Pollution Literature Reviews Samples For Students

The excellence of the air around us is referred as ‘air quality'. In the case when the area is given good air quality credit, then it means that the air around the area is clean and most of all, unpolluted. Clean air is the most important aspects required for all living creatures on this planet. There are variant factors that causing poor air quality or pollute the air. The emissions from factories and vehicles used to play a major role in air pollution toxins. When the concentration of the pollutants reaches beyond the mark and can affect the health of ...

Smart water networks take advantage of real time data, pumps and other essential distribution points to automate the process control schedules and support real time operations decisions. It is well understood that the drivers for smart water networks is not resistible. There is a compelling need to develop smart water and energy efficient systems that are at par with the rising demand and the diminishing water resources. The fact that infrastructures are rapidly deteriorating and the fact that water loss and leakage are relentless means that there is a need for intelligent systems that would detect, report, and prevent associated water ...

Literature review

Introduction
The Tokohuma earthquake in Japan occurred in 2011 on March. It occurred in the Pacific Ocean where it caused a huge tsunami that was very devastating. The earthquake was the largest ever recorded in Japan and the fourth largest in the world. It produced a tsunami of sixteen metres high. What’s more is that the tsunami hit Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan that caused an explosion which produced radioactive contamination which spread over Japan and the surrounding areas affecting the air, soil as well as the water. This disastrous event had adverse effects on Japan as a country ...

Requirement for the Manufacture of Drugs concerning Public Safety

Abstract
The study will focus on pharmaceutical companies’ standard operation procedures. More in depth, the study will determine if cleaning validation and verification is a successful way to keep the quality of manufactured drugs at a high standard. The importance of the validation of a sterilization process will be examined. The study will list reasons for validation of sterilization through a set of regulatory expectations put in place by the FDA.
The regulatory expectations of the FDA will support the methods and analysis used to conduct this study. The study will also examine the success and failure of cleaning validation through ...

Introduction

Pharmaceutical companies should create and follow a standard operating procedure by implementing a cleaning validation to ensure future patient safety. Validation has received great attention by the FDA in recent inspections. Manufacturers must validate their cleaning process to ensure compliance with GMP regulations 1. One of the main keys in the manufacturing of dosage formulation is to develop cleaning procedures that will remove all types of residues from the equipment and containers. The goal of Cleaning Validation is to ensure effectiveness in cleaning equipment, and to prevent pollution and cross contamination of drug products to ensure the quality, safety; efficacy and ...

Introduction

Quality of air is a determinant in the quality of life, indoor air is important as people spend on average 80-90% of their lives in door (WHO, 2007). Indoor air quality began a long time but only been a health concern decades ago when awareness of contaminants presented in the air. The problem begins when the construction of building are highly insulated to conserve energy, which caused a trap to air intoxicants inside the building (E. Willard, 2005). This causes the exchange of outdoor to indoor to lessen and therefore the indoor air pollution builds up.

Indoor air quality is a complex issue as ...

Effects of Air Pollution on Health

In this paper, we will critically review the article based on a research conducted by Chit- Ming Wong, Nuntavarn Vichit-Vadakan, Haidong Kan, and Zhengmin Qian. The title of the paper is Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA): A Multicity Study of Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality; published in the September 2008 issue of the journal, “Environmental Health Perspectives”. The article has included a total of twenty-seven significant literature studies which were based on the same subject. Quite a many articles were taken from some renowned databases like those of the ‘World Health Organization (WHO)’ ...

Literature review

Section 1: Background
Context and rationale for research priorities
Lens handling intensifies the incidence of lens contamination. When lens are aseptically removed from the eye, they still have a high probability of harboring microorganisms. During storage, the frequency of positive microbial bioburden remains high than 50%. The presence or movement of microorganisms from the lens to the ocular surface is a route factor for contact lenses related microbial keratitis and inflammation. There is need to priotise research in this area because the results of the studies help people to understand the factors concomitant to infectious and inflammatory complications. When ...

INTRODUCTION

In broad terms, the concept of sustainable economic growth is an attempt to combine growing concerns about a range of environmental issues with socio-economic issues (Bill Hopwood, Mary Mellor and Geoff O’Brien, 2005). However, the phrase sustainable economic growth or development has many meanings attached to it. Sustainability itself (as a strategic concept originated in the Brundtland report in the year 1987) means a degree of growth which can be retained without creating other substantial economic or environmental problems for future generations. In other words, it is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future ...

In this assignment researches built up a model of the mutual definition of the level of economy’s advancement and improvement through business sector collaborations and the degree of pollution regulation through corporate intention of making decisions.
The key point in this brief literature review is to resolve a concern whether societies care about pollution or does it continue to grow boundlessly as revenue increases? The aim is to show the interaction between income and environmental degradation and present an understandable theoretical model of political and economic process to set up environmental policy for pollution to be controlled. The ...

Pollution from agricultural runoff has brought great danger to both human beings and the organisms that live in water. Various chemicals used in crop production are dragged into water sources, poisoning the water (Kennen & Kirkwood, 2015). This poses a danger to the existence of living organisms. Consumption of contaminated water by humans leads to waterborne diseases such as cryptosporidiosis which causes diarrhea, vomiting, fever, weight loss, and stomach cramps (Lichtfouse, 2009). The essay below describes significant ways in which this form of pollution can be prevented.
First, fencing of livestock grazing areas at about 100 meters from water sources ...

Introduction

Cigarette collection systems comprise of the major ways that several companies including Tobacco manufacturing industries that help as one of the strategies in managing effect of cigarette butts in littering bins that is currently a big challenge in urban areas.
According to Riutta, (2012), it is imperative to address this topic of issues concerning cigarette butts in our daily city lives because of the high negative impact they have on our environment, and thus health being one of the leading causes of preventable deaths. According to health analysts, cigarette butts are made from a fibrous material that is essential ...

Literature Review on Fracking

Introduction
The extraction of natural gas has been seen the much-needed reprieve in the face of increased energy demands globally. The natural gas present unexploited energy reserves that can be used to meet the energy deficits in the countries where there are natural gas deposits. Its extraction requires the use of advanced technologies. Fracking the main technology used in the exploitation of natural gas from the rocks beneath the earth’s surface where it is trapped. The biggest proportion of the new wells for the exploitation of natural gas (90%) utilizes hydraulic fracking as the technology of choice. While ...

Introduction

Many countries across the world are faced with the problem of water and soil contamination. The contaminations are caused by industrial effluents, military actions and agricultural activities among others. Human carelessness and ignorance also contribute significantly to water contamination. As a result, new biological, chemical and natural activities have been invented in order to control water contamination. One of the most successful measures used in control of water contamination is phytoremediation. It involves the use of plants to absorb pollutants from contaminated water found on the surface of the land and in the soil. This paper discusses the biological ...

Improving The Efficiency of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Abstract
The Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is known to be an important pathogen among patients with prolonged confinement to the intensive care unit and longer hospital stays (Vincent, 2010). The virus is recognized to be a common form of the herpes virus, which the Centers for Disease Control described to be present in about 50% to 80% of the people in the United States who are in their 40’s (Mandal, 2014). The infection can actually affect children and adults alike, however the virus has the greatest impact among certain individuals, especially among children and those with a compromised immune system and ...

Mass disasters are events that occur without warning and causes large number of deaths. These disasters may be natural, accidental or intentional. Natural disasters include calamities like earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding etc., while accidental disasters include building collapses, train and aircraft disasters. Intentional disasters are observed recently with acts of terror like bombing and other weapons of mass destruction.
The large number of human lives lost in these disasters requires identification. The forensic examination is not only for humanitarian reasons but also for possible criminal investigations. DNA analysis is one of the best methods for identification of individuals from ...

There are numerous threats to the fragile ecosystem of Earth; one of the most debated theories is that of Global warming. This paper is on findings and information collected over past years and results of Global warming on this planet. We will discuss the Causes, Effects as well as Positives from Global Warming. Through the years strange changes have occurred in nature and the atmosphere, these include ice caps rapidly melting and holes occurring in the ozone. In order to solve these mysteries scientists from around the world conduct studies to determine if the threat of global warming is ...

Env.S . (Day) , (Time) .

Topical Summary Assignment.

Industrial Ecology.
INFORMATIONAL ABSTRACT.
For various commodities to be produced, raw materials have to undergo various processes in their specific industries until the final output is produced. This process takes place in industries. Industries need to regulate their manufacturing processes so that they take part in maintenance of the environment since lately it has been noted that the key factor destroying our environment is the industries through the manufacturing process. The emissions from the production of these commodities by the chimneys of factories pollute the air by releasing dangerous gases into the atmosphere. These ...

Abstract- Literature 1

Edible oil refinement is one of the major problems faced by the developing countries across the world as edible oil effluents are a major source of environmental pollution. Owing to this, it is essential to ensure that the effluents are treated prior to its disposal. The composition, characteristics and quantity of the waste water generated depends on the operating conditions and processes followed and can vary from different organizations in the same industry. An investigative method comprising of an in-depth study of unit operations, monitoring, measurement and analysis of parameters affecting environment, and performance evaluation of utilities and pollution ...

Is the process of Globalization harmless for the planet and it's population?

Overview
With the technological advancement in the contemporary world, the process of globalization has gained moment raising questions regarding its impact on the planet and its population. Globalization is political, economic, and social phenomena that explain on the increased integration of the global society, especially in the economic integration (Gangopadhyay and Chatterji, 2005, 57). Some studies show that although globalization is an essential process in the modern world, the process involved is controversial. According to Dauvergne (2005, 371), some scholars argue that the process is the source of ingenuity, progress, and cooperation of the future world and enhanced the ...

LITERATURE REVIEW: WATER TREATMENT

1.0 Literature Review: Water Treatment.
1.1 Water Quality:
Water quality is the measure of water condition in relation to the requirements of various biotic species, the environment, and/or any human needs and purposes. Water quality is determined by measuring and analyzing it chemical, biological, physical and radiological characteristics. Both natural and human activities influence water quality. Natural influences that affect water quality are mainly climatic, geological and hydrological since they affect both the quality and quantity of water available (Diersing 2009). The highest influence on water quality occurs when its quantity is low, yet the limited resource must be ...

Greenfield Development vs. Brownfield Development

There are many factors to consider while doing planning for an upcoming development. These factors have led to the development of policies around to try to maintain minimum environmental effect depending on the type of development that is to be put in place. In addition to the environmental and ecological factors, the type of land and the developments present determine the mechanisms and techniques that will be put in place to ensure that the project is successful while minimizing the cost. If it is a Greenfield development, projecting the overall impacts on the undeveloped land is essential. Furthermore, while considering a ...

LITERATURE REVIEW: UNITED STATES ENERGY INDEPENDENCE

Question: How the concerns relating to the exploration of Shale gas were mitigated.

The issue of energy independence is a subject of debate that has dominated US politics for several decades. Virtually, every President since Richard Nixon to Barack Obama have pledged allegiance to assisting the United States realize the goal of energy dependence. Policy debates tend to focus on the strategies that could be implemented to minimize US’s dependence on foreign oil. Homans (2012) argues that the United States has remained independent on imported oil despite increasing demands for energy anxiety across the globe. According to Miller (2010), ...

in the industrial and infrastructure sector

Abstract

In most parts of the Arab countries, the limited resources of water pose adverse constraints to both the social and economic development, while also threatening the people’s livelihood. The available surface water keeps on declining, and the ground water over-pumping that goes beyond the natural recharge rates has continued to cause great negative impact in the lowering of water table. Over-pumping of ground water also increases ground water salinity, ground water depletion, and ecological degradation (SCENR 5). The outcome prompted the Qatar government to start regulating its water resources as a measure ...

Reference

1. Amin, M., S. Amin, and M. Ali, Monitoring of leakage current for composite insulators and electrical devices. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci, 2009. 21: p. 75-89.
2. Vlastos, A.E. and T. Orbeck, Outdoor leakage current monitoring of silicone composite insulators in coastal service conditions. IEEE transactions on power delivery, 1996. 11(2): p. 1066-1070.
3. Amin, M., M. Akbar, and S. Amin, Hydrophobicity of silicone rubber used for outdoor insulation (an overview). Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci, 2007. 16: p. 10-26.
4. Tingtao, Z., et al. On-line monitoring system of insulator leakage current based on ARM. ...

Introduction:

Clean non-polluted water is a major basic requirement for all the living things. Nowadays, its availability becomes a major problem in the ecosystem. This problem is expected to increase in the future due to population growth and industrialization processes. The processes discharge of domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes contribute largely to the contamination of existing natural waters in the environment. Therefore, at the present moment, it is important that the pathogens and pollutants are completely removed from the waste water to cater for the needs of domestic use, industrial use, and irrigation purposes. This paper discusses two processes of oxidation and ...

Introduction

Waste management refers to the process of collecting, transporting and disposing trash, sewage and other waste materials. There are different sources of waste including residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal, agriculture and manufacturing and all these waste products whether solid, gaseous, liquid or radioactive come under the realm of waste management. Due to the rapid growth and fast development in Australia, the country has produced waste on humongous amount. As per the data provided by Australian Bureau of Statistics, the growth of average annual rate of waste production in Australia is about 5.4% between 1996-97 and 2006-07. ...

- Fitzroy River Turtle (R Leukops)
- The Biology
Fitzroy River Turtle, Rheodytes leukops is also called the white eyed river diver referring to its Latin name. Locally, it is sometimes called the “bum breathing turtle referring to its ability to utilize cloacal ventilating. This method of breathing improves its breath-holding capacity and enabling it to colonize riffle zones and take advantage of the associated greater densities of food resources during the wet season and early dry season. . “R. leukops was first described as a new genus and species in 1980 (Legler and Cann,1980) and most publications ...

As the United States campaign for the next president rented the air, the issue on Energy Policy was inevitable. The two major candidates on the race to the White House agreed with each other on some of the issues that should or ought to have been done about energy and sharply disagreed on some. It was a tough battle as they stood on podiums and tried to convince the Americans how their laid policies was effective and efficient and tried to outdo one another on the Presidential Debates hosted on the national television.
The two candidates agreed that America ...

Health Care Environmental Management

In any institution where people conglomerate, a number of health hazards may exist naturally. Such problems have to be identified by a health care professional such as a nurse manager and appropriate action be taken in order to minimize the effects of these hazards to individuals. As such, health care personnel have the sole responsibility of conducting a health care environmental checklist then come up with strategies of appropriately managing the risks. This therefore forms the basis of this piece of work.
Availability of clean drinking water: The common healthcare environmental hazard in my institution includes the common drinking water pollutants. The ...

Article Review

Article Review

Graphical analysis provides a visual presentation of data (Terpening, 2011). The authors use boxplot for the graphical analysis. Box plots are used to show differences in the means as well as the dispersion for different groups (Rubin, 2012). In the study, the boxplots show the concentration of various mineral across the different location as well as the dispersion of the concentration for each group. The important features are the dispersion measures and central tendency measures. Dispersion is shown by range while the central tendency is shown by mean (Jackson, 2012). The graphs clearly show the means and ...

1. Historical evolution of Mumbai
Mumbai has a long history of evolution that spans for 1000 years. In 1343 the cluster of seven islands was controlled by the Sultanate of Gujarat, and later in 1534 following Portugal invasion, the area was converted into a trading center (The British Library Board). The Portuguese coined the term Bom Bahia, meaning ‘the good bay’, and developed dwelling units, factories as well as ship building yards in the Island cluster, which later became known as Bombay (The British Library Board). With the establishment of East India Company, the British ousted Portuguese, and used ...

The Beijing 2008 Olympic Games are considered the most spectacular sporting events ever held in the history of sports. This is because of the luxurious and amazing ceremonies together with the elevated standards of competition that ranged from marathon and javelin to yachting. It is considered the competition that hosted most sporting activities in the history or sports. One may ask how the environment in Beijing where the sports took place was. In Olympics, the three pillars are sports, culture, and environment. The environment fared well in terms of the sustainability and also contributed positively to the green legacy ...

Abstract

Maintaining a highly effective waste management system is an important part of being a clean and green city. While this may not be the top priority for some countries, especially the developing ones—because keeping a clean and green city can be costly; there are countries that are making long term investments for a more effective waste management system in the future. This can be evidenced by the fact that even countries like Qatar and the city of Dubai are finding it hard to find the political and economic will to develop and enforce environmental law and regulations. If ...

Introduction

The U.S health care system is one of the main industries that contribute largely to the economy of the country. The industry has developed massively due to a population that is aging swiftly and the increased impact of chronic diseases on the general population. It is one of the fastest growing industries in recent times posting $21.8 billion for the economy in the year 2013. This has attracted huge investments into the sector, and it is likely to continue this upward trend. A section of the health care system is public, and it forms up to 20 percent of government-owned ...

Introduction

One of the byproducts of urban growth and development is the waste production. As per the report of the World Bank (2013), OECD countries produce almost half of the world's waste, while South Asia and Africa are listed as the regions producing the least amount of waste. The Basel Convention defines 'wastes' as substances or objects that need to be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of national law. European Waste Catalogue shows 850 types of wastes out of which 420 types of wastes have been classified as hazardous waste. Hazardous wastes are those wastes considered to be ...

Abstract

Water is the most important source of life. Survival of any living organism without water is impossible. Though a large part of the earth is constituted of water, the supply of fresh water is limited to only 3% of the total amount of water found on the earth's surface. With the demand for fresh and clean water rising across the world, it is time for us to think seriously about the importance of water conservation. There are several engineering and behavioral practices which, if adopted by us at home, industries and other spheres of work and life, can reduce the ...

INTRODUCTION

Inflation has been described by economics in various ways. A simple description of this condition is a reduction in the value of money of a country. An underlying cause of this is imbalance between the quantity of goods and services and the volume of money in circulation in an economy. Increased volume of money in circulation with respect to the goods in the economy causes inflation.
Hyperinflation is considered an extreme case of inflation. Many economists only regard it hyperinflation when the rate of inflation is at least 50% per month or 1000% per annum. Most hyperinflations are caused by ...

Recycling is the process of making use of a product more than once in its life cycle before final disposal. This means that a product is used and then after the use, it is treated in one way or another to enable its reuse. Recycling is very important since it allows for reduced initial product which would have resulted in increased resource use and exploitation. From this perspective, it helps in economizing on resources and ensuring proper exploitation. Closely related to this is environmental conservation associated with recycling. From statistics, recycling helps in ensuring that the environment is conserved and less ...

Literature Review: Construction Material Waste in Landfills

The two articles being reviewed in this paper are: a) Rehabilitation of a large coastal landfill , and b) Use of reliability methods as project management tools: The Cherry Island landfill Expansion project . The papers explore two different real life situations from a project management perspective.

El-Fadel and Sadek have illustrated the case of a large municipal landfill in Normandy Bay, Beirut, Lebanon. The authors highlight that most waste dumping the region has not been controlled resulting in waste piles as high as 40 feet all along the coast on the Mediterranean sea. At Normandy Bay, between the years 1975 and 1994, approximately 1200 tons ...

In 2008, almost thirteen hundred US citizens had fallen ill from Salmonella poisoning, where raw consumed tomatoes initially assumed to be the bearer of Salmonella poisoning. The food and drug administration later pointed fingers to the Mexican peppers, which were imported from Mexico. The introduction of the food poisoning produce from Mexico into the US is a sign of an increasing interdependence of the global economy, due to the increase in international travel trade, contamination from one-country leads to a crisis in other countries.
The World Trade Organization introduced treaties for the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary ...

Introduction

There are numerous descriptions of drowning that are available and actually, all of them bear some weight. According to Lunette, G., et.al death by drowning is the consequence of a obstruction of respiration by impediment of mouth and nose by a liquid medium which is more often than not water (2004). Actually, there are many other drowning definitions wherein all have some accuracy. In regards to true drowning, there are relatively no considerable disagreements, since there is a general conduit, which involves the water inhalation, which could eventually pass through the alveolo-capillary membrane thus eventually reaching the general circulation ultimately. Characteristically, a difference ...