Cases Term Papers Samples For Students

Introduction

It is universally accepted that illegal and unethical activities of businesses and companies could lead to a significant negative impact to the welfare of the society (Schwartz, 2001). In addition, following or embracing a proper business ethics is also a necessary element in the success of the businesses, organizations and companies. In general, the success of every business, organization or company is based on the trust between the employees, customers and the public. People commonly do not trust an organization which does not follow a universally accepted code of ethics (Matthews, 1987). In most cases, it is recommended that ...

Analysis of Diseases

Overview
Chikungunya (CHIK) refers to a re-emerging arboviral disease transmitted by the mosquitos Aedes aegypty and Aedes albopictus (Pialoux 318). The virus belongs to the genus Alphavirus and family Togaviridae. The word chikungunya derives from Makonde language (spoken in Tanzania and northern Mozambique), where it means “to walk bent over” (Halstead 557). This name refers to the main feature of both chronic and acute phase of the disease a change in posture causes by the arthritis and arthralgia (Charrel, Lamballerie and Raoult 769).

History

The disease gained its name after the outbreak in Tanganyika, the modern Tanzania in 1952. However, ...

Behavioral interventions can be grouped as either antecedent-based interventions (ABI) or consequence-based interventions (CBI). CBI is a group of practices in which the problem behaviors are addressed by manipulating the reinforcement or punishment stimuli following an observed behavior, whereas ABI refers to a group of behavioral interventions that are concerned with the modification of environmental factors that are believed to precede problem behaviors (Tullis, Cannella-Malone, & Payne, 2015). Therefore, ABI strategies are implemented before the problem behavior occurs, so their unique quality is the possibility of problem behavior prevention, which makes the behavioral change easier to maintain compared to results ...

In every law enforcement in any country, police officers have the right to use force in the course of their work. However, the use of force is not limitless to them. The use of force should be exceptional, that is, acceptable in some cases. The use of force by law enforcement officers is strictly regulated by the law. The laws may differ from one country to another, and one should always be familiar with them. The international community has worked towards establishing a code of conduct that should be followed by all law enforcement officers in all countries. The ...

Introduction

Child abuse and maltreatment is a broad term that refers to different types of abuses that children may experience in their environment. Abuses and maltreatment may come in the form of neglect, exposure to violence, physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional abuse. Children are the most vulnerable segment of society when it comes to abuse and neglect. Being unable to protect and care for themselves, some children are subjected to abuses and maltreatment, most often, by family members themselves. The perpetrators of abuse and maltreatment of children may also vary. Aside from parents and siblings, children can also be ...

Religion has an enormous influence on any given society. Religion has been widely praised for promoting prosocial behaviors among individuals in society(Moore, 2015). Psychologists as well have acknowledged the benefits religion has to our lives such as reducing the rates of depression. In Sociology as well, religion has been long recognized for its effect of promoting prosocial attitudes and behaviors. It does this by regulating behavior and coming up with norms and values that integrate people into the society.
Emile Durkheim proposed that religion has a prosocial influence of decreasing suicide via establishing values and norms by which ...

Brief information, risk factors and symptoms

Colon cancer, that is also known as colorectal, is a type of cancer that starts from rectum or colon. As any other type of cancer, colon cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growing cells of the body. This type of cancer usually starts with a polyp – a kind of growth on the inner lining of the rectum or colon. However, it is important to know that not all polyps change into cancer, though some of them might do it after several years. The chances that a polyp will become cancer after some, depends on the type of polyps. There are ...

Any officer of the law is expected to be above suspicion and present themselves as a stalwart example to the community they protect. Corruption in law enforcement is supposed to remain rooted in fictional stories and television and films that are made to entertain the masses. It is unfortunate then that the truth is that the depiction of corruption in law enforcement within the fictional boundaries has a very solid, realistic base from which to work. Despite their trusted and respected roles in their communities, police officers are not immune to temptation. Accepting gratuities are among the worst violations ...

Voice over IP

Abstract
Organisations and business alike are embracing the use and application of various forms of information technology in their business processes and operations in equal measure. There is a myriad of benefits associated with the use and application of various forms of information technology in business operations and processes. Computer networking has facilitated the advancements currently witnessed in information technology (Jahanirad, AL-Nabhani and Rafidah 4954). While the use and application of information technology have its benefits, it presents various disadvantages as well. Voice over IP is one form of information technology that has been utilised by numerous businesses and ...

Introduction

There are environmental chemical processes which require light to react. These processes are called photochemical reactions. Photochemical reaction is commonly initiated due to the absorption of solar energy or light. When molecules absorb energy in the form of light, the atoms are converted in a transient excited state (Larson & Weber, 1994). This transition state or excited has completely different physical and chemical properties with the initial state of the molecule. The excited states also have more tendencies to react since they are considered stronger acids and stronger reductants that the initial state of the molecule. The excited state of ...

Introduction:

Corrosion refers to the partial and gradual dissolution of materials used in water treatment and supply systems, pumps, pipes, tanks and valves. In most circumstances, almost all water is corrosive and this may lead to structural failure, water leaks, capacity losses and deterioration of the microbial and chemical water quality (WHO 2011). The pipes used in water distribution are made of different materials such as plastic, metals (galvanized steel, copper, lead and iron), and even concrete. Pipes made from concrete and plastic tend to be corrosion resistant.
In piping systems, however, there are several water quality factors working singly ...

Introduction

There have been various occasions when employees are discriminated against in terms of promotion on the basis that they are not of the required sex, not that they are not qualified to be in those positions. Because of this, class action lawsuit has been formulated to be applied by the victims of promotional or salary discrimination to fight for their rights.

This write up explains the use of class Action lawsuit by the affected people to ensure they are not discriminated against in promotion at workplace on the basis that they are not of the required sex while they ...

America is a diverse nation with people of all most all ethnic origins in the world. With this in mind, one would expect the country to be racially accepting. On the same note, a person would expect the cultural differences, races, religions, and other factors such as sexual orientations to bring the residents in the nation together. However, this has not been the case. Research shows that discrimination is one social problem that many people in the country have to deal with. The aspect of discrimination has created a notable social issue since many people are discriminated against on ...

INTRODUCTION

There are many different conditions, diseases, infections and disorders that can negatively affect human beings, damaging their bodies, compromise overall health, diminish their quality of life and very often lead to the sufferer’s death. Polycystic kidney disease in one of these more serious conditions. Polycystic kidney disease is an incurable condition that encourages the growing of cysts which can overtake the kidneys, cause them to malfunctions and even fail all together. More than 600,000 people in the United States are living with polycystic kidney disease and the condition contributes to more than 5% of all cases of ...

Introduction

The paper aims to tackle the constituents of Genocide. It also aims to tackle the differences and similarities of the Holocaust and the Rwanda genocide. Although at the core, both the Rwandan Genocide and the Holocaust are originated in racist ideologies, deep hatred and discrimination; at the surface they present the world in different views. The ways society accepted and aided both circumstances as well as the socio-cultural factors that provoked these atrocities were differentiable. In order to attain the paper’s objective, this paper will first give the definition of genocide, then facts about Rwanda Genocide and holocaust. ...

Sexual assault within the boundaries of university campuses is a subject that has drawn widespread attention from both scholars, researchers, government agencies and non-governmental organizations (Gunraj 4). It has also elicited a strong reaction from various public forums including online encyclopedia writing platforms such as Wikipedia. For example, the article “Campus sexual assault” on Wikipedia is an example of a reaction from the public in regards to the topic. The article is accessible online on the Wikipedia website through the link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault#Explanations.Unfortunately, public opinions expressed in articles on online encyclopedias such as Wikipedia are not peer reviewed. Therefore, they ...

Interpersonal communication involves passing information from one person to the other in the most effective manner so that the sender and the receiver understand each other. The sender should always be brief and precise so that he gets the right feedback. In our current society, information is passed across different groups but the most common form of communication occurs between two people. There are problems associated with this form of communication in that if the information is not conveyed correctly then the receiver might not clearly figure out the meaning. This is the first thing that needs to be ...

Though LGBT (Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) prisoners face challenges which other prisoners face, sexual orientation, prejudice and gender identity makes the challenges to be more difficult for them. Other human rights violations faced by LGBT persons include: physical and mental integrity rights, freedom of association and that of expression, laws that are discriminating and application of laws in a discriminatory manner (Forsyth et al, 2002). Though most of the unique challenges that LGBT prisoners face have not received extensive litigation, those that have already been litigated might receive a significant change, if the Supreme Court makes a decision that is relatively ...

Abstract

The discussion over the advantages and disadvantages of the cloud computing is being held over the years. There are three models that are used in order to define has this technology will be used, such as SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. This paper provides the overview of the differences of those models and cover the concerns that are associated with the use of the cloud computing. Even though the future of any technology is not easy to predict, we try to analyze the current market of cloud computing and based on that try to predict how it will evolve with ...

1. 8th-grade student is suspended for sharing with friends via instant message, a small drawing, crude but clear suggesting a particular teacher should be shot and killed. This was done from his home computer outside of school hours.
This is a clear indication of lack of proper communication between the administration, teachers and the students. It is appropriate for the student to be suspended because this is an instance of inciting other people using social media. In essence, it is cyber bullying and everyone, both teachers and students, is protected against cyberbullying. The suspension should serve as an example ...

Description

The Rett syndrome is originally known as cerebroatrophic hyperammonemia. It is a rare genetic disorder which commonly affects women although there are cases where it could be found in male patients. It is considered as a postnatal neurological disorder which affects the grey matter of the brain. Rett syndrome is also considered as a progressive disorder which affects the development of the brain. It is also considered as one of the common cause of mental disorders among women. It occur about 1 in 10,000 births and it typically develops at age 6 to 18 months. The signs or ...

Definition and reaction to video

Epigenetics refers to the study of changes in organisms where those changes are caused by modifications of gene expression and not alterations of the genetic code. The video on “PBS Nova ScienceNOW Epigenetics” from YouTube, gives the numerous ways in which epigenetics is manifest in the lives of identical twins. It uses real life cases of numerous twins from diverse ages to assert that differences that exist between identical twins especially on behaviour and mannerisms are a result of epigenetics.

Discussion of epigenetics article

The article titled “Epigenetics: The Science of change” by Bob Weinhold discusses the core issues about epigenetics and why ...

Introduction

The issue of hydraulic fracturing, also known as “fracking” an innovation how to extract natural gas from minerals such as shale rock has become very controversial as of recently in the United States. Large sections of the United States especially in the Northeast have lots of shale rock which has caused many oil and gas companies naturally to extract the region’s resources. This over time has caused many conflicts between the oil companies, local residents as well as local, state and federal authorities. Many people question how safe of a process fracking is and what are the unknown ...

(College/University/Institute)

Thesis Statement: Alzheimer’s affects the cognitive functions of individuals in a number of ways.

Introduction
“Alzheimer’s” is a form of dementia that renders the person with memory, cognition and dispositional problems. Manifestations of this disease do not arise overnight; these signs develop over time and worsen as time to the point that the condition can interfere with the person’s daily tasks and activities. The condition is the best known form of “dementia,” a universal term commonly associated with memory loss as well as the loss of a number of intellectual functions that can significantly disrupt the person’s daily routines (Alzheimer’s Association, 2016). The condition cannot be reversed and ...

Introduction

Since the landmark case of Enron Corporation controversy in 2001 involving the company’s bankruptcy, the public’s view of structured finance and derivatives has been tainted with suspicion of unethical exploitation. Although the legalities involving the abuse of structured finance by market participants for economic gains is still being explored, recommendations are necessary in order to minimize the impact of a market meltdown.

Defining Structured Finance and Derivatives

The term structured finance is rarely defined, but to give an example, a structured financial transaction often uses an SPE or a special purposes entity. A larger corporation uses an SPE as a subsidiary in ...

Probation and parole are alternative sentences to incarceration, which offer convicted offenders the opportunity to remain in the community, but operate under supervision (Hanser 12). Whereas probation takes place before and often instead of imprisonment, parole usually occurs as an early prison release. The convicted offender is required to comply with probation and parole conditions. The offenders are subjected to warrantless searches without any reasonable cause.
In the United States, over 2,000 agencies administer probation on offenders who commit felonies as well as misdemeanors. Adult probation as well as parole are established in executive branches of state government ...

Abstract

Mitigation emphases on decreasing damages of life and property while the recovery empowers the community to regain its normalcy and cope with the situation to continue with their lives. From that avowal, it is without a doubt that they are both central and fundamental phases in the management of adversities that might arise. The two play an essential role in helping the society members to respond and bounce back despite the loss of life and damage to properties. An attempt will be made to expound the mitigation and recovery disciplines of the disaster management plan as well as the ...

Personal Situations and Basic Human Needs

Through years, every individual faces different experiences that challenge strict personal morals and principles and put under consideration the rules, which we have formulated for ourselves and promised never to break. Every situation is extremely specific, but if the conditions put us in the position of making a decision, in the position of whether a conflict with somebody else or an internal personality conflict, it is crucial to stick to the established values and principles.
Every individual is a subject to the basic human needs that touch the most important aspects of personality, emotions, and spiritual and personal development. ...

Psychology:

Psychology:
When we are children, the smallest things can have such immense impacts on one’s life. A child’s world generally revolves around complete possibility, positivity, and spontaneity. However this natural process can all be easily violated when a child is subject to sexual abuse. This violation comes with an abundance of psychological, social, and psychological effects. Mainly looking at the physical effects such immoral retribution subjugates children too, it can ultimately said that childhood sexual abuse can establish severe physical effects in which may completely violate the trust and core of a child’s relationship with the ...

Project Proposal: Mobile app to track the communal transport.

Background:
A lot of countries and cities that are ready to change the approach and make the public transportation convenient to use. Due to the fact that the majority of people even in the developing countries are using smartphones and public transportations, the market for such an application is very promising. At this point, a lot of cities aim to improve their urban planning and provide the better service in the field of the public transportation. It opens an opportunity for the software developers to create the product that will meet their needs and will help a lot of ...

Abstract

Introduction
Nursing practice recognizes altruism through various interventions such as understanding different beliefs and cultures, advocating for vulnerable patients, taking risks on behalf of other workers and patients and mentoring other professionals. In altruism, interpersonal factors such as respect and compassion are considered virtues that cultivate a caring attitude towards others. As such, some people feel that altruism usually places heavy demands on the nurses’ self-sacrifice, thus overlooking the challenges that these nurses face while in practice especially with acute-care settings and psychiatric situations. In this regard, it means that master’s prepared nurses have a role to play ...

Importance of Nursing Theories

Importance of Nursing Theory
Nursing theory can be defined as a belief or a set of proposed procedures or policies that must be followed concerning every nursing action. It is a set of frameworks of concepts that are developed to act as a guide for nurses. The theories were created to analyze and give meaning to the practice of nursing, guide the practice and offer a platform for clinical decision making (Masters, 2011). Nursing theories were developed through the collaboration of nurses with other healthcare professionals. In most cases, nurses use a range of approaches to carry out their ...

The core values St. Leo’s represents is applicable to the debate surrounding the ACA. St. Leo represents and firmly believes in community and integrity. The ACA is reportedly designed to provide for the welfare of the community, meaning Americans at large. The issue surrounding the ACA is that many say the provisions lack integrity due to various different reasons. Regardless of these issues, integrity is often defined as doing the right thing, even when no one is watching. World leaders and policy makers have a responsibility to maintain integrity to benefit the communities in which they live, whether ...

An internship with Abu Dhabi Airport entitled Abu Dhabi Airport Internship report completed in partial fulfilment of the requirements for CEHS 396-Internship in Homeland Security

Abstract

This report offers the description of my internship at the Abu Dhabi Airport Company (ADAC) in the United Arabs Emirates. Fundamentally, Abu Dhabi Airport is a public joint-stock organization that is fully owned by the Abu Dhabi government. It is located 16.5 nautical miles east of the Abu Dhabi City, which is the second largest city within the United Arab Emirates. My primary duties and responsibilities as an intern were to understand about the ...

Freedom is an important component of a society where political leaders, society members, intellectuals, and institutions come together to design and implement policies that focus on the need for mutual respect for each other’s freedom. Freedom and equality are therefore the best ways through which democracy of a nation is promoted such that both men and women become equal regarding liberty. In such cases, freedom and equality both co-exist in the way the former allows everyone to express their opinions or thoughts so long as they are not contrary to the law while equality ensures that everyone in ...

Introduction

Labor relations involve an ongoing relationship between an employer and a union member or groups of employees. Typically, labor relations involve interactions between the management of a company and unions who represent groups of employees. This is a memo to XYZ Company which is facing a union organizing campaign. The memo will be in two parts. The first part will focus on the fundamental elements of unionized workplaces. The second part will discuss how to deal with union-organizing campaigns and what management must and must not do.

Section A: Difference between Union-Free Environment and Unionized Environment

Many employers view unionization as a threat. This is because the simplistic ...

Abstract

COPD is an illness that primarily affects the respiratory system. It is a treatable and preventable illness that is characterized by persistent and progressive limitation of airflow into the lungs. in its severity, COPD is a condition that requires frequent hospitalizations due to exacerbations that occur once there is a trigger effect or the patient is exposed to an allergen. Within the US, COPD is regarded as the third leading cause of death and there is evidence to show that up to 11 million persons have been diagnosed with COPD (Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Inc, 2015). ...

Introduction

Gun control legislation is a very controversial topic and one that has taken a lot of attention in both academic and public policy circles here in the United States for the past 20 or 30 years. One of the most powerful tools which people have discovered to dealing with the issue of controlling who should or shouldn’t have access to guns is through the creation of background checks. The purpose of background checks in a general sense is to allow for gun sellers and overseeing authorities to make sure that they are selling weapons to only those individuals ...

Introduction

In the recent past, there has been an increase in the cases of terrorism financing and money laundry across the world. The international community is experiencing rapid social, political, economic and technological advancements that have enhanced communication and the transportation of money that is used in the financing of terrorist activities. Besides, this development has exposed the financial systems to abuse by organized criminals. The international community has established strategies to curb money laundry and terrorism financing so as to enhance the security of the world. In the past decade, proceeds from money laundry have been used to finance ...

Successful planning, construction, and completion of a large scale project like the one undertaken for completing the One World Trade Center is not easy since it requires a strategic focus on the construction plans in a realistic manner. Project leaders need to give external reviewers an opportunity to have an outside view of the whole project and suggest ways that can ensure completion within the stipulated time while avoiding deviations from the initial budget. The delays experienced during the construction of the Freedom Tower create the impression of how ineffective functional operations can lead to major changes in designs ...

Introduction

The idea of slavery for many people is the images of black men in cotton plantations, working a whole day for no pay. The trade of African people for lifetimes of slavery is the other embedded idea of slavery to many people living in Canada and United States. These concepts of slavery ignore the possibility of a current form of slavery. The idea that slaves are working forcefully without pay in Canada and the United States is farfetched. This status of ignorance acts as part of the modern day slavery, where people, especially young girls, are sold for purposes ...

FBI VS Jewish Defense League

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has been in operation as a major criminal investigation bureau in the US. This national crime-fighting agency of security goal is to protect America and the larger international community from criminal dangers that affect the world today (US Department of Justice, 2011). It was started in 1908 when Theodore Roosevelt was the president of the US by Robert Bonaparte (Weiner, 2013). Robert Bonaparte was the then attorney general of the US. It started as a task force of special agents, whose work was to track the major crimes that were happening in various ...

Abstract

Shortly after WW2, Japan became a place where the Allies put on trial Japanese military criminals of different standing. Overall, the process looked methodical and well-though-out, with an ad hoc classification developed for determining the guilt of offenders. The post-war years witnessed the execution of generals and the punishment of soldiers following their brutal orders. However, several years later, a complex of factors like the deliberate destruction of evidence or the enormous number of cases halted the prosecution process expediting its termination. As unethical and immoral as it was, the USA had its reasons not to prosecute some of ...

Final Project

Final Project

Introduction

Statistical analysis is an integral part of the clinical trial and nursing. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the understanding the essence of the various methods of statistical processing of medical data, without going into details of mathematical calculations. We consider the most useful and popular types of analysis of the nursing, clinical and experimental medicine.

There are a number of indicators are included in the term of "descriptive statistics". They characterize the sample as a whole. Each researcher knows such concept as average (mean) value, which is calculated by dividing the sum of the ...

Introduction

The growing cost of college education has raised debates about how viable a college degree is. These debates are further fueled by required knowledge and skill sets required for current job market. Given current unemployment rates (coming in heel of an unprecedented economic recession), investment in college education has not only become a financial burden long after graduation but is also becoming, critically, less rewarding from a job prospect perspective. Indeed, "overeducated" college graduates – particularly ones completing an undergraduate or a higher degree in software engineering or digital media majors – are experiencing particularly painful job experiences, particularly during early ...

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to conduct a self-reflection on the knowledge acquired after undertaking the course. As such, it is set to analyze my orientations and perspectives about the needs of the students, the roles of the teacher, and incorporation of culture.
Methods: The paper is based on the analysis of peer-reviewed articles that provide a framework of the self-assessment. In other words, the theoretical stipulations presented by the authors are used as the lenses of the assessment.
Findings: The course has imparted crucial understanding in regard to how I view education and roles of different ...

This paper will discuss whether it is ethical to compulsorily stop migrants from entering and settling in the US or not. First, the paper will look at Huemer’s argument on the migration issues. Although many believe that it is important to keep away immigrants in order to maintain any nation’s integrity and culture, Huemer argue that it is not right to bar immigrants from entering into the United States. He argues that immigrants do not bring economic hardships for existing citizens as most countries belief. Secondly, this paper will discuss what some critics about these arguments reason ...

Female foeticide, which refers to the selective abortion of female fetuses, is a serious concern in India as it not only contributes to the gender inequality, but also includes various implications with regards to demographic imbalance, gender hierarchies, victimization of females and a challenge to the development paradigm of the country . Every year, over one million females die before their birth in the form of female foeticide in India. Females not only encounter gender inequality, but also deprived of the right to birth. In the past, while female infanticide was on the peak, the availability of prenatal sex determination ...

While the Civil War may have legally ended slavery, remnants of slavery and racial animosity continued to exist, and perhaps still do, in many parts of the country. Even after the passage of the Reconstruction Amendments, which attempted to empower newly freed African American slaves and give them equal rights of citizenship, states managed to find ways to disenfranchise blacks from exercising their newly acquired rights of citizenship. Racial prejudice was especially pervasive in the South. The era of Jim Crow laws, which controlled nearly every aspect of Southern public life, maintained strict separation of whites and blacks (Welke, ...

Introduction

In the modern world set up, parents and their children have different opinions with regards to issues that concern their lives. The different thoughts always come in as a result of how the parents were brought up in different traditional setting. The traditional communities had values that they considered as important for any person growing up. As a result, the persons were contained at one point because of these values which did not push the people forward but dragged them backward. In most cases, immigrants brought in traditions and practices from their home country cultures to the Canada thus ...

Abstract

Social attitudes have a considerable impact on how people behave towards gender. During the growing up years of children, their attitude towards gender are shaped largely by how parents relate to them. By mere assigning household chores, young boys and girls learn to associate the meaning of their gender with their roles. It was through the modelling and encouragement of parents and other members of the family that young people learn to act according to their gender. Accordingly, the stereotypical attitude towards gender have a detrimental effect in the development of both girls and boys. Girls tend to abide ...

Decision-making is a cognitive process that aims at selecting a course of action that is best among several alternative possibilities. Every decision that is made ends up producing a final choice that may or may not prompt an action (Kohlen et al., 2015). The decision-making process should be logical if the best alternative option is to be arrived at. During the decision-making process, a nurse manager must weigh both the positive and negative alternatives associated with each available option before arriving at the best decision. Consequently, a nurse manager must also be in a position to forecast the outcome ...

Literature Review Summary

Literature Review Summary:

The population I intend to study in this case are women and the issue of substance abuse especially by those engaged in prostitution.

Problem Statement

Prostitution is an act that a majority of women choose to engage in. This is accompanied by substance abuse which results from this case. Mostly, this appears to be as a result of poverty cases. As women engage in prostitution most of them go ahead abusing drugs which raise concern in the society (Young et al. 2000).

Intervention to use to impact the problem

Importance of the study
This study is meant to help women that engage in prostitution. It ...

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder that causes shortness of breath, a feeling of tightness in the chest, and persistent cough. There are two primary types of asthma: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic asthma comes about through non-allergic means: cigarette smoke, stress, cold air, cleaning agents – basically anything that does not involve an allergen. Extrinsic asthma, on the other hand, comes about through an allergen such as dander, pollen or others. It leads to a constriction of the airway during an attack, leaving the victim out of breath, unable to take in more air, and with a tight feeling in their chest. In this ...