. It is not a single disease but rather a description for a group of disorders that affect people in similar ways. This condition is also referred as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The origin of autism causes several controversies due to the fact that it’s origin is largely unidentified presently. Autism is possibly caused due to an amalgamation of environmental triggers and genetic factors. Defective immune system is reported to be ...

Salmonella

Scientific name of the causative organism: Different serovars of Salmonella enterica

I. Classification

Superkingdom: - Bacteria

Kingdom: - Bacteria

Phylum: - Proteobacteria

Order: - Enterobacteriales

Family: - Enterobacteriaceae

Genus: - Salmonella

Species: - S. enterica.

Strain: Salmonella enterica has more than 2500 strains of which Typhi and Paratyphi are the most common.

II. Structure and morphology

If bacterial:

Shape: Salmonella are rod shaped bacteria with diameters ranging from 0.7 to 1.5µm and about 2 to 5µm in length.
Arrangement:
Glycocalyx:
Cell wall: Bacteria of this genus are gram negative.
Cell wall components: S. Typhi has a Polysaccharide capsule Vi on ...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Introduction
Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease also known as COPD is a group of diseases which make breathing difficult by obstructing airflow and causing other breathing related problems (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). This disease which is described by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) as progressive because it worsens over time includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma in some cases (CDC, 2013; NHLBI, 2013a). In developing countries, poor quality of indoor air is suspected to play a major role in the disease development and progression whereas in the Unites States, tobacco smoke is reported ...

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), otherwise known as lupus, is an autoimmune disease caused by varying and often unknown sources. There are different types of lupus, with SLE being the most common. Other types include lupus nephritis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, drug-induced lupus, and neonatal lupus. SLE can affect different organ systems including the skin, kidneys, liver, blood cells and brain. There is no direct known cause for this disease, but it is thought to be caused by a combination of factors such as certain medications, hormones, genetics and the environment. There are currently few treatments available for this disease and ...

Coursename
Pressure ulcers are damaged areas of the skin, which develop due to the long-term effect of pressure or friction in the areas where the bone is close to the skin, such as heels, sacrum, ischial tuberosity, lateral malleoli and greater trochanters. The epidemiology of pressure ulcers proves that today, despite the profound understanding of them, pressure ulcers are still a serious global health care problem, which affects millions of people worldwide. For example, in the US every year more than 2.5 million people suffer from the pressure ulcers (Cuddigan, Berlowitz, and Ayello 208-215). In 2013 pressure ulcers caused ...

Policy Positions Paper: Use of Medical Marijuana in Georgia

The use of marijuana (Cannabis sativa) can be traced back more than 5000 years ago related to medical, recreational, and spiritual reasons (Bostwick, 2012). The United States Pharmacopeia has included it since 1850’s, and until the 1930’s physicians provided prescriptions for it for a number of physical complaints (Narcanon International, 2016). In 1970, the United States Congress determined it had no valid therapeutic value and categorized it as a Schedule I illegal substance. However, a number of sources have stated that marijuana has no addictive properties (Samsha, 2016). The National Institute on Drug Abuse state this is ...

Background

Wound healing is one of the most important processes in maintaining the health of a person. Multiple factors affect wound healing in humans regardless of age. A partial list includes diabetes, hereditary healing disorders, obesity, drugs, alcoholism, smoking and compromised immune condition. Infection, stress, nutrition, and radiation therapy can also contribute to delayed or incomplete wound healing (Guo & DiPietro, 2010).
In the start of a wound, an inflammatory response is initiated. Blood vessels expand, helping white blood cells and nutrients to reach the wound. Wound healing is achieved through the processes of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Proper sequence ...

Illness/Condition

Introduction
This is a summary of an article on excess weight in pregnancy authored by Rooney Brenda and Charles Schauberger in 2002. The authors explore how nutrition and physical activity and how these parameters complement one another to influence the overall outcome of both the mother and the growing fetus. The article does not only focus on how this topic underpins broader social health determinants in among but also offers and critiques how larger influences of environmental public health achieve equity or inequalities in the domains of life science issues within this population.

According to this article, obesity connotes ...

Pathophysiology of Chronic venous insufficiency and Deep venous thrombosis

Chronic venous insufficiency is a condition that describes a dysfunction of the valves in the upper and lower extremities or the inability of the muscles in these regions to exert the required pressure that can force the flow of blood back into the heart. Essentially, the arteries are designed to supply oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body while the veins are designed to transport the oxygen-deficient blood back into the heart (McPhee& Hammer, 2010). These processes are enhanced by the pressure exerted by the underlying muscles within the upper and lower extremities as well as the ability ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease is a long-term disease and is considered as an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in which lining of the digestive tract is inflamed (Warner & Barto, 2010). This inflammation can mostly be found in the last parts of the small intestine or the large intestine. Most important symptoms of the Crohn’s disease include diarrhea, fatigue, abdominal pain, blood and mucus in the feces, and unintentional weight loss. However, sometimes there are no symptoms of the disease or there can be mild symptoms for longer periods of time, and then the symptoms ...

Lyme disease was identified in the 1975 and was named by the town Lyme, Connecticut, where a number of cases were registered. Experts say the disease existed long before the 20th century. “Scientists in Europe first knew and wrote about a disease like Lyme disease in 1883. German doctor named Alfred Buchwald wrote about a rash that looked like the bull’s-eye on a target” (Donnelly, 2000, p. 7-8). People did not know what caused these symptoms and used wrong treatment because of that. Today doctors have much more information about this issue. Lyme disease is a representative of ...

Immunogenic Cell Death: The Role of RAGE

Introduction
Millions of cells are always being removed in the human bodyin order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

In modern dentistry, the ultimate goal is to achieve good oral hygiene and this is achieved by regular visits to the dentist for oral checkups. These checkups are highly advisable since early detection of periodontal infections that often lead to bad breath, gingival inflammation, bleeding gums, plague formation, and even teeth loss is imperative (Zadik, 2008). If untreated, these infections may also spread to other parts of the body leading to other fatal health complications and cormobid conditions such as heart attacks and strokes among others. Patients are therefore advised to maintain good oral hygiene, and this is by ...

You will not get wrinkles if you regularly do yoga exercises. This statement or useful advice you may have heard from many yogis or your yoga instructor. In fact, this statement is true as yoga increases the stretching ability of your muscles and your body becomes more elastic and beautiful, as well. Yoga is the only exercise that not only shapes up your body, but also cures many diseases.
In yoga, you will find many “asana or yoga poses” that stimulate our internal organs,and they perform their function in much better way. Like “tritone asana” that stimulate ...

Arthritis

Definition
Arthritis is the inflammation of one or more joints in a human being (Breedveld, & Combe, 2011). This results with the stiffness of the joints and constant pain. The condition is known to worsen with the age of the individual. There are two most common types of arthritis and these are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
Osteoarthritis is caused by the wear and tear of the joint of the individuals on a normal scenario. Rheumatoid arthritis on the other hand is an autoimmune disorder. There are also various types of arthritis and these include those caused by uric acid crystals, ...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) as a health condition that makes it difficult to inhale and exhale which has resulted in many deaths as noted by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). As the fourth cause of deaths among Americans resulting from long-term inhalation of pollutants, it is imperative to develop a long term management plan, establish standards and best practices that can lead to effective and efficient managing of the situation, and establish clinical standards based on evidence-based practice regarding the management of the health challenge

Developing overall case management plan

In developing the overall case management plan, it is relevant to factor in some ...

The National Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) Standards in Healthcare was set up to ensure that inequalities in the provision of healthcare resulting from cultural and linguistic differences are eliminated. The need for equal treatment of all persons irrespective of gender, social status, culture or religion, is inevitable in a diverse society (Jeffreys, 2010). Communication between the patient and the nurses or physicians is crucial in the health care setting. This communication can, however, be limited by existing societal or cultural barriers. Professionalism coupled with cultural competence for healthcare providers is crucial in order to understand the patients’ needs. ...

Von Gierke Disease

Introduction
Von Gierke disease or Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1 (GSD-1) belongs to a group of rare metabolic disorders with a reported incidence of 1 case per 100,000 births per year. The clinical condition results from deficiency of key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway resulting in an increase in intermediate metabolites and accumulation of glycogen in the affected tissues. It is a genetic disorder with a natural history of severe developmental abnormalities and long term complications. This paper provides an overview of GSD-1 based on studies published in peer reviewed journals with a focus on its genetic determinants, clinical picture, available therapeutic ...

Abstract

Pericarditis is an inflammatory disorder of the serous pericardium. The condition can caused by prolonged drug abuse, recent heart attack, chest trauma, heart damage, severe kidney failure, alcohol abuse, and autoimmune disorders. This paper presents an analysis of pericarditis that result from prolonged drug abuse although some generalities about the condition also contribute to the search for solutions to the condition. The paper explores the clinical manifestation of the condition as chest pains and pericardial rub or noise. A caregiver can help the patient to sit in an upright posture or give analgesics to ease the pains as methods ...

(Author)

Abstract

Diabetes is a disease in which glucose levels are elevated to a huge amount in the body. More than 25 million people having 20 years of age and more than 20 years in the U.S. are found to have diabetes that is three times more than the number of patients in 1980. Scientists have found that diabetes can result in increased chances of developing colonic cancer equally in men and women (Sun & Kashyap, 2011). Different mechanisms such as hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, central adiposity, increased growth factors, hyperglycemia, and several luminal factors have been proposed that are involved in the development ...

Abstract

The research paper deals with the problem of Merkel cell carcinoma, chief peculiarities, and the possibility of medical treatment. Disease signs and symptoms are highlighted in the opening and subsequent paragraphs of the paper. The pathophysiology, etiology, manifestations, possible complications, and disease treatment are the focal point of the research paper. The research is based on the opinions of the finest subject-field experts, such as professors, doctors, and scientists.
Keywords: Merkel cell carcinoma, medical treatment, disease, complication, cure
Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive skin cancer usually caused by polyomavirus. Scientists and doctors have not managed to ...

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Introduction
The National Stroke Association (2009) defines stroke as an ‘attack’ to the brain cells and tissues that often cuts off perfusion. Hemorrhagic strokes results when a blood vessel that supplies a certain area of the brain breaks or ruptures causing blood leakage into the brain tissue (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013).
Prevalence of stroke in the United States (US) is estimated at 800,000 per year and mortality rate is about 160,000 people per year (National Stroke Association, 2009). In Canada, stroke accounts for more than 14,000 deaths per year (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013). However, ...