Essays on Experimental Design

Before the author examines some of the research designs used in the specified articles, it is prudent that the author defines what research design is. The term research design simply means the methodology and the procedure which the researcher has used to conduct a scientific research. The following paragraphs shall focus on the research designs used in the following articles.

- Kvalem, Sundet, Riv??, Eilertsen, and Bakketeig (1996) article?.

The correct research design for this article is the survey research design. The fact that the pretest questionnaires had been handed out directly to the students in the classrooms ...

Abstract

There are different research designs that we have. Different people prefer to use the different designs for different reasons. There are threats to validity for each of the designs. There are factors that can affect the research design that an individual or a group of people carrying out the research will prefer to use:

A researcher must first find out the best research design for the particular type of research they are undertaking. Different research works work different with the research designs. The individual will have to look at the available designs and see the advantages and disadvantages of ...

Introduction

Freezing temperatures during winter months greatly contributes to hazardous conditions on American roadways. According to the Salt Institute (2012) 70% of roadways in the United States experience congestion due to winter weather. Icy roadways greatly contribute to hazardous winter conditions and can increase the chances of personal injury or accidental death for motorists. Currently, across the nation, icy roadways are addressed with the application of sodium chloride (salt) to deice icy roadways and to prevent the formation of ice on dry roadways.

The mechanism by which salt causes ice to melt and prevents ice from forming has been ...

“An intervention program to promote health‐related physical fitness in nurses” by Yuan et al. (2009) is a quasi-experimental study that aimed to assess the impact of an exercise intervention on the nurses’ health-related physical fitness. Although quasi-experimental designs can be used to test causal hypotheses and share certain assumptions with experimental designs, quasi-experimental studies do not assume random assignment and control over extraneous variables, so they tend to have low internal validity (Trochim, 2006). Despite potential threats to internal validity, quasi-experimental studies are effective designs for investigating causal effects outside of controlled settings, so they often have good ...

Introduction

In my experiment, I used the sequential design as my experimental design. It guided me to agree with the hypothesis,” that emotionally loaded words like “sex” and “prostitute” must be exposed for a longer time to be perceived than neutral words. I conducted surveys so that I could come up with the findings and the conclusions of the experiment. The dependent variable in the experiment was the threshold in which the loaded words are used. The independent variable is the time taken in the surveys that I conducted.

The sequential experimental design requires the researcher to complete a ...

Question 1

Non equivalent Control Group Design – in this type of quasi experimental design both the treatment group and the comparison group are compared with the use of pretest and posttest data. The researcher can confidently have her claim regarding the effect of the treatment when the above groups are similar in the pretest measures but different in the post test measures.

Non equivalent Interrupted time series Group design – in this design, the researcher looks into a sequence of observations made before and after the treatment. Treatment effect takes place takes place when sudden changes occur during the implementation of ...

Qualitative research is often divided into either experimental or quasi-experimental research. Experimental research typically involves a control group and an experimental group performing an action and a variation of an action, respectively, in order to gauge the differences in results that should occur. A quasi-experimental design is an experiment along the same lines, but there are some unique differences that set it apart. In this paper, the differences between experimental and quasi-experimental research will be examined (Cozby, 2008).

Experimental research is strong in internal validity - it allows for X to lead to Y, because evidence is provided for this proposition, setting ...

Psychology

The independent variable identified for the study include the individuals who score high on MMPI and the dependant variable identified for the study is the reporting of instances of social injustices. The first hypothesis will be tested out using regression analysis. The independent t-test will measure the difference between MMPI scores of both groups and also determine the difference in the number of social injustice cases. The scale of measurement used is nominal because the data is easily differentiated. Nominal measurement is done through a YES/ NO and a likert scale. Numbers are assigned to the nominal items to gather the ...

Introduction

Experiments are designed to test the hypothesis. In an experimental design or design of experiment (DOE), participants are assigned to variable conditions in an experiment. Usually, experiments are designed in such a way that participants are divided into two groups, i.e. a control group and an experimental group, and then a change is introduced in the experimental group to determine the outcome. There are two important types of experimental design; True experiments and Quasi-experiments. Both types of experimental designs are used to check the cause of some particular phenomenon.

Types of each design

True Experiments In a true experiment, subjects or participants are randomly assigned to ...

CITIZENSHIP FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Applied Research Project (Proposal Defense)

Introduction

Developing countries of the world today are facing unprecedented challenges in attaining sustainable development. Many developing countries are plagued by issues such as poverty, population growth, terrorism, dearth of qualified teaching staff, and territorial conflicts. To find a solution to this, many economists have devised various strategies both at the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels. Many people around the world will tell you that fossil fuel is Saudi Arabia’s greatest natural resource, but they are wrong because the children are the greatest resource. An excellent education of Saudi Arabian children is the key to ...

Introduction

In this study, we are interested in comparing the mean performance of the male and female student in the mathematics subject. The data to be used in the study was collected from university of Manitoba. The researcher decided that both male and female students performed equally well in the subject of mathematics. The researcher decided to test this hypothesis using independent sample t-test. According to Gardiner, W. P. & Gettinby, G. (1998), independent sample t-test is used when the variables tend to be normally distributed. In this case according to Ott, L. & Longnecker, M. (2010), the assumption of equal variance ...

VTE Nursing Research

Venous Thromboembolism Introduction Venus thromboembolism (VTE) is a condition that includes both pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT commonly occurs when blood clots in deep veins normally in the pelvic veins or in the legs. However, VTE is common any vein in the human body. Patients who develop VTE have a 35% to 65% chance of dying from it. It is important to research on Venus thromboembolism (VTE) because as the third most common cardiovascular disease, it is a leading cause of mortality and mobility worldwide. VTE results from slowing of the blood flow (stasis), damage of ...

An experimental design is a plan that guides information gathering where variations are present. The plan shows how the experimenter will present or withhold the experimental event. The experimental design is important when conducting experiments because it has a direct effect on the results arrived at in the end. An effective experimental design should be able to rule out alternative explanations of the findings. Experiments are conducted in environments where several factors exist that can affect the impact of the treatment on the subjects. The design should allow the experimenter to confidently attribute the behavior change to the presence or absence ...

Citation: Busso, C., & Narayanan, S. (2007). Interrelation between speech and facial gestures in emotional utterances: a single subject study. Audio, Speech, and Language , X(XX), 1–16. Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4317558 Single subject research has always posed some significant challenges to researcher s and scientists working in the field of experimental psychology. The fact remains that unlike popular opinion, single subject research can have statistical validity and can provide the necessary tools to provide usable data during many experiments(Kratochwill, 1978). Horner et al., (2005) provided some useful insights on how to assess the quality of a single subject research paper. ...

Research Paper

Introduction 3

Relationship between resource utilization and forecasting (effective forecasting and predicting) 5 Economy of UAE 5 Hotel Industry of UAE 6 Tourism Sector in Abu Dhabi 7 Application of effective forecasting and predicting in the Hospitality Industry 7

References 8

Appendix (1) 10 Interview questions 10 Appendix (2) 11 Questionnaire 11 Introduction The events such as globalization and technology development have increased the competition in every business segment and thus managers in organizations need to plan innovative practices so as to develop the ability to manage business processes effectively and predict ...

Authors: Bror Jonsson, Nina Jonsson and Ander G. Finstad

Source: Journal of Animal Ecology Age of maturity is a very important aspect of growth and development that has been at the forefront of many scientific experiments over the years. Berrigan and Charnov(Berrigan & Charnov, 1994) first came up with a postulate on how the size and age of maturity of reptile and fishes were interrelated. Berrigan and Charnov through their paper, created a scientific puzzle wherein, the growth is positively correlated to slight increase in temperature, therefore creating a positive slope in the size-to-age at maturity reaction norm. On the other hand, if food is the deciding factor and not temperature, ...

Quantitative Article Critique

Where does this research fall under based on the intent of the researcher? Explain in depth The study falls under the category of evaluation research. Evaluation research focuses on the processes and outcomes of attempted solutions. The current study is a pilot test aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of an asthma intervention program for school children “Okay with Asthma”. The research study was specifically aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the program in improving the asthma knowledge and attitudes of children towards their own illness.

Methodology

Define the specific method used by the researchers/authors The researchers employed a quasi-experimental design. ...

Overview

The following paper provides a critique of the study on “Long-term retention of older adults in the cardiovascular health study: Implications for studies of the oldest old.” The paper utilizes epidemiology and biostatistics concepts to analyse the study. Some of the important concepts discussed include identification of the research problem, research questions, generation of hypothesis, research design used and its validity to the study, justification of research methods, and suitability of data analysis procedure. Epidemiology and biostatistics concept provides an individual with skills to design and implement fundamental and practical research healthcare (Texas A&M Health Science Centre, 2014).

In which paragraph(s) of the study is a research problem stated?

The research ...

Experimental design for the nursing research proposal

This research uses quasi-experimental design. Quasi-experiments are studies that aim at evaluating interventions without using randomization. These experiments aim at establishing a connection between the intervention and outcome (Sullivan & Garland, 2010). The use of the quasi-experiment design is the most appropriate since the intervention often cannot be randomized in a hospital or public health setting. A quasi-experimental design offers an experimental design in which participants are not assigned randomly into different groups (Maltby, Williams, McGarry & Day, 2014). A quasi-experimental design is more frequently implemented than the randomized experiments. Quasi-experimental designs are universal in the staffing levels of nursing staff aimed ...

Abstract

The paper is devoted to the elaboration of token economy system for students, who prefer being absent at classes. The reasons of absence were considered, and appropriate tokens were suggested. The class of juniors, who studied Microeconomics, was taken for conducting an experiment with tokens in the form of additional marks. These marks gave an opportunity at the end of the course to choose the exam questions personally based on their complexity and quantity, namely to create an examination card, and an opportunity to decide how to pass an exam, namely completion of the test, oral discussion, presentation preparation ...

Introduction

Research Topic Eating chocolate has been associated for a long time with silhouette and weight problems, but recent research indicate that consuming chocolate can improve memory. Based on Jones and Wilson’s (2011) study, who found that eating chocolate two hours before taking math tests significantly improves scores, this report aims to investigate whether this information is valid, and if so, how does it relate with men versus women population.

Research Question

What is the effect of eating chocolate upon memory? Hypothesis Based on the previous research that found that women are better than men on memory tests after ...

Article Evaluation

Article Evaluation

A. Introduction

- Does investigator report on relevant literature? - How many sources were used and how many were recent (i.e. within five years of publication date of the article)? There was an apparent use of relevant literature in the study, which is evident in the linking of theoretical underpinnings of the study itself and those of the literatures being used. For example, the study establishes the relationship between academic, first-semester academic achievement and psychological attitudes. The relationship in these variables constitutes understanding of resilience among first year college students, which was reinforced by the findings ...

Abstract

The main aim of this paper is to analyze, evaluate and postulate the results of an in-class experiment that was carried out to test the relationship between the intentions of ostracism and people in extreme groups. 73 participants aged between 19 to 25 years took part in the survey that involved completing a series of vignettes and manipulation checks on a hypothetical individual, ‘Mason’ and his perceived involvement in extreme groups. The 2 x 2 between-subjects factorial experimental design was used for the research. The results indicated high intentions to ostracize Mason due to his involvement in an extreme group. From ...

Introduction

In the research on disaster management during a disastrous situation both natural and man-made disasters such as earthquakes, hurricane, tornadoes and terrorist attacks, I would suggest to use Descriptive Design. These kind of design provides answers to the questions of where, when, what, who and how. It provides information concerning the existing status of the happening and explains what exists with respect to the condition of the situation (Creswell & Creswell, 2007). It involves collecting data in order to test hypotheses or answer questions concerning the current status of the situation. It also involves conversion of data in numerical form so ...

In the present day society, cases of racism being expressed openly have reduced, but there are chances that it is still perpetrated in subtle and non overt ways that are not clearly discernable. This is known as “modern racism.” Over the years, there have been fears that the justice system is not impervious to racism, and this has become a subject of interest for many scholars. A good example is Johnson et al (1995) who carried out a study to determine whether race affects decision making during criminal trials. Although the research was an eye-opener in several ways, a gap still exists ...

1.0 Pivotal response therapy (PRT) Pivotal response therapy/treatment/training is one of the early behavioral intervention techniques developed for management of autism. This techniques is built on the premise that autism interferes with “pivotal behaviors” that ultimately underlie other behaviors are deficient in autistic children. The pivotal behaviors/areas are initiating activities, motivation, self-management, feelings and responding to multiple/complicated cues (signals). PRT therefore aims at increasing pivotal behaviors, particularly motivation, which would in turn enhance generalization. The autistic child chooses the activity and is rewarded (positive reinforcement) for every correct responses or attempt. As such, PRT trains the child to ...

Introduction

Quantitative research is a systematic empirical study of a phenomenon using mathematical, statistical or computational techniques. Quantitative research seeks to investigate the relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable or variables. This paper seeks to critique a quantitative study that employs an experimental approach. For this purpose, this paper chooses an article by Min Wang, Charles Perfetti and Ying Liu titled “Chinese-English Biliteracy Acquisition: Cross-Language and Writing System Transfer”

Summary of the Study

The study sought to investigate the relationship between cross-language and writing system in Biliteracy acquisition by students who were learning to read in two diverse writing systems- English and Chinese. To this ...

Thesis on Deterrence Theory: General and Specific

Introduction Deterrence is the omission of legally proscribed acts; hence by this omission one may be abiding by the prescribed law. It is important to distinguish between deterrence and punishment avoidance. While the former has been defined, the later, punishment avoidance happens when there has been commission of a crime but the perpetrator was not punished. This paper shall discuss and present a thesis on deterrence theory.

General deterrence relates to the effects to the public at large/potential criminals to the legal punishment of criminals. For members of the public, general deterrence, the experience with legal punishment is indirect i.e. ...

Research Methodology and Design

Introduction Research method and Design is meant to provide more information on how the study of the research question will be conducted in order to achieve the stated research objectives. It entails gathering data, instrumentation, compilation, and analysis among other aspects that will ensure collection of objective, relevant and accurate facts . Several academic scholars and researchers have conducted predictive and descriptive studies with an aim of validating the true nature of various aspects of transformational change that is necessary in transforming both community and for-profit colleges in to enhance the quality of education. This study will build on ...

Question 1

Descriptive research purposes to describe the characteristics of a given population or a phenomenon that is of interest to a researcher. It is also referred to as statistical research. Descriptive research is systematic, factual and accurate. In descriptive research, the researcher does not evaluate causal relationships between variables. Therefore, the internal validity requirement for this kind of research is low. Descriptive research relies on measures of central tendency and dispersion, frequency distribution and graphs. On the other hand, inferential research aims at making predictions about a given population from a sample that the researcher analysed. In inferential research, the researcher evaluates causal relationships and ...

Social science and impact in early marriages in higher education settings.

Higher learning institutions have for a long time been associated with early marriages. Most youths get engaged to early sexual relationships leading to unwanted pregnancies and sexual transmitted diseases. In an attempt to cope with the results, the youths get married with limited financial sources to support these marriages. More interactive results with most of these students associate the contents of the syllabuses in these institutions to this behavior. The students think that social science is too exploitative on affairs and social settings and these makes the youths believe that marriage at early ages can work. The following is a ...

Introduction

The concept of validity was first originated by Stanley and Campbell in 1966 and later elaborated further by Campbell and Cook in 1979. The concept of validity has a significant impact on how researchers evaluate their work. Validity refers to the extent to which to which a given test measures that which it claims to measure. It is important to evaluate the validity of a test to ensure accurate interpretation and application of test results. There are four main types of validity; construct validity, statistical validity, external validity and internal validity. This paper seeks to compare and contrast the characteristics of external, ...

Patient falls in inpatient settings

In this paper, the experimental design chosen for the study will be discussed briefly, and the choice of nurses as the sample for the study justified. The method of recruitment of the study participants will also be described.

Experimental design

The study will be cross-sectional and descriptive in nature. This is because it will be conducted at one place and at one time. Additionally, it seeks to describe the factors that hinder the implementation of fall prevention strategies by nurses. The proposed study will, therefore, not utilize any experimental designs. It will be devoid of the characteristic features of an experimental ...

1.0 Abstract Industrial and organization research is normally concerned with human mental processes and behavior in organizations and businesses. Organizational research normally uses the quantitative research method because most the problems that are studied meet the four objectives relevant to scientific understanding; description, explanation, control, and prediction. However, qualitative research is increasingly becoming relevant in Industrial and organization research. This creates the need to understand both qualitative and quantitative research techniques.

2.0 Introduction Qualitative research is a research design that seeks to study research participants in their natural environment in an attempt to interpret phenomena or develop a theory. ...

Hygiene refers to the practices that communities perceive as upholding or preserving healthy living, while an infection is an attack of parasites on a host organism. Hospitals being public places where both sick and healthy people mingle are likely to be more vulnerable to infections compared to other places. The sources of infections in hospitals include hospital staff, patients and the inanimate environment.

Maintenance of hand hygiene is one of the simplest yet most effective methods in prevention of infections. In spite of the society emphasizing on the importance of hand hygiene, many people including health care personnel, do not ...

Experimental design chosen

The aim of the research proposal is to investigate the impacts of various hand hygiene techniques on transient flora and consequently, overall hospital hygiene and the reduction of infections in the hospital. A quasi experimental technique based on a randomized block design shall be chosen. The blocks shall be based on the techniques of hand hygiene and their impacts on transient responsible for infections. Therefore the blocks shall be; (1) social hand washing, (2) careful hand washing, (3) hygienic hand disinfection and lastly surgical hand disinfection. An equal number of persons practising each of the techniques shall be selected.

Randomized ...

Introduction

Some of the most interesting topics in psychology and other nervous-related topics are the ones that tackle paranormal activities—these are activities that cannot usually be explained by science (Wagner, 2011). Other entities that are believed to be of paranormal origin are ghosts, haunted houses, exorcisms, invisibility cloaks and other things that cannot usually be explained even by the most modern technologies. Some experts have claimed that paranormal entities aren’t actually real; some even believe that we are the only ones that make it real. The brain is a very powerful tool and simply imagining things could make ...

Problem Statement

Popcorn is one of the most popular snack products in America (Smith, 1972). As a result, many of the larger brands of popcorn spend tremendous amounts of money on advertising, all touting their particular brand as the best type of microwavable popcorn. Advertising for Orville Redenbacher brand popcorn claims that their popcorn has fewer un-popped kernels in each bag than the competition. This speaks to the idea that the percentage of unpopped kernels being an indicator of popcorn product quality - as people want more food for their money, providing more kernels per bag would be advertising. However, the validity ...

Introduction

A natural phenomenon is any non-artificial event not produced by human activity but may affect humans. Natural phenomenon includes weather, decay, erosion and volcanic eruptions. Most natural phenomena are termed harmless. Erosion is the process which leads to the removal of material from a section of the earth. Erosion may occur when solids such as rocks are weathered and transported to another place by wind, water, and ice (Toy, Foster, & Renard, 2002). Although soil erosion is a natural process human land use such as deforestation, industrial agriculture and urban sprawl have profound effect on erosion. A certain amount of ...

Abstract

The world in which we live is surrounded by a number of forces that may each act independently or jointly to keep nature in a state of equilibrium. A force is defined as either a push or a pull whose resultant effect may be either translational, or distortional (Andy, 2002). In this practical experimental undertaking, we investigate the distortional effect of force on objects. The main aim of this experiment is to prove the celebrated scientific law; Hooke’s Law. Aside from ascertaining the validity of the aforementioned principle, we proceed further to determine the spring constant of the spring used in ...

Introduction

We face a continuous encounter, with the environment that surrounds us, however the response of each person remains different, at times people of different ages also show different reactions to similar situations, and this phenomenon is investigated here and can be derived by capturing the relative reactions of different aged groups to hypothetical situations. The whole idea behind the exercise will be to study and calculate the impact of positive and negative situations on emotions according to the age. This study will be based on the interpretation of positive and negative emotions, which are introduced by means of images ...