Corruption Case Studies Samples For Students

Siemens has been in the spotlight for being involved in extreme corruption scandals that are perhaps one of the severest in the history of corruption in industries. One of the situational factors that have propelled corruption in the industries has to do with the company’s majority market. Siemens sells its products to governments. The products include a variety of electronics, railway materials and equipment needed in hospitals. Such things are greatly valued and are mostly developed as projects in third world nations. The corruption in developing countries is high because of lack of integrity in leadership. The majority of ...

Siemens is a major engineering company. In the financial year 2007 it had 475000 employees in 190 countries. Due to this wider coverage it partners with several companies. Its competitive advantage is therefore derived from the presence of subsidiaries and business partners in various countries like in the USA and in Saudi Arabia. To secure contracts, Siemens is a differentiator. Top employees had to pay a ‘fee’ to get foreign contracts through their subsidiaries and partners. Between 2006 and 2007 it had a several bribery scandals trying to secure international contracts like in Italy.

Siemens management skills vs. corruption

The management of the Siemens Corporation was in question ...

There are definite social consequences for an officer who refuses to comply with the “blue wall” mentality. In the hypothetical, an officer who refused to back up his partner’s story in criminal and civil court regarding the excessive use of force on a suspect has been branded a “rat” by his fellow officers. The officer in question has faced a variety of repercussions as a result of his actions, ranging in severity from social ostracization to serious work safety repercussions, such as other officers refusing to ride along with the officer in question.
In this particular case, the officer in question ...

Business

Qstn 1: What Political factors explain Indonesia’s poor economic performance? What economic factors? Are these two related?
Indonesia which is the fourth largest country in the world is arguably among the worst economies of the century. President Suharto’s three decade dictatorial regime could be held responsible for the struggling current economic status of the country. Despite his exit from power in 1997, the country has not been able to recover from the mess left by the past dictator. The countries currency has lost more than 70% of its value (Wahyuni & Ng 2012). In addition, most financial ...

Corruption, violence and drug trafficking adversely affect the economy of a nation. Mexico has been grappling with high levels of these vices for several years. It makes the country unattractive to business investors as they lack confidence on getting a substantial return in the future. Furthermore there have been reports of businesses closing in the country due to threats from gangsters. These gangs demand certain fees per month from the businessmen for protections. Those that attempt not to comply are informed that their families will be killed.The drug related violence causes the country to have a tarnished image in the international scene. ...

The Table

Cover page.
Abstract
History
Contradictions
Opinion
Policy Recommendation
References
Abstract
Corruption is a social, political, and economic vice that causes economic problems due to mismanagement of public resources (Girling, 2002, p.81). Corruption in Venezuela rates among the highest standards in the world due to its prevalence in the society. The country ranks among the top 20 most corrupt nations in the world; it is position eight in the ranking. Seventy-five percent of the Venezuelans believe that corruption is widespread in the government hence difficult to eliminate. Protests witnessed in 2014 cited corruption as the main reason for their discontentment ...

Introduction

Corruption is a social, political, and economic vice that causes economic problems due to mismanagement of public resources (Girling, 2002, p.81). Corruption in Venezuela rates among the highest standards in the world due to its prevalence in the society. The country ranks among the top 20 most corrupt nations in the world; it is ranked position eight. Seventy-five percent of the Venezuelans believe that corruption is widespread in the government hence difficult to eliminate. Protests witnessed in 2014 cited corruption as the main reason for their discontentment with the government. The right question to ask in this case is: ...

CONTENTS
I. Introduction 3
II. The Real Reasons of GSK Corruption Controversy 5
(a) Corruption is intrinsic to the elite Chinese business circles 5
(b) The mechanisms of Internal Audit were Not Adequate 7
III. The Response of GSK to the Allegations of Corruption 8
IV. The Nature of GSK Alleged Guilt 8
V. Avoiding the Mistakes of GSK China 9
VI. Lessons Learned 10

References 12

Introduction
Doing business in China has never been an easy task. The country has extremely entangled legal framework, intense competition between the domestic and international goods producers, not to mention that this communist country ...

VOLKSWAGEN CASE STUDY

Executive summary:
Volkswagen is the leading manufacturer of car products. This company holds Volkswagen group and produced a variety of models. Recently, Volkswagen has been involved in the emission scandals of their equipped vehicles. The company vehicles are equipped with software that was cheating on emission tests. Hence, Volkswagen is the top selling brand of Volkswagen group. Since 1975 the company has been treated as world largest automaker in the world. Volkswagen has the most cars of the automobile manufacturer which has multiple revisions of model names. In this, the crisis management of the Volkswagen emission scandal has been ...

Management Audit: Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

[Institution Title]

Introduction

Management audit is conducted to monitor and keep track of the management through a systematic, comprehensive and extensive evaluation of an organization . The goal of a management audit is to identify the weakness and potential challenges that confronts the organization . This is in pursuit of trying to address and resolve whatever problem is identified in the management as part of the risk management program that organizations typically employ. However, management audit is specifically targeted on a particular managerial aspect. Among the areas of concern that management audit are directed on involve the organization’s policies, procedures, programs and performance . A ...

Introduction

Public administration revolves around a complex set of correlated ideologies that surmise public administration. Part of the public administration includes the implementation of state policies and public governance. This report focuses on the functioning of public administration with a particular interest in public management and leadership. Various reforms and transformations in the public administration have impacted on the leadership and management of public offices. Extensive research studies have been done on public administration and management in providing an insight on transparency and efficiency. Challenges in public management and leadership have resulted in the enactment of reforms in the administration ...

A)
In the article titled Corporate Policies of Republican Managers the authors tested the effect of personal political preferences of corporate managers on corporate policies. The authors specifically focused on the Republican managers who had 73% likelihood of identifying themselves as conservative, 24% chance of identifying as moderate, and only 3% chance of being liberal (Hutton, Danling and Kumar 1279). The study found that majority of the managers identifying themselves as politically more inclined towards the Republican also adopted conservative corporate policies. Consequently, the organizations that they led were characterized by low debt levels, low capital, low investment in ...

The case study on Salt Lake City, the Olympics, and Bribery manifested a complex scenario, which demands a critical valuation. The case involved the perceived default by professional heads of the Salt Lake City Olympic Committee (SLCOC) and members from the International Olympic Committee (IOC), who have the full understanding of the ethical and legal stipulations of their work. The analysis of the case requires exclusive consideration of all facets ranging from the activities, circumstances that led to the occurrences, the individuals involved and the required rules as well as the regulations governing the corporates. Therefore, the analysis would employ the ...

1. The name of the organisation, the industry it operates in and the issue relevant to ethics and corporate governance with which it was connected.
a. What were the conditions at the organisation that led to this example of poor corporate governance? (5 marks)
b. What were the outcomes for the board of directors, the shareholders, the staff of the organisation, its customers and the general public? (5 marks)
The processes and structures for control and direction of firms is corporate governance. It is concerned with the associations between board of directors, management, control of major ...

1) The word "corrupt" refers to a person’s act(s) of being dishonest and engaging in practices such as lack of integrity, crookedness, and bribery ("Definition of CORRUPT", 2016). It also refers to the destruction of integrity thus causing an individual to be dishonest and disloyal. In the case of Arthur Anderson, the prosecution noted that the accounting firm dishonestly encouraged Enron employees to exercise routine destruction of documents knowing that the government’s investigations into the acts of the accounting firm were imminent. The deliberate intention of the destruction and hence wrongdoing of Anderson was meant to ...

International management in an Asian context: Business life and management in China

Introduction
Globalization has complicated the management process. As such, for one to be an effective manager, that individual needs to understand the global context of the management process. Fundamentally, one needs to appreciate the role of culture in the management process (Luthans & Doh, 2014). As such, the paper shall examine several features of the Chinese society and evaluate the ways they will affect the management process.

Discussion

Culture sensitivity is highly linked to effective management (Luthans & Doh, 2014). Considering the Chinese society, the Chinese have been socialized to believe that they are the descendants of Hun. As such, the Hun ...

Executive summary

The need for water in developing countries is on the rise. This is evident by constant demand for water disinfection equipments by the developing countries. The rising population is a contributing factor as it strains the available water resources. An example of these countries is China whose population is constantly growing.

The necessity for improved water supply is the preferred option to ensure that its cities, towns, municipalities and villages do not lack this commodity. The Trojan Technologies comes in as the main provider of this solution to China. This is going to be an opportunity to use their technology ...

Executive summary

Organizations continue encountering increasing numbers of crises that are a big threat to the overall performance of the firm. Multinational corporations are at high risks of experiencing crises because they involve long chains of management and sometimes managing every activity becomes a challenge. The discussion below analyzes a scenario of a bribery scandal involving a retail clothing manufacturing company based in New Jersey. The scandal happened in Egypt between organization's logistics managers and Egypt custom officials. Strategic crisis management process is required to address the issue to maintain the good reputation of the company while avoiding breaching the company's ...

The rule of law can mean different things because it is an ambiguous term. This is the first index and it is believed to be the legal principle which the law must govern a certain country as opposed by being governed by the arbitrary decisions of a person’s government official(Ferguson 81). Tunisia has a rich legal system to cater for the rule of law. They are among the first countries to have a constitution which governs them. Due to this, many in this country have ended up following constitution as various amendments have been factored in to ...

- Definition of Utilitarianism and an example from the case study
Utilitarianism is the set ethics that includes actions that maximizes the society wellness and reduces problems (Sen, Bernard & Bernard 13). A good example in the case study is the elimination of plastic bags where many countries untake a firm stand against the use of the plastic bags and they impose high tax on them, thereby giving protection to the whole country.
- Trade-off between using plastic bag and not using them as in the case study
The use of plastic bag comes with various negative cost, ...

Question One

Challenges
As highlighted in the Real World Case Study, there are various challenges that organizations face while operating in the global environment. These challenges may be classified into cultural, political, and geo-economic.

Cultural

There are a few cultural issues that companies should considers when implementing IT infrastructure of the global domain.
There is a need for IT systems and subsystems to accommodate the cultural preferences.
The user needs vary from one country to another; each market has specific needs (O’Brien & Marakas, 2011)
Political
As revealed in the case study, there are a couple political challenges that firms face in ...

Managing Organization Change

An organization’s existence and operation are always influenced and shaped by different environmental drivers that surround it. These drivers may have their genesis within and outside that particular organization. The sensitivity or insensitivity to these environmental dynamics may contribute to the survival or the fall of an organization respectively (Dixon & Day 2010, p. 275). The institutional environment is always changing with time and knowledge advancement. What may have worked and led to success in a given organization at one point may become outdated and obsolete. Failure of an organization to evolve in relation to these changes may result ...

Introduction

Complexity and overwhelming nature of issues to be coped with in some countries of the world calls forth the need to add extra dimensions to state’s combating the issues in terms of implementing its functions, and change existing systems and institutions. Social entrepreneurship represents a process by which citizens can either create or transform institutions to advance solutions to such issues, as poverty, illnesses, environment pollution, corruption and human rights abuses (Bornstein&Davis 1-2).

Analysis

The mission of the KickStart International that represents a bright example of social entrepreneurship initiative is “to get millions of people out of poverty quickly, cost-efficiently and ...

Despite displaying the features of an emerging economy and creating a perception that things are improving in the year 2008, a closer look at Egypt reveals otherwise with major economic and political problems hidden underneath. One of the long-term issues was inflation which was relatively high. As the worldwide economic meltdown took the center state in year 2008-2009, the country saw many of their economic drivers slowdown. Tourism one of the drivers in the country economy fell sharply as the economic crisis continued. Also, the Egypt’s working expatriates remittances dropped as the as construction in the gulf region stalled. Earning ...

Corporate social responsibility is defined by the European Union as “the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society”. According to the European Union, organizations should strive to unite consumers, human rights, ethical, environmental and social concerns to their fundamental business strategy and operations. Firms should have an objective to optimize the development of shared value for diverse stakeholders and owners and the society as a whole. The next objective of organizations should lie in recognizing, mitigating and preventing perceived negative impacts and strive to optimize societal welfare (European Commission, 2011). This definition of corporate social responsibility is in line ...

Introduction

Walmart, one of the largest retail stores in the world today, was an idea of a guy named Sam Walton who made it into practise in the year 1962. The main aim of coming up with Walmart was to provide quality goods and services to the population at a reasonable and affordable prices to all people of different living standards. To achieve this Walton had to ensure that the cost of factors of production was reduced at the necessary levels possible. Transport, storage and employee satisfaction were some of the things put into consideration to ensure the intended goal is achieved. ...

- Do any of the offices’ actions violate the FCPA?
Yes, some of the office’s actions are in direct violation of the FCPA. Although the FCPA allows payments that are meant to open doors and expedite the process, it does not allow those that intend to influence actions and outcomes. For instance, the Lima office offers kickbacks in order to get awarded contracts. These kickbacks are disguised as the commissions that are paid out by the sales people. This action directly influences that outcome of what would otherwise be a competitive bidding process. As such, these actions are ...

Baker Hughes’ state of internal control

Corporate risk taking and monitoring remains the most crucial factor of consideration by the boards of directors, the media, and legislators because they contribute to the financial stability of a corporation. An organization whose board fails to manage risks properly creates a major threat to the employees and clients. In addition, a corporation should maintain an effective internal control in order to allow a customized system of governance. Baker Hughes has a rigorous corporate governance system. Its program requires all the staff members to comply with the rules and regulations, in addition to company’s core values of integrity, performance, and teamwork. Baker Hughes ...

Enron

Executive Summary
Introduction
Accounting and Finance are two important things from the standpoint of an organization and both of these concepts found exceptionally wonderful as far as operating an organization is concerned (Warren, p.119). Organizations usually have number of departments under one roof and every department is held responsible to play its part for the economic prosperity of the company. Accounting is the name of recording and interpreting the day to day transaction of an organization, while finance is the name of utilizing the funds of a company at an appropriate place from where the likelihood of earning ...

Programme / Qualification name: BSc (Hons) Business Administration

All NCC Education assessed assignments submitted by students must have this statement as the cover page or it will not be accepted for marking. Please ensure that this statement is either firmly attached to the cover of the assignment or electronically inserted into the front of the assignment.
I have read and understood NCC Education’s Policy on Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism.
I can confirm the following details:

Centre Name:

Module Leader:
I confirm that this is my own work and that I have not plagiarised any part of it. I have also noted the assessment criteria and ...

The market selection for that company in that specific country was as a result of an analysis carried out before the establishment of the business in that country. After the establishment, the company should use the market direction to be able to operate in that environment. In this case, the market direction is a market that is full of corrupt business practises. What my fellow executive members are not seeing is that when your competitors go west; try to go east i.e. fair competition. That could be my policy if I was leading the subsidiary. Hence, the ideology that has inflated ...

1.0 Project introduction and scenario
1.1 Introduction
In the recent times, ethical issues have dominated the debates and discussions in the considerable number of disciplines such as technology, business and engineering. On a wider note, the engineering field has received important recognition among other disciplines based on the fact that most actions carried by the practitioners are often challenging and therefore need bold decision-making. The moral reasoning is among the significant challenges in engineering as it involves the decisions to decide where to draw the line between permissible and impermissible actions. The case in this project includes the provision ...

Introduction

Mary’s case reflects a serious case of criminal behavior, not counting the numerous crimes committed against her by her family members. Mary is a serious psychological case, as she has faced numerous negative influences in her life and suffered serious emotional trauma. Raised by a father who was abusive against the family and a mother who was emotionally distant, Mary’s childhood and most formative years were spent facing damaging abuse that would affect her for the rest of her life. Her step-father, who arrived on the scene when Mary was nearly ten, sexually abused her and her ...

Nelson Mandela was the first president of the Republic of South Africa elected in fully democratic elections. He served as president from 1994 to 1999. Before his presidency he was an outstanding fighter against apartheid and African National Congress (ANC). He was convicted and imprisoned for participating in an underground armed struggle. Mandela was a supporter of peaceful way of solving problems, although in the beginning of his political struggle armed resistance was the only effective type of fighting the regime.

How much powerful is the leader? What makes him powerful?

Nelson Mandela is a prominent leader. He decided to serve his term in prison rather than submit himself ...

Nike has been one of the famous and well-admired sportswear brands amongst the masses on a worldwide basis. Despite its popularity, the brand is likely to be hemmed in controversies in the recent times. This report presents the investigation on Nike regarding its exploitation to workers in the Asian region to sustain competitive advantage and maximize profits. In this context, the article, “Hitting the Wall: Nike and International Labor Practices” (Spar 1-23) has surfaced the fact that external environment has the potential to play an influential role on the brand and its labor practices.
Poor working conditions have remained ...

(Name of Author)

The exercise is designed to help one manage other people more effectively by putting in practice the diagnosis of the differences in their styles, values, and attitudes. To complete the exercise, an analysis of four successful managers with different values, interpersonal and change orientations and learning styles was done. The managers were then ranked in descending order in the following categories; emotional intelligence, values maturity, tolerance of ambiguity, and core self-valuation.

Emotional Intelligence

This is the ability to recognize and understand other people’s emotions as well as your own and using this awareness to manage your behaviors, ...

Political System of Russia

Russia’s political system is totalitarian. The political system can also be described as a ‘’managed democracy.” According to Peng, in a totalitarian political system, a single person or party has a lot of influence over the population (34-35). Therefore, the political system of Russia could be described as totalitarian because Putin, the current president, has a significant influence on the acquisition and implementation of power. The country has a centralized political system whereby authority is only concentrated in the president of the country and the prime minister. The president is given strong powers by the Constitution to issue ...

History, Circumstances, Ethical Issues

“The Italian Tax Mores” case, prepared by Arthur R. Kelly highlights an ethical issue specific to the modern corporate world. The case is based on a real life occurrence, which indicates that the moral absolutes are surpassed by the legal morality, which results in a moral contradiction. Therefore, an American leading bank that opened a subsidiary in Italy was faced with a moral issue when it was forced to apply the “Italian style” for declaring its tax return, which implied lying about the actual tax return by downsizing it with 30 – 70% of its real value (Kelly 54). Although ...

Introduction

Economics is a broad field which has its active importance and recognition in almost every walk of life. There are two different types of economics, which particularly are microeconomics and macroeconomics. There are numerous concepts that come under the umbrella of economics and economic management, while every concept of the same has its own significance. The main perception of this paper is to apply the relevant concepts of economics and management on the Chinese economy. There is a document with the name of “Slower China Growth Signals Days of Miracles are waning” written by James T. Arendy.

Analytical Framework

The first concept which ...

In 2012, The New York Times published an investigative report on the violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act by the top management of the Wal-Mart’s unit in Mexico. It came out that more than $24 million of bribes were paid to the Mexican government officials to obtain the permits for construction of the new stores.
Wal-Mart de Mexico, which controls more than 20% of Wal-Mart’s stores around the world, is a profitable business for the world’s largest retailer. The Wal-Mart’s former executive revealed in September 2005 that many senior managers were handing out bribes ...

Emerging Financial Market

Over the past more than ten years, world economic growth is characterized by emerging economies that represent different economic portfolios. Countries that are in the phase between developed and developing economies are emerging markets. They face a number of challenges ranging from underdeveloped financial markets to heavy reliance on debt capital. Inadequacy of accurate information is also a challenge in these economies thus affecting their decision-making. The investors in emerging markets finance their business ventures with short-term loans as opposed to long-term loans. Due to their poorly developed financial markets, they primarily rely on debt from banks as opposed to bonds ...

[Institution’s Name]
Currently, the economic prosperity of number of countries of the world is not so good far as enhancing its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is concerned. Under this particular list, the name of Pakistan is one of them. Pakistan with an official name of Islamic Republic of Pakistan is basically a sovereign based country of the world . The total population of the country is 180 million and it is known as the sixth largest populated country of the world with weak infrastructure and other political based problems. The GDP of the country in the year 2013 was ...

Genetic testing for children is a task that should be applied according to needs. In their article, Ross and Moon are focused on how to test genes, in which cases, and are trying to find out whether it will be correct in ethical and personal aspects. The article consists of the following parts: Introduction, Ethics Overview, Testing High-Risk Children, Identification of Career Status, and Conclusions.
In the opinion of Ross and Moon, recent success in gene discoveries brought many problems to life including those that are related to ethical standards. In any case, the authors do not give specific ...

Question One: Why Nations fail - so close yet so different

Different nations from around the world are endowed with different resources, which they harness to build their economies. These resources influence not only their economies but also the political significance of the state. More fundamentally, they affect the culture and values of governance that characterize public finance and governance. It is vital that corporate finance should be administered in tandem with democratic principles of governance. Unfortunately, corporate governance has been stained with vices such as nepotism, corruption, official lethargy and incompetence. Governance in economic and political institutions is directly correlated with the level of democratic maturity of a nation. Furthermore, ...

Reason/Rationale: Determination of differences and implemented benchmarks between UAE and UK law enforcement system.

Abstract 3
1) Introduction 4
2) Background 4
3) Key Points 5
4) Issues and Problems 6
5) Discussion 6
6) UAE Law Enforcement 7
11) Conclusion for UAE 10
12) UK Law Enforcement 11
17) Conclusion for UK Law Enforcement 14
18) Way forward 15
19) Conclusion 15

References 16

Appendices 18
Abstract
Law enforcement systems were created to put forward the initiatives of the criminal justice system particularly in ensuring that the full force of the law is in full swing. However, given the size of ...

Current Situation

The situation presents the unethical practices by Enron’s Chief Financial Officer, Andy Fastow during a period of massive violations of ethical and accounting practices. Fastow started Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) such as LJM which unethically grew and boomed out of Enron’s shares and assets (Arbogast). There was a serious conflict of interest since Fastow owned a big share of LJM. Before I joined, Global Finance as lawyer in the Tax Department, I had heard of LJM being a special purpose vehicle to purchase assets from Enron. I obtained a memo addressed to Enron’s executives in which Fastow sought exemption from Enron’ ...

- THE CHANGE MANAGEMENT PROCESS

PROCEDURE “prepare for change”

- Selection of a team to spearhead the changes that it anticipates to implement at the company.
- Restructuring of the management- The management of J & T Bank should collaborate with the selected team and all employees to establish whether to centralize or to decentralize the bank’s management in order to achieve its strategic goals.
- Evaluation of the Human Resources Department- The selected team should establish the faults and causes of complaints among sections of its human resources. This will serve as a basis of equalizing human resource functions at the branches ...

- Introduction, General Overview, & Thesis Statement.
The Central – African nation of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is richly endowed with minerals and natural resources. Despite the presence of these endowments, this population of this country continues to live in abject poverty. The country has had a gruesome history since the colonial period. King Leopold of Belgium was allowed to colonize the country during the Berlin Conference of 1884 that was intended to partition Africa among various European powers. Despite never setting foot in Africa, King Leopold of Belgium treated Congo as his own property. His colonization process was characterized ...

Introduction

Corporate responsibility assumes many other names based on context. Whatever the name one gives the concept, corporate responsibility aims to encourage businesses and corporations to assume the responsibility for its actions an enhancing positive impact by way of its activities towards its consumers, communities, employees, stakeholders and the environment. The concept has been the subject of scholarly debate for a while now. From the debate, scholars have postulated three perspectives of the concept of corporate responsibility. These are the social economic, the classic economic perspective and broader social perspective. This paper will review the implications of the three perspectives on ...

- The firm’s strong point and flaws and also approvals for addressing resource deficiencies and other weaknesses.
- The suitability of the firm’s yields and services, to the foreign market. Here, the suitability of the products and services to international customers is determined.

Potential markets to a product

- Retailers
- The government
- International community

Information could be gathered from

- Print-this occurs in paper works such as newsletters, microfiche, books, periodicals, magazines, newspapers among others
- Televisions and radio media. This includes advertisements.
- Online information. This involves the use of the internet and search engines.

Examples of international market intelligence

- I have gathered the ...

Introduction

TerraCog is an extremely successful high-tech firm. It is a private firm that develops Global Positioning System (GPS) and similar goods for consumer markets. Recently, the company has been caught unprepared by a competitor who has developed a product that employs novel use of satellite imagery. When the company thoughts of developing a competing product, named Aerial, the costs involved for the project threaten the fall of the project. None of the main managers is equally prepared to take the blame, anger, and bewilderment for the failure. After consistent disagreements between the leaders of the firm, the blames follows Emma Richardson, who was ...

The use of trained sales representatives to convey the merits of the relevant pharmaceutical therapy is a big debate. This, many health professionals believe, should not be the case since the sales representatives are bound to be profit oriented and may overlook the key regulations, which guard the medical practice.
Manipulation of patients and doctors to ascribe to the drugs of these pharmaceutical firms through gifts and exaggerated adverts exposes the deep underlying issues of ethics in Big Pharma. This case exposes the many insidious ways that illness is used, manipulated, and in some instances created, for capital gain. ...

1. Introduction

Climate change is only one of the adverse affects that experts claim would result from global warming if it were not prevented from happening through the decrease or elimination of greenhouse gas emissions. As such, experts have constantly warned governments about the possible risks. Already, we see this happening in the natural disasters that we’ve experienced over the past two decades. One such incident recently happened in Jeddah, particularly in the year 2009, when heavy rains caused an extensive damage to the city.

In this regard, this paper will perform an analysis of the said 2009 ...