Taxes Research Papers Samples For Students

Brief history

Zurich Financial Services Company was started in 1872. As the name suggests, the company‘s intention was to offer extremely reliable financial services to the citizens of Switzerland. The company had been created to offer marine reinsurance services. It was originally known as the “Versicherungs-Verein” which meant the Insurance Association. After several acquisitions, in 2ooo the company changed its name to Zurich Financial Services in order to incorporate the many companies that it had acquired according to their functions. Zurich Financial Services Company is the biggest insurer in Switzerland. The company has also become extremely competitive in the global Continue reading...

Answer A)

Revenue/Operating Expenses/Operating Income/Net Income Analysis:
Referring to the previous five year financial statements of the company from the year 2009-2013, the revenue of the company has increased consistently over the years from $197 Millin during 2009 to $419 Million during 2013. However, as displayed in the graph below, the trend in net income has been downside-up. The Net income of the company reduced significantly during 2009 -2011 from $82 Million (2009) to $53 Million (2011).
Interestingly, the reason for fall in net income during those years was significant increase in operating expenses. For Instance, during 2011, operating expenses accounted Continue reading...

Following the American Psychologist Association’s Guidelines

The people of the United States suffer from several serious issues, all related to health care: millions go uninsured every year, health care is too expensive, and the quality of care is poor, especially for the price. The Patience Protection and Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare, as it commonly known as, began addressing these issues. While several of the act’s promises have not come into effect yet, it has managed to extend healthcare to the repetitively uninsured. While many of the accomplishments that the act has already made, and aims to make, are no small feat, there are Continue reading...

Introduction:

Despite the devastating effects of the 2008 global financial crisis and the subsequent Euro zone crisis, the tourism industry has continued to flourish. Initially, the industry was referred to as a cottage industry but the international travel and tourism industry has evolved becoming a major contributor to economic growth and development in almost every economy in the world. Research has shown that the global increase in worldwide tourist arrivals outperform gross domestic product growth in one out of every two years in the past three decades. Many countries regard tourism as the most significant primary export industry especially the Continue reading...

Administrative Expenses:

Administrative expenses accounts for one of the maximum share in total expense of the Airport. By the end of 2013, the actual administrative expenses were $73950. The list of expenses that are part of Administrative Expenses are:
Referring to Phase I, assuming inflation growth of 1.15 per year, the total administrative expense by the end of Phase I were $549658. Similarly, during Phase II and final Phase, the administrative expenses amounted to $610035 and $677044, respectively.
Overall, all the projections were carried out assuming an inflation rate of 1.15%.

Liability Insurance Expenses:

The total liability insurance expense of the company constituted of Continue reading...

General description

Mali as a country started its fight against independence in the 1930s. Political opposition did not initially emanate from political parties rather they came from individual that had organized themselves into a number of voluntary organizations (Velton 13). These voluntary organizations compromised of cultural and sporting associations where most educated individual would meet under the French approval. Political parties were formed in the 1940s where the struggle for independence from the French continued. In June 20, 1960, Mali gained its independence from France.
Mali covers an area of 478, 640 square miles. It has a population of about 11, Continue reading...

Abstract

The paper focuses on the development of taxation based on contributions of  Ricardo, Smith and Petty. They both developed the taxation idea from Locke’s theory of a single tax on rent. Their major contribution was on the incident tax, which demonstrates value system, power relations and group interests on taxation. Finally, the paper analyzes how taxation influences economic decision in the 21st century.

Introduction

The development of political economy in the 17th century was characterized by an effort to flee from Locke’s theorem that all taxes would eventually fall on the rent of land as well as his Continue reading...

ABSTRACT

The term utility in economics is defined as the satisfaction or fulfillment an individual gets from consuming a certain good or a service. Utility is one of the major subjects used in understanding consumer behavior in economics. Utility of a good is usually expressed as a function of only the amount of that particular good. However, utility cannot be measured quantitatively and therefore it is a subjective concept depending on each individual. Some economists have argued that utility can be measured in utils but this unit of measurement is not quite clear and also it is not recognized universally. Continue reading...

Question 1

There has been an argument within Canada that the rich section of the society is becoming super rich while those considered as poor are even becoming poorer (Gilbert, 2008). This assertion has elicited various debates with analysts taking to keenly follow the manner in which events have been unfolding within Canadian economy. It is aimed at either proving that the assertion holds or demystifying it all together. According to the latest statistics, earnings among the rich in Canada rise by a significant percentage. Analysts argue that the rise was 16% with the lowest earners’ incomes slumping even deeper by Continue reading...

Introduction

The United Arab Emirates’ became independent in 1971; it records an economic freedom score of above 70. This has made the economy of UAE appear in 28th position among the freest in the 2014 index. It has increased its rating and this year it has reordered a 0.3 point higher than last year. This has been made possible by improvements in labor freedom, business freedom, and monetary freedom which have outweighed the control of government spending. The first assessment of UAE was made in 1996 index and since then it has been a regional leader in economic freedom, this Continue reading...

Introduction

Poverty is the deprivation of basic things like money, food or assets that are essential for a normal life. GDP on the other hand is the goods and services produced within the by a country in a year. It is known that with increase in poverty it leads to reduction in output of a country. This is because essential resources that are vital for production are lacking. It also means that human capital is insufficient and consequently the resources needed to stir growth are used to feed and provide for the poor population.
Poverty and unstable GDP are common Continue reading...

Budgeting is a crucial aspect of any institution or government’s operations with an aim of enhancing goals and objectives’ achievement in line with specific environment and needs. Thus, budgeting is greatly guided by policies that define the suitable actions in line with set goals and objectives either in response to changing environment or as a way of fostering opportunities’ utilization. In that respect, governments have budgeting planning that is specific to their constituents’ needs and that defines the objective of this analysis which seeks to demonstrate the budgeting process for a State in view of its status and Continue reading...

Rajagopal, Deepak, and David Zilberman. (2011) Environmental, Economic and Policy Aspects of Biofuels. Hanover, MA: now. Print.
The economic argument behind using of subsidies in the economy is probably to balance the interest draw by individual players in the market to a fair ground for all. The U.S. government use subsidies to reduce on the weight of production for the producers of products. This is done through tax subsidies or the government participating in production process to prevent consumer exploitation of producers. This has been the cause of disagreement in a tough argumentative debate as to whether it is Continue reading...

Norfolk Southern Railroad Company is a corporation that deals with the transportation in the Columbia. It serves more than 22 states in the District of Columbia and operating more than 20000 route mile. It provides rail carriers in the western part of the United States where it transports containers. Therefore, it provides efficient transportation of the products such as industrial and coal in the eastern part through rail carriers.
The company has three main branches operating at the designated areas. The Norfolk and Western is one of the branches that were made in 1881. The second is the Southern Continue reading...

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Introduction
Alcohol consumption unlike other good has rose arguments pertaining to its effect on the society due to excess consumption that is declared national menace since it negatively impacts the society. Several measures have been taken to reduce on its consumption and subsequent effect in the society. One of the measures proposed is increase on tax on alcohol so as to reduce on its aggregate consumption. This is an economic policy aiming to affect the individual supply and demand of alcohol and aggregate resulting consumption. Tax would increase on the burden on consumers as well as producers and its Continue reading...

Introduction

Switching the United States’ current income tax system would benefit the country as a whole. Therefore, variations of the flat tax that are proposed, some of which set a percentage on income while others set a percentage on sales tax. Those arguing in favour of such tax reforms contend that it will eliminate the complexity of our current system and the loopholes. This will contribute towards boosting of the economy. One such proposal, on which a number of books have been written, is called Fairtax. This is a flat rate sales tax only on new items. For example, if Continue reading...

Background

Poverty is broadly defined as insufficient resources for an adequate standard of living. (ECLAC, 2008). Crime is defined as action against the law or violation of the law (Finkelhor, 2009). Glaeser and Kahn (2008) have indicated in their research on Chicago inner-city communities that an adolescent getting exposed to crime due to poverty has 100 times more probabilities to commit crimes later in his life. Finkelhor (2009) in his research sought an answer for the root causes of criminal behavior. He found a relationship between poverty and criminal activity. His findings show that a poor person is five times Continue reading...

Introduction The United States is facing an increase in economic competition, in the new global economy. It is in the State of Michigan that fluctuations are intensely felt and thus affecting the living standards of the residents. The residents are experiencing an unprecedented period of job loss and economic upheaval, with the end nowhere in sight. As manufacturing industries decline and manufacturing jobs disappear, it is becoming increasingly clear that, for the estate and the country to thrive, individuals in Michigan must cultivate the knowledge-driven, entrepreneurial sectors of their economy, particularly so-called "high technology."
Michigan’s has developed various Continue reading...

Fixed cost is a cost in business that remains unchanged regardless of the sales revenue level or the output level. In the short term, these costs do not change in the business. However, they may be altered over the long term. In both cases, they remain fixed costs despite the different characteristics. Examples of fixed costs include rent, wages and salaries, insurance among other costs. A variable cost changes with the sales revenue and output of the company. An example of variable cost includes energy usage, raw materials, distribution cost among other costs.

Allocation of fixed cost in Herrestad company is calculated as follows.

1. Fixed manufacturing overhead unit of Continue reading...

Identity thief is a crime comedy movie directed by Seth Gordon and officially released in 2013 (McCarthy, 2013). The movie essentially focuses on a man whose identity was stolen by a woman. Upon stealing the identity of the man, the woman takes advantage of the man’s financial access to fund her sprees and extravagant lifestyle. Later in the movie, the man goes on the hunt for the woman who stole his identity that had cost him his reputation and financial stance of his family. This movie has since received both positive comments and negative criticisms, furthermore; the movie Continue reading...

Analysis of Company Audit-Risk Using Financial Analysis Tools

Audit risk occurs when an auditor makes an unqualified report of the company’s state of affairs. This results when he or she omits information that is significant in the procedure. An individual could make an error or fraud, thus causing the misstatement (DiGabriele, 2010). These threats are categorized into inherent, detection and control risks.
Financial analysis is the process of collecting, selecting, evaluating, and interpreting financial information of a company. This is significant in making investment and financial conclusions (Lanier & Saini, 2008). The analyzed data are used for internal activities of the organization such as appraising employee performance. Continue reading...

An overview

The aviation industry plays a significant role in shaping the economy of a country, or state, because it is among the largest public facilities in the world. A viable, effective and efficient transport system is an essential component to the economic growth of any country. General aviation (GA) creates a big impact to the United States of America’s (U.S.) economy. The impact can be classified as direct, indirect or induced. GA’s economic contribution has for many years been overlooked because of its combination with other forms of transport, masking its own competence. The diverse nature of the Continue reading...

- What were the reported results?
The economic stimulus plan by President Barack Obama aimed at sustaining and revamping the economic situation in the United States of America. The economic stimulus bill of 2009 marked the intention of the government to support economic growth in the country. The bill targeted economic recovery and reinvestment into the local markets by internal and external investors in the American markets. Through the bill, the citizens of the United States of America would benefit through developed infrastructure for long-term benefits. This aimed at strengthening investment in the subsistence sector and attracting funds from Continue reading...

Summary of a Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 94 and an FASB Exposure Draft

Part 1: Own words summary of the accounting treatment to a non-accounting major
The aspect of accounting is fundamentally conceptualized on the basic principle that an entity owned for commercial purposes (capital) added to an entity held but owed to someone else (liability) yields a total sum of an individual’s owning (Assets) as at the particular time of carrying out the evaluation. This represents the basic accounting principle of Capital+ Liabilities= Assets from which other accounting principles arise. For purposes of establishing an individual’s true worth in the context of asset ownership, liabilities are deducted from the Continue reading...

[Institution’s Name]

Section-A

- Natural Assessment: Natural assessment requires analyzing the natural environment in which a company is doing its operations accordingly. It is required to analyze the environment of natural assessment for a company to make the organization economically and strategically fit and active. Natural assessment is a type of analysis in which, it is analyzed that is the company is operating in a deficiency based analysis and what would be the recommended strategy while operating in such an activity . For a manufacturing or services oriented organization, analysis of natural assessment is important and it is required that Continue reading...

Introduction

The present day corporate world is well aware of the increasing cases of accounting fraud. Governments and regulatory bodies are finding themselves in embarrassing situations after corporation’s collapse, even after receiving a clean bill of financial health from their auditors, a landmark case being that of Enron. These incidences have led to the accounting regulatory bodies, securities regulatory bodies and other government institutions mandated with the regulation of the accounting profession to demand that auditors are accountable for their actions or omissions in the performance of their duties. In the case study below however, there is a conflict Continue reading...

Law

There have been proposals to divide the juvenile courts in two divisions which may result to both advantages and disadvantages to the taxpayer and the youth offender. Under this proposed system, the offender shall either be tried under the juvenile delinquency court and there are those who will be tried under the status offender court. As a general rule, majority of the youth offenders are charged for delinquency cases have been classified as status offenders.
One of the benefits or advantages of dividing the juvenile system in two divisions will redound to the benefit of the status offenders since Continue reading...

Abstract

The right to work laws, as provided by the Taftharthartley Act, protects employees from compulsory unionism. The American workers under the legislation have a right of association both financially or membership. The Right to Work law is currently used in twenty states. It is essential to analyze how the law works, for instance the channels of justice used in implementing the formulated regulations. Analyzing whether the law is for or against unionism helps to clear the prevailing misconceptions. The effect of the Right to Work legislation can be helpful in determining its essence in the member states.
The proponents Continue reading...

It is untrue that most people on public assistance are too lazy to work. In truth, if by expending the energy to work a job for forty hours at minimum wage their lives could be better than it is using welfare, they would work. But, with the current minimum wage of $7.25 an hour, for many of these adults, their lives and the lives for their families would be the same, if not a lower quality of life would be had, if they worked. By using Section 8 housing vouchers, Medicaid, food stamps, LiHeap, and cash assistance the same Continue reading...

Compare the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Compare the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The company of my choice is Coach Inc. and its closest competitor is Michael Kors. Michael Kors was chosen as it belongs to the same industry as Coach and has nearly the same characteristics as it. This means it is its closest competitor available considering the scope of the business. Comparison of the two consolidated financial statement will make Coach aware of where and when they went wrong in order to try and rectify in the future. This will enable them to plan effectively and analyze their previous cases hence enabling them Continue reading...

Introduction

Accounting and Finance are two different fields, but most of the people associated both of them are identical. However, the concepts of both of these provisions are totally different from each other. Accounting is the name of recording the day to day transaction, while finance is the name of utilizing the funds of the company at a place from where the likelihood of earning would be on a higher node.
Both of the concepts of Accounting and finance are two important things from the standpoint of an organization and no organization could be in the line of economically based Continue reading...

Introduction

Entities of health care recognize revenue for which a little portion of the total amount is billable or billed or the final collection is not assured reasonably at the time the services are rendered. There have been concerns raised by the constituents that these kind of accounting practices lead to gross-up revenue for unexpected amounts to be collected in the end. To add to it, due to the fact that entities of health care make their own decisions as far as bad debts and adjustment to revenues is concerned, the decisions are different from one another and it is Continue reading...

Introduction

The initial step in constructing Mr. Donothing portfolio is to determine the appropriate asset allocation. To begin with is by ascertaining Mr. Donothing financial position and investment goals. The most important factor to start with is Mr. Donothing age, available opportunity of growing his investments as well as the amount of capital that may be required for future capital needs. At the age of 55 Mr. Donothing will be planning of paying his child’s education. Another factor to consider is his risk tolerance. Would he be willing to risk some money for a possibility of greater returns? Mr. Continue reading...

The health care field is quickly changing and is facing numerous challenges, such as the continuation of tax-exempt status, unrelated business tax and excise taxes. Most nonprofit healthcare organizations qualify to operate as a charity if they attain public charity status or are publicly supported institutions (Gravelle, 2008). Hospitals have made joint ventures with physicians and added ancillary operations to their services. The income received from such ventures ought to be analyzed for federal income purposes. The finances that are also used to run the endeavor should also be scrutinized.
Federal income tax issues that affect healthcare organizations include Continue reading...

Individual Income Tax (North Carolina)

Individual Income Tax (North Carolina)
Personal income tax or individual income tax refers to the levied tax on personal income. Here, individual refers to a person, non-juristic body of person, an ordinary person or an individual estate. For an individual to be liable for personal income tax, one has to compute file tax returns, compute tax liability as well as pay the indicated tax as according to the calendar of the year. The individual tax income differs in different states with each state having its own rights of running the tax provided by its residents. This research would look Continue reading...

Hewlett Packard Company (HP) is an American multinational corporation founded by William Hewlett and Dave Packard in 1939 and incorporated in 1947 in California. The company is a provider of computer hardware, soft ware and IT services. Its main products include HP desktops and laptops, HP printers, HP servers and HP enterprise software. It also provides technology consultancy and outsourcing to businesses, states and organizations. Thus, the company falls under Information and Communication Industry. It main competitors in this industry include International Business Machine Corporation (IBM), Dell Corporation, Cisco Systems, Apple Corporation, Toshiba Corporation, Xerox Corporation and NCR Corporation.
Continue reading...

Health Problem

Diabetes and obesity are life-long diseases that demand on-going medical care and continuing support and self-management education if acute and/or long-term complications are to be prevented. The United States is faced with an increasingly serious obesity epidemic, which is especially prevalent among poor children and youths. According to Levine (2011) the heightened reliance on energy-dense foods (snacks, fast foods and caloric beverages) by youths and children has been repeatedly associated with heightened risks of excessive weight gain and obesity. The prevalence of obesity in the US rose sharply between 1999 and 2000, during which time the number of overweight Continue reading...

Importance of Research and Development

Importance of Research and Development
There are a number of challenges that Pfizer Inc. has been facing for past many years. One of the challenges includes the currency exchange rate that has affected its overall sales. The decrease in the number of sales in the first quarter of 2013 resulted in lower profits for the year of 2014 as well.
In addition, Pfizer Inc. also tried to undertake higher sales in the regions where the sales tax percentage for lesser. In this manner, the tax revenue was lowered for Pfizer Inc. At the same time, SEC published a notice Continue reading...

Executive Summary

This paper investigates the cause of unemployment in the economy. Then it highlights the adverse impact rising unemployment levels have on the society as whole. We will later device suitable policy recommendation for the governments, so that they can rectify this economic evil and ensure a smooth running progressive economy. The implications of the policy are also evaluated giving the reader a justification for the suggestion of that particular policy.

Introduction

Unemployment has been a matter of apprehension for political economy since its commencement. Numerous nations whether progressive industrial economies or developing countries, have had very high rates of unemployment Continue reading...

Introduction

Group behavior is the tendency of human beings to congregate. Humans are social beings, and therefore, they have a tendency to come together and cooperate in the performance of different activities. Group behavior can vary greatly, just like the factors that lead to group pressures. Group behavior is an interesting subject of study in epidemiology, political science, anthropology, sociology, psychology, and many others (Le, 2012). The primary preoccupation in group behavioral studies is usually to understand crowd reactions and how people influence each other in varying situations such as danger, fun, precaution, wrecklesness, and many more. Guillaume, Knippenberg, and Continue reading...