Preference Reports Samples For Students

Viability Report on JV

There lies a distinguishing characteristic of Multinational Corporation (MNC) in contrast with a collection of independent national firms dealing at arm’s length is, its ability to move money to its affiliates through internal transfer mechanism. In multinational financial system there is transfer of goods, services, technology and capital.
In the interest of facilitating stronger sustainable profitability and growth, decisions on resource allocation in organizations require a systematic, analytical and though approach as well as sound judgement. Project and investment appraisals and capital budgeting which involves assessing the financial feasibility of a report should use Discounted Cash Flow(DCF) analysis as a supporting ...

(Excel Maritime Company)
1 Introduction
According to Albertijn et al. (2011), the maximization of the shareholders’ wealth depends on the type of capital structure employed by the company. As defined by Ali, Salleh and Hassan, (2010), the capital structure is how an entity funds its operations and expansion using the various sources of funding available in the market. The capital structure of a company can comprise of equity, debt or a mix or both. The maritime companies listed on the New York Stock exchange can either be funded by equity, debt or a mixture of debt and equity based ...

BUSINESS FINANCING

Introduction
Business owners and managers seeking financing encounters an essential decision regarding choice of whether to borrow money or to make use new equity capital. Given that equity and debts have very varied characteristics, each of them has different effect on cash-flow, earnings, and taxes as well as on balance sheet. They also have different impacts on any company`s dilution, leverage as well as a host for other financial metrics by which companies are measured. Lastly, each business financing options presents a different kind of relationship in relation to the financing source. Thus, a company`s plan on ...

16.1 Combining Beliefs and Desires under Uncertainty
Our understating of the world is mostly constrained by the lack of enough information and uncertainty of different outcomes. Despite this incompleteness and uncertainty we have to act and make conclusions. Decision theory is concerned with recognizing the qualities, vulnerabilities and different issues important in a given choice, its consistency, and the ensuing ideal choice, in an episodic environment [1]. In an episodic environment, the execution of an agent is subject to various discrete occurrences, with no connection between the executions of an agent in diverse situations. Episodic situations are less complex ...

Analysis

Abstract
Human attitudes towards people from different ethnic groups is one of the subjects that has been of interest to sociologists. Sociologists have studied the subject for a long time on various aspects. This study seeks to explore the impact of a person’s ethnicity on their attitudes towards persons of various ethnic groups. Specifically the study answered two key questions. Firstly, whether people have implicit negative attitudes towards certain races. Secondly, whether there is any interaction between people ethnicity and their attitudes towards specific races. The study used a single sample t-test and one-way ANOVA to answer the ...

Psychology lab report

In the past it has always been difficult to rate different cookies and from this it became necessary to do a research using two different researchers so as to develop different ways that can be used to rate these cookies. The research done was also supposed to determine the factors that can make different people to prefer a particular brand of cookies. The research was done using fifteen participants who were expected to give different rating for different kind of cookies.
Two brands were used in this experiment and these are the Oreo and black and roll. The aim of ...

Vision

Our vision is to create the most compliant green car rental company in Saudi Arabia in the 21st century.
Mission
Our mission is to offer our customers the most affordable green car. Customer satisfaction is an important part, to utilize available resources to make our customers satisfied with the service they receive.

Values

Our value is to make our customers satisfied with the green car rental service we will be offering in Saudi Arabia. Our core values are honesty, integrity, transparency, respect for diversity, and care for social, economy, and the environment.

Stakeholder Relations Management Guidelines

Investigations by Liu et al. (2014) suggest the ...

Executive Summary

The following report provides a detailed and exhaustive description of asset classes according to their characteristics and related advantages and disadvantages. Consequently, the paper considers 5 most important asset classes, including both local and international shares, bonds, cash and listed trusts. Further, according to the given statistical data regarding the levels of revenue of these classes of assets, the author conducts corresponding calculations evaluating their average profitability and effectiveness in investment portfolio along with clarifying what exact type of portfolio should be conducted for an investor operating with these securities in order to achieve maximum level of revenue with ...

Candidate Number: 004438-0045

Research Question:
Should the Embassy India outsource its IT services?
Theoretical framework:
Under the theoretical framework, the research explored the research question with an intention of providing full understanding of information technology. Deeper understanding of the research problem and how to go about it was the key in theoretical framework. With the guidance of research question, understanding outsourcing of information technology and possible consequences were researched. On the in-house, the research suggests that it is the best method for the right technology that will be profitable to the business. The research found out that in-house directly ...

Summer B

Group 45
John
Bill
Mary
Accounting
9th, November, 2013
Introduction:
Our company, XYZ Investments, is an asset management investment firm where we manage the portfolio of our clients on the basis of their differentiated preference for risk and return objectives. We, the three founders of this company, John, Bill and Mary have an extensive experience in investment industry and this report will target our client Mr.X for whom we are managing the portfolio of stock that include the following company:
- McDonalds
- Walt Disney
- South West
...

Introduction

McDonald’s is one of the influential fast-food chains having the worldwide functions. McDonald’s is selected in order to assess its strategy in action. McDonald’s originated in the United States in the year 1940 and improved its functions which resulted in more than twenty-three thousand eating places which have a span of more than one-hundred and seventeen economies and the company’s recruitment is around four-hundred thousand individuals across the globe. McDonald’s remarkable development may be subject to numerous variables, excluding from its franchise model of expansion, which gained extensive appeal globally, an expansion model was significantly acknowledged ...

During the mid to late 1970s, China faced a big problem: there were too many children being born in the country. In the wake of Mao’s Cultural Revolution, the entire country was focused on changing the path that China was on. The people in the government were worried that if the population growth continued at the rate that it was going, that China would become immensely overpopulated and would face problems like famine, sickness, and widespread economic downturn. China’s “one child” policy is actually a “family planning” policy according to the Chinese government, as there are certain types of ...

Based on my media diary, television tops the list of the most used medium with 4 hours 30 minutes, followed closely by internet with 4 hours 8 minutes. Radio comes in a distant third with 1 hour 30 minutes, while print media comes in fourth with 1 hour, and recorded music at 25. Clearly visual media dominates the list of preferred media, with traditional media like print and radio, taking a back seat. This preference is obviously due to the extra visual stimulation that can be associated with the first two media forms. My media use pattern is consistent with that ...

Marketing concepts are approaches that are used by companies to market their products, satisfy consumer expectations and increase profits. Consumer expectations and preferences are the biggest influences of the choice of a marketing concept. In the process of satisfying customer needs, the company achieves its objective of making profits or increasing its market share. There are many concepts of marketing such as market segmentation, product cycle and customer satisfaction. These concepts are used in various industries because of their flexibility and effectiveness. Market segmentation aims at dividing the market into groups that have homogeneous needs. Product cycle model is designed ...

I submit the following report, “Obesity: The Effects of Processed Food” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Technical Report Writing. This report discusses the problem of obesity and how it is affected by eating processed food. Its purpose is to identify the importance of reduced processed food consumption to prevent the risks that may transpire through overconsumption, namely becoming obese.

With the research that has been done, one of the most important pieces of information discovered was that overconsumption of processed food has increased the cases of men and women who have contracted heart complications, and diseases such ...

Table of Content

Definition of key terms
2

Introduction
3
Background information
3
Factors influencing the purchase of footwear
4
Personal characteristics
4
Individual circumstances
6
Social environment
7
Components of attitudes influencing behavior
8
Cognitive
8
Affective
9
Conative
10
Conclusion
11
Bibliography
12

Definition of key terms
1. CEO-Chief Executive Officer
2. NIKE-A US based Footwear Company, that manufactures sportswear and other sports apparels
3. ADIDAS-this is a German owned sports ...

Introduction of the Product

A Polaroid Cube is a delightful and little camera that takes the still shots as well as video. Just as the name suggest, it is a tiny tube about 35mm on the side. It can stick to any and all the magnetic surfaces and even a dinner folk. The cube can be tossed and can be taken around to take the life's precious moment in town or an adventure (Amstrong, & Kotler, 2011 p.12). However, the cube can be used any place in any circumstance to take photos and video recording. The cube comes in red, blue and red colors ...

[Class Title]
[University’s Address]

Introduction

Change is a process that impacts all organizations. As observed by management expert, Kurt Lewin, “group life is never without change, merely differences in the amount and type of change exist” (Burnes, 2004, p. 981). Most change initiatives, however, fails because of the tendency of people to resist change. People, according to management experts, fear change and so they tend to revert back to old ideas and practices even if the change is for the better. This tendency of the individuals to resist change affects the organization as a whole. Also, the longer the ...

Michael Bloomberg is definitely among the public personas whose persistence, inventiveness and meticulousness became the foundation of successful entrepreneurship and overall affluence in financial, political and media realms. In addition to political career, Bloomberg’s greatest achievements in business are a global media empire and a financial data network bearing – quite naturally – the name of their decisive founder, Bloomberg LP. Having created a Wall Street company in 1981 (Anders, 2009) with an intention to collect, structure and deliver financial and trading information (Bainbridge, 2008, p. 27), Bloomberg has been expanding his empire further until today. According to Winfrey (2009, ...

Sports Direct – A Brief Corporate Insight

Sports Direct International Plc (Sports Direct) is a chain of a retail store that was established in 1982. The entity was formed by Michael James Wallace Ashley, prominently known as Mike Ashley, who is also the owner of a football club, Newcastle United. Sports Direct is an origination of the United Kingdom (UK) and has more than 670 retail stores globally (Sports Direct, 2016).
The corporate operations are segmented into two divisions namely Sports and Leisure, and Fashion and Lifestyle (Sports Direct, 2016). The Sports and Leisure division offers multiple and popular brands to target audience such as Nike, ...

of

Nokia’s Mobile Phone

Product Life Cycle of Nokia’s Mobile Phone
We buy products from the market. Our preference for products changes with time. New products with better facilities come into market replacing old products. Just like us, these products also exhibit a life cycle. Some products may have a longer life cycle and some shorter. Colgate toothpaste has remained popular over a long time whereas design for a dress loses popularity in one season. Product life cycle can be described as changes in consumer demand over time. It analyses the product evolution in four product life cycle stages. They are ...

Background

Pepperidge Farm is a United States bakery located in Norwalk Connecticut. It was established in 1937 by an American, Margaret Rudkin, who named it Pepperidge after a tree that is located on their property at Fairfield Connecticut ("Pepperidge Farm® – Heritage and History"). The bakery specializes in Milano, Nantucket cookies, varieties of bread and goldfish crackers. The business was born out of her attempts to bake a preservative-free bread for her third born son who was asthmatic and thus allergic to commercially made bread that was laden with preservatives. She ended up making bread so good that her son’s ...

INDIVIDUAL REPORT ON ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A BRAND

Individual Report on Environmental Analysis of a Brand
Introduction
Hamleys has been in existence for over two centuries, and the company prides itself on the fact that it has stood the test of time. The future of Hamleys looks bright only if the company addresses the business analysis aspect. Business analysis is a valuable tool in assessing any given business type. The results obtained at the end of a given analysis are useful in determining a lot of information that are necessary for the business. Some of the emerging topics addressed by business analysis with regards to the outcome ...

1.0 Executive Summary
Enhancing brand loyalty has become a major concern to many business organizations. Developing brand love by improving customer satisfaction is one of the strategies that most companies use to enhance brand loyalty. Consumers tend to develop intimacy, commitment, and passion for various brands of products, which forms the basis for brand love (Sternberg, 1986, p. 126). Brand loyalty has significant impacts on the marketability of a product. The determination of consumers’ attitude towards a particular brand helps in the formulation of strategies intended to stimulate improvements. High level of customer satisfaction often results in strong relationship ...

Individual Project II: Product Costing

The product upon which this project is designed is a beaver hat. Beaver hats have had a long and checkered history as fashion items for the members of the highest social classes as early as the seventeenth century (Jim & Clay, 2016). This was a common fashion item for the Europeans and Americans. The beaver skin was used for making hats for the social elite because it several properties that include a warmth exterior, luxurious fur, and the fact that the fur was very durable (Jim & Clay, 2016).
The animal fur also enjoyed the preference of felt makers because the ...

Part A:

Importance of Capital Investment Decision
The university has now reached a stage where it cannot procrastinate the decision to build a new building and replace the existing one, which has now turned expensive to run and is also imposing a poor environmental performance. Therefore, it has now turned crucial for the university to replace the old building with the new one not only because the existing facility impedes the profitability position of the organization, but is also harming the environment and is thus sending a negative signal amongst the community.
Henceforth, the university should proceed with the appraisal of ...

Abstract page

Variation in temperature can have an extremely overwhelming effect on the body function and physiological process that also include performance on many ectotherms like Acheta domesticus. Most of these insects often appear to be sensitive to this seemingly symbiotic relationship to escape the various dangers that lurk around in their habitats. For Achata domesticus, lower body temperatures might mean a more restricted movement than when at temperatures that are high. With the aim to understand the difference in locomotive behavior of A.domesticus to variation in the levels of temperature, an experiment was carried out on a specimen of 10-crickets, ...

1.0 Introduction
The project report encompasses the analysis of marketing decisions in a smartphone marketing company as well as product mix utilizing the simulation game. Firstly, it will give brief background information on the online marketing tool, Simbrand, and the marketing company, Team Grey. After that, it will outline the methodologies used in the report. Subsequently, the study will analyze the market by evaluating its environment, segmentation and the targeting strategy. Afterwards, the study will embark on a comprehensive analysis of six rounds over which the company collected market and products data and eventually produced relevant reports. In the ...

Introduction

The primary aim of this report is to assess the strategic positioning of Northrop Grumman in the defense system and aerospace industry by applying strategic management models and concepts. The document presents an analysis of the key external factors of the industry in which the company operates to determine how it affects its performance. Moreover, the document concludes with the evaluation of the existing strategies of the company and its competitors and provides recommendations for improving its strategic positioning in the industry. Also, the comparison of internal and external factors is made to determine the company’s potential strengths ...

Investment Strategy

Being at the young age of my career and with the capacity to bear the risk, my investment strategy will be that of a moderately aggressive investor. As part of this investment strategy, I will be seeking long-term capital appreciation through mix of equity investments, few fixed income instruments and cash reserves, where the target return will be 10-12% on annual basis, while I do not have specific preference for dividend payment. Most important, despite of my preference for high return from my portfolio, I will refrain from investing in any penny stock. However, amid bullish run of the US ...

Executive Summary

Marketing planning provides a guide for a business’ marketing operations outlining the action plan with strategies that are based on well analyzed market and business products. In that respect, this plan presents a marketing plan for Himalaya Shampoo that operates in India providing hair care shampoo products. The Business has been identified to have suitable resources, structure and management to enhance competitiveness in addition to having opportunities that draw from positive external environment. In that respect, the business target market is selected to include low income group and a high income group that is to be served with two hair shampoo products. The ...

Abstract

The influence of music on our personality and moods has never been denied. We have always had music around us and like to listen to our favorites. Whether it is classical music, new age music or music of any genre, it is known to be a powerful mood lifter and melt those blues away. Different studies have been done on various aspects of music and how it can influence our moods. The purpose of the essay is to look at a study on the stress beating techniques followed by students and compare the results.

Introduction

Music has been around for hundreds of ...

Contributor: Thomas L. Saaty

Contribution: He holds the chair of University Professor at the University of Pittsburgh and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering USA. He wrote a paper on “Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process”
Details: There are many intangibles involved in decision making which need to be traded off. In order to do that, it is important to measure and evaluate the intangibles along with the tangibles. Thomas L. Saaty, who is internationally recognized for his decision-making process, called as the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process). It is a concept of measurement through pairwise comparisons and focuses on the opinion ...

Executive summary

Technological innovations play a crucial role in boosting the competitive advantage of business entities. As such, companies operating in the mobile industry seek to gain market dominance by continuously releasing new smartphones into the market and imitating others’ products to confuse unsuspecting customers. Nokia Corporation has dominated the mobile phones industry for decades by capitalizing on its strengths such as strong brand image, constant innovation, product differentiation, and ownership of production and manufacturing facilities. A SWOT analysis on the corporation reveals the company’s slow response to technological changes, leading to brand switching by its customers. The company faces a number of ...

Abstract 3

Introduction 4
Shipbrokers Chartering 5
The Ship-broking Market 6
Diverse Industry 6
Dry – Cargo Markets 7
Ship-Owners’ Preference for Shipbrokers 8
Identify carriers for cargoes and cargoes for carriers 8
Information Source 8
Dispute Resolver 9
Conclusion 10
Abstract
Shipbrokers have a significant influence on day to day business transactions when it comes to charters and sales and purchase activities in the markets. The ship-owners value the brokers’ capabilities for negotiation, knowledge, and information and their perception in the market. In additional businesses, the luxury-oriented services create goodwill and ...

Introduction

Building and managing strong brands is regarded as one of the key drivers for attaining success in the hospitality industry. The trend can be observed at both the local and the global level. Application of brand and line extensions has become a major trend in the hospitality industry. Brand extensions and line extensions would be the key method for launching innovations in coming years (Sumarjan et al 2013). The critical review of brand and line extensions for hospitality industry is done to understand the impact on the industry, brand management and brand equity.

Impact of brand and line extension on management of brand in hospitality industry

Strategies for brand extensions are beneficial due to ...

i) the similarities and differences between L1 and L2
ii) psychological factors
iii) social factors.

Then, drawing upon relevant literature, consider implications for language teaching/learning [250 words max].

This question as worded below specifies the student’s age, gender, L1 and country of origin. However, you may vary this question for gender, L1 and country of origin, if this would render it more useful for you. The student’s age, and other details as below, must remain the same.
Ahmed is a nine-year old boy of Arabic background who immigrated to Australia through the family reunion scheme one year ago. He is living with his parents and two younger sisters in ...

Brand Equity Management

Part One: Introduction
One of the key reasons behind the success of a business is a strong brand image or building brand equity. The main rationale behind building brand equity is because it serves as a basis for business success and also helps assists in offsetting stiff competition by letting brands to maintain high pricing, differentiating the product, and enjoying loyal set of customers. Explaining in short what makes such a brand, on the other hand, is not as straightforward a task as saying what a brand should bring about (Carman, 1990). Notably, the outlook of a brand is primarily associated with an identity, a name, a symbol ...

2
The Singapore Tourism Board (STB) is a government body which comes under the Ministry of Trade and Industry of the Government of Singapore. It plays a pivotal role in the development of Singapore’s tourism sector, which is the country’s key economic sector. Besides the development, it also undertakes marketing and promotion of Singapore as a preferred tourist destination.
The role of STB can be exemplified by the fact that the tourism sector currently contributes around 4 percent towards Singapore’s gross domestic product. It also supports around 160,000 jobs. Tourism also plays an important role in ...

Report on Traditional and Online Shopping

I. Introduction
I have experienced and examined shopping the conventional and online way. I have imagined myself deciding to purchase a smartphone in Singapore. First, I shopped for the smartphone in the traditional manner and described how I did so. The way in which I gathered the necessary information that I needed to choose a smartphone was by an actual visit to a number of wireless centers. I read their posters, catalogue, leaflets, flyers, brochures, displays, etc. I have compared the features or specifications of one item over the others. It took me more than four hours to do conventional shopping ...

Administrative modification, powered by an extension of information technology, may have underwrote to the erosion of the previously established relationship between company size and the quantitative investment appraisal criteria selected. Seemingly, companies are by means of utilizing more methods composed, while the use of the more urbane discounted cash flow. However, systems are sophisticated, and that use of the less hypothetically sound accounting rate of return technique seems to be reduced, than aforementioned studies would have recommended of businesses .
Consequently, accounting modification may result from procedures ascending within an organization in which it is operational, while as of ...

John Wyse

Entrepreneural Psychology
European School of Economics
What motivates Entrepreneurs?
Introduction
I have chosen this topic because I was curious to know what actually is behind the mind of entrepreneurs. What is it that leads them to be leaders in the world? What made Mark Zuckerberg create a thing called Facebook which people are crazy of and have actually integrated it in their lifestyles? In order to answer all my queries, I carried out a short research on the motivational factors and the driving forces that actually lead entrepreneurs to a totally new world of innovation.
It is ...

Introduction

Marketing is a key function of a business operations meant to enhance performance in terms of acquiring and retaining customers. The functions have several aspects and concepts with different businesses focusing on aspect which are key to their operations in terms of market orientation. In addition, there are several factors that affect a business marketing operations. In that respect, this analysis seeks to analyze the marketing concept and orientation in reference to Tesco business by analyzing its marketing process, target marketing, factors affecting its marketing as well as discussing how it can benefit from customer retention, satisfaction and relationship marketing.

Analysis

- Marketing ...

Introduction

Morrison supermarket is the among the largest food retailers in UK. The company success in the market over years has been attributed to establishing its own manufacturing facilities which allows it to control quality of its food. The company keeps its accounting records under the guidance of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAPS). In addition, its financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with IFRS. The company financial records are audited by independent external auditors. This implies that the financial reports relied in calculating financial ratios are reliable. The ratio analysis of the company shows that the company profitability, ...

According to Hartt and Wilkins (2010), the name Giotto di Bondone became synonymous to the Early Renaissance period. Most of the details of Giotto’s birth and death is speculated by experts due to the lack of public records and statements about the artist. In some recounts, the Italian artist is said to be from Colle di Romagnano in the northern region of Florence. Records in 1267 noted that his father is called “Bondone”, a man with high standing in Florence. While records have no clear idea as to where Giotto was born, a hamlet in the northern region of Florence ...

Individual report on simulation exercise- Glo-bus

Introduction
Generic strategy

Undeniably, marketing strategies for different enterprises are streamlined to develop competing strategies comprising of promotions, pricing and advertising. As such, our financial strategy focused on creating a one star level camera to be dispensed to our consumers at lower prices. In addition, the strategy purposed at developing a 4 star camera to be utilized by stylish customers. Deductively, the uniqueness of our pricing and quality facilitated maximization of our returns since our prices were relatively cheap, hence affordable. Moreover, multi-featured cameras we produced would offer a competitive edge for our products and hence promote our company's brand.

Our ...

MARKETING STRATEGY

Introduction

In the twenty first century, formulation of an effective marketing and innovation strategy is one of the greatest challenges that have faced many organizations. This is based on the fact that there have been many changes in various markets and industries as a result of high competition levels, due to the introduction of similar and alternative products, serving the same need. Every day, new products are introduced to the market, which come with new innovations and marketing strategies, leaving the customers spoilt of choices (Pangarkar, 2011). To make a mark in the market therefore, a company has to come up with ...

It’s Effect on a Third Generation Bilingual Arabic Family

Abstract

A lot of studies have been conducted on the nature of lives of people who speak more than one language and are foreigners in Australia. The experience of bilinguals living within Australia has been an area of interest among scholars. This paper attempts to analyze and describe the extent of influence that a family that is bilingual and foreign faces in Australia. The factors that determine the language usage in different domains is studied and preliminary data collected (Baker, 2011).

Introduction

A lot of research has gone into the study of the effect of bilingualism on different aspects of society ...

Background of the Company and Industry

Consumers consider different companies synonymous with different products. In the technology industry Apple is synonymous with portable music devices and in the culinary industry McDonalds with cheese burgers. These companies have established themselves as the leaders in their industries and are immediately associated with the products that they produce. Today, in the office products industry, Staples and Office Depot have become the top two most popular chains with branches all over the United States and even in other parts of the world. Over the last three years Staples and Office Depot have generated respective annual revenues averaging around $24 ...

It’s Effect on a Third Generation Bilingual Arabic Family

Abstract

A lot of studies have been conducted on the nature of lives of people who speak more than one language and are foreigners in Australia. The experience of bilinguals living within Australia has been an area of interest among scholars. This paper attempts to analyze and describe the extent of influence that a family that is bilingual and foreign faces in Australia. The factors that determine the language usage in different domains is studied and preliminary data collected (Baker, 2011).

Introduction

A lot of research has gone into the study of ...

Part Four – Anthropology.

1. Man’s Creation.
a. Preliminary Considerations.
i. The fundamental difference between humans and angels, as Shedd states, is that “God created man male and female.” This implies that man is “incomplete if in isolation from one another.” However, angels are “sexless” which means that although they have been created with “reasonable and immortal souls” like man, they are not man or woman and are therefore, infinitely more complete than man.
1. This means that we must live at one with our alter-gender counterparts and consider each other equally as important. We are only whole humans ...

Introduction

An organizational culture of a particular society, institution or business usually determines the profitability and the efficiency of that institution in achieving success. This culture normally entails the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization. In this regard, it is very fundamental and elemental for any institution or organization like Brook University to conduct a cultural organizational analysis. There are three various approach that researchers can employ in carrying out an organizational cultural analysis; an integration approach, a differentiation approach and a fragmentation approach. All these approaches or theories differ in basic codes, standards and believes which actually ...