Data Analysis Term Papers Samples For Students

Thesis statement: Data warehousing is critical in the socio-economic success of businesses in the world today by means of providing an important platform for both social and economic interactions that proceed with the greatest regard to competitiveness and relevance since markets continue to grow more unfavorable to irrelevant businesses. It plays a central role in ensuring the existence and competitiveness of an organization remains intact as efficiency and reliability of data processing are upheld. Organizations have to adopt data warehousing if at all they need to remain relevant in the current super competitive markets.

Summary

A data warehouse, also known as ...

Introduction

Information systems have developed in its use in organizations. There have been developments and issues that have been implemented for the purpose of iadopting information systems in organizations. This paper will focus on the concept of databases in organizations.

Overview of database concept

Database concept has been used in organizations to present data and information so that it can be accessed and organized in the right way and manner. The database concept has played a key place in improving data management and access. Database systems have been there for a long time in organizations. Database management systems developed to the current state from plain and ...

Business Intelligence and enterprise data mining management

A data warehouse is a kind of database designed to enable business intelligence solutions. Data warehouses are used to understand and enhance a performance. The warehouse is designed to query and analyze instead of merely conducting transaction processing. Historical data may be derived from transaction data but can include data from other locations. Data warehouse separates analysis workload from transaction workload, giving the organization the ability to maintain historical records and analyze the data to gain better understanding of the business and improve its practices. The environment in a data warehouse includes extraction, transportation, transformation and loading – referred as the ETL solution, ...

Introduction

The information system that is used in HSO has several security flaws which need to be corrected. There is also lack of information technology security policies that have been set to guide and protect the users from the flaws and damages that can occur. This paper will focus on the remedies and steps that should be taken in the HSO in order to correct the situation that has been presented in the hospital. With the suggested steps, there are many benefits that the hospital will benefit and will get in order to improve the situation that has been presented ...

The value of a business data at their disposal is immense. Big volumes of data necessitate database systems that transform them into meaningful statistics. Many organizations are using relational databases to leverage the collection and analysis of enormous volumes of data. As a CIO of Britam insurance company, I intend to design a data warehouse that collects and analyze data using web analytics and operational analysis.
The company obtains data from the web and integrates it with the operational data it obtains from its clients to arrive at a conclusion and forecast on the future. The data obtained in a mining process need ...

Introduction

The current escalation of computer attacks on the Internet has given engineers and computer network a run for their money and skills. There has been a lot of research that has been done to make sure that networks are safe from the hackers at all times. Network administrators have to make sure that their technologies are always ahead of the hackers and should do the network monitoring keenly. In order to design a secure network, there are a number of factors which must be put into consideration.
There are various attacks that affect the network. The following sections of this paper will ...

Team Activity

SPSS is a computer’s software that is useful for researchers because of its analytic and predictive ability. This statistics program is popular among individuals carrying out research since it helps in the data analysis as well as when preparing thesis projects. Users of this program must be familiar with statistics for easier use. Like any other program, SPSS has its own advantages and disadvantages. However, the advantages vary from one person to another depending on how they understand and use this program.

Advantages of SPSS

SPSS is a quantitative data analysis approach that allows for broad study of variables. This is because it ...

Rule discovery

Every database administrator needs to uncover new information concerning the data relations and database relations. Rule discovery therefore is the name given to this process. Rule discovery is defined as the search for patterns, regularities and correlations in the target database by utilizing every available information source (Shneiderman, & Goodman, 2006). By the realization of these relations and regularities, application of optimization queries becomes much easier in the process. A clear and a better outcome will be realized as compared to a situation where the knowledge of the rules in question is not known.

In the past, researchers have researched in ...

Query optimizer architecture

Given a database and a query on it, there a number of processes through which the query is run through with all the processes having different execution plans. In the optimization process the best plan is selected after careful consideration of all the option plans available.
Query optimizer architectural definition gives a better understanding of the tests that are done on the alternatives give (Epstein, 2008). Below is a simple architectural view of the query optimization process.

In the simple architecture above, a classification is given based on two stages of the model; the rewriter and the planning stages. Each stage has its own ...

Envisage a situation in which you are standing facing a delicate buffet overflowing with several delicacies. The objective is to try all of them out, however you must make a decision on what sequence and what substitute of flavors will make the most of the general delight of your appetite. Even though much less satisfying and prejudiced, these are the forms of difficulties that query optimizers are required to resolve. Provided a query, there are numerous schemes that a DBMS can pursue to process it and create its response. All plans are equal in the basis of their ultimate output however they differ in ...

The query optimization problem

Lack of precise statistical information about the database hampers greatly the optimization of queries in database systems (Raghu, & Johannes, 2003). Good algorithms have to be applied in the process of query optimization if success is to be achieved in a greater manner (Walker, 2007).
In this paper, we define a query as a kind of language expression used to describe data elements to be retrieved in the database (Garcia-Molina, Ullhman, & Widom, 2004). Application of queries is done in many different settings. In many cases, users send direct requests to the databases in order to get the general structure of ...

1. Chen, P. s., and Akoka,J. (2006). Optimal design of distributed information systems. IEEE trans. comput. c-29, 12, 1068-1080.
The source is reliable. Chen and Akoka are renowned authors. Their credentials are highly rated and by so the article is authentic. Besides this is a primary source in which was written within the context of the problem being looked at. This article has proven to be accurate for most of the information is correct. However, in its objective as in relation to its information, there some evidence of bias, especially as regards to Query Optimization. The pages to ...

Introduction

Database management systems have become a benchmark tool for defending the computer user from aspects of secondary storage management. They are intended to develop the yield of application programmers and to make easy data access by computer-naive end users. There have been two key areas of research in database systems. One is the scrutiny of data models into which the real world can be mapped and on which interfaces for different user types can be built. Such conceptual models include the hierarchical, the network, the relational, and a number of semantics-oriented models that have been reviewed in a large number of books ...

American Public University System

Abstract
Oracle has extensively used IT as it forms the heart of its dealings. The corporation deals with computer technology itself and it has been in the front line to benefit from its own innovations as well as those of its competitors. Oracle as an industry is associated with information technology, which includes the computer hardware and software, electronic, the internet, telecommunication equipments, ecommerce, semiconductor, as well as computer services. The corporation has used various own developed suits to achieve the organizations goals. IT has enabled Oracle Company to market its hardware, software, and services through e-commerce. Oracle ...

Answers: Scenario 1 and Scenario 2.

Scenario 1: Marketing assistant for a consumer electronics company and are in charge of setting up your company’s booth at trade shows. Weeks before a show, you meet with the marketing managers and determine what displays and equipment they want to display. Then, you identify each of the components that need to be shipped and schedule a shipper to deliver them to the trade show site. You then supervise trade show personnel as they set up the booths and equipment. After the show, you supervise packing the booth and all the equipment as well as schedule its shipment ...

Business Rules and Data Models

Describe the purpose of the database.
The purpose of a database is collecting interrelated and related data in an order that full information can be accessed easily. It is therefore important to set the programs necessary for the data. Database offers an automated environment that is easy to access and use especially in a challenging environment like in the case of this college. Database management system is used in defining, manipulating, retrieving and managing data in the database. A database management system manipulates generally the data itself, field names, the data format, files structure and record structure. Database management system ...

Introduction

Networks and computer systems are imperative to establishments in the present age. They have managed to simplify sending and receiving of information and colossal data processing over very short time periods. However, they are always facing threats and attacks from hackers. Dangers to the computing environment, network, and the database comes from everywhere. In such a high stake facility, it is critical to ensure that the main threats are identified and mitigated. The major threats can come from three areas: the physical installation, the users, and malicious attacks. The five top threats to the new network will be the ...

Introduction

The scenario at hand involves data modeling through the regression. The purpose of the regression model is to project the number of transformers that would be required by A-Cat Corporation for a given level of sales of refrigerators. A-Cat Corporation is committed to the use statistical evidence in its operations. In the recent past, the company has had problems with predicting the number of transformers that it requires for the production of refrigerators. The company has been using the averages to determine the number of transformers that it requires in its inventory. However, this has resulted in shortages during ...

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

BCorp is a Web analytic company specializing in the study of website visitor behavior. The company was formed by one long serving data analyst John Brown after realizing the importance of business data analysis. Having worked for investment firms for more than 20 years, Brown realized that analyzing good business information and advice out of various streams and sources could be manipulated to indicate patterns that can be essential for future prediction. The company contained only two employees at the inception and has risen to more than 20 employees in less than two years.
The company is located in ...

Scope

Review of the scalability of the current information technology in addition to the implementation of the development of demanded facilities and software system integration and expansion to cater for future business opening out, forms part of my greatest duty in this new cyber security insurance provider. Being the provider of cyber security to various agencies both private and public including the government, we are determined to ensuring utmost security to information of our clients while maintaining systems availability and integrity at an instrumental cost of $25 million.
The company currently offers data centre service client hosting and IT ...

http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_2_Special_Issue_January_2014/25.pdf
This research article, found on the Internet, describes the role of advertisement in shaping children’s behavior. After examining the questionaries’ answers, given by Pakistan children, the author has proved that advertisement has a considerable impact on the way children perceive an advertised item. It is proved that the connections between children’s wish to purchase a thing and the advertising of this product exist in four main fields, which are food advertisement, school advertisement, rock music, and television advertisement. Alongside with identifying the way different sources of advertisement can influence the buying behavior, the authors also implement ...

Business-to-Business Transactions

Business to business (B2B) refers to business transactions between two or more businesses unlike in business-to-consumer where the transactions are between businesses and consumers. The transactions can occur between a manufacturer and a supplier or a wholesaler or between a supplier and a retailer. B2B is also used in communication as many businesses have turned to social media to communicate with other businesses. The communication between employees of two businesses is referred to as B2B communication. The B2B term was invented so as to illustrate the electronic communication between enterprises. B2B was later used in the company's marketing process to illustrate the products and ...

This research paper will seek to answer the research question “Does the amount of baby deaths get affected by the GDP of the country?” The study thus seeks to determine whether the GDP of a country has an effect on the number of baby deaths that may be experienced in the country.

- The GDP of a country is inversely proportional to the rate of baby deaths in that country.
In order to answer the research question and test the proposed hypothesis of the study data was collected from 30 different countries indicating the number of recorded baby deaths and ...

An Analysis

[Institution Title]

Abstract

The paper is entitled Nursing Informatics Theory Paper: An Analysis and it generally discusses Patricia M. Schwirian’s Nursing Informatics Theory called NI Pyramid and Schwirian Cube. The goal of the paper is to establish its usefulness in the clinical nursing practice and find ways in which the system can further be developed to address the recent trends in information technology to fit the demands of the nursing health care delivery system. After extensive review it was established that the model has perfect use for the clinical nursing practice. However, issues on security, cost and maintenance should ...

Humans have contributed to the development of advanced systems and platforms in a number of ways. From the early inventor of locomotive engines to the inventor of open source software, technological evolution has taken many turns. In this process, remains the hacker who participates in hacker virtual communities to improve and come up with new things, normally in unconventional and unorthodox manner. A hacker is not always the one who brings systems to a standstill causing disruption and inefficiencies in the daily operations of individuals and organizations. Rather, they are computer programmers, designers and software developers who exhibit enhanced computer skills ...

The concept of shared resources among the machines was first introduced during an era of late 1980s and early 1990s. First, organizations used to work on mainframe-centric systems but with time, the platform shifted to distributed client server systems. Client Server model experienced popularity due to the reason that they makes collaborative computing easier, manageable and practical. In addition to their working benefits, client server model also cut costs for the organization in comparison to the older systems.
In a computer network, there are two or more computers or devices that share resources with each other. Organizations and individuals ...

A brief analysis of CIA Triangle, threat and vulnerabilities, risk mitigation and legislations

Information security and data integrity is one of the major difficulties facing organizations of any scale. One of the frameworks used in analyzing security related problems and solutions are the CIA Triangle. However the constantly evolving threat environment has necessitated a more robust and intellectual method, that can address short comings effectively. Security threats and vulnerabilities are a challenge for organizations, both going hand in hand, with each threat corresponding to a particular vulnerability. Cyber crime legislations provide legal support for organizations in their endeavor for their information security. Cyber crime legislation is however a relatively new and developing field, and countries have ...

Personal Classroom Management Plan

Classroom management is not only concerned with classroom teaching but it encompasses the totality of how a teacher prepares for her class, how she implements her curriculum and how she maintains the order in the classroom as well as keep her students’ learning and behavior in check. Teachers are aware that “an efficiently organized and managed classroom eliminates many potential behavior and learning problems and sets the stage for a productive year” (Shalaway, 1998, p.12). The ten principles that the author adheres to in her teaching are briefly explained as follows:
Much of classroom management depends on the kind ...

Nursing Sensitive Indicators

According to the American Nurses Association (ANA), nursing sensitive indicators are measures that show “the structure, process, and outcomes of nursing care” (Dykes & Collins, 2013). They are measurements that are connected to nursing care aimed at checking the status of the patient and the caregiver. The International Council of Nurses (2009) defines nursing quality indicators as changes in health conditions as a direct result of nursing care.
The nursing quality indicators as outlined by the ANA include patient falls, the occurrence of nosocomial infection, failure to rescue, the incidence of pressure sores, surgical patients’ complications, the prevalence of restraints, ...

Abstract:

Charter schools have been increasingly sponsored as a means for supporting innovation in public schools; valued as an advantageous and growing element of the educational sector. Charter schools are tuition-free and viewed as an alternative option to public schools as they are not governed by the same state laws and regulations as public schools. The authors reported that using Meta-Analysis methods demonstrated that the effects and performances of charter schools are similar to traditional public schools. Depending on the locations, grades and subjects, a percentage of charter school children would score better on tests than their public school counterparts. However, there ...

Internet Encyclopedia of Garbage

Web Site No.: 1
Page Title: The Truth about Nitrite in Lunch Meat
Organization Operating Server: Livescience
Hyperlink: LIVESCIENCE.COM
Brief Justification of Web Site as Appropriate:
The website is appropriate because it explains the harmful side of nitrite preservatives in meets. While sodium nitrite helps fight harmful bacteria in harmful meats, it may damage cells or chance into cancer-causing molecules. Nitrites may also disable the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

Web Site No.: 2

Page Title: The Nitrate and Nitrite Myth: another reason not to fear bacon
Organization Operating Server: Chris Kresser
Hyperlink: THE NITRATE AND NITRITE ...

Introduction

The concept of shared resources among computing machines was initially introduced during the late 1980s and the early 1990s. Organizations used to work on mainframe centric systems before then. With time, the platform shifted to distributed client server systems. The client server model experienced popularity due to the fact that it made collaborative computing easier, manageable and practical. Additionally, the model also cut costs for organizations since it was cheaper than the older systems.
In a computer network, there are two or more computers or devices that share resources with each other. Organizations and individuals deploy different types of ...

Caffeine is the name that is used to commonly refer to the trimethylxanthine and has a molecular formula of C8H10N4O2 (Helmenstine, 2013). The compound has two major systematic name, which are 1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine and 3, 7-dihydro-1, 3, 7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2, 6-Dione. Other common names that are used to refer to caffeine include guaranine, coffeine, mateine, theine, and methyltheobromine. The molecular structure for caffeine is as illustrated in Figure 1 below. Caffeine is usually produced by a number of plants that include guarana, coffee beans, cacao beans, and tea. It usually acts as a natural pesticide in plants where it kills or paralyzes insects ...

Question 1: Recovery strategy for hardware/software

The company, having realized their dependence on computer systems will have to put aside a plan they will follow if the system undergoes a disaster. Many systems that are available in the company include local area network (LAN), database servers, Internet and intranet, and e-mail. The potential loss will be enormous and there should be a contingency plan in place to ensure that normalcy is attained in the shortest time possible (Smith, & Salvendy, 2007).

i. Microsoft Access Database system

ii. ADP payroll processing software

iii. AutoCAD Lite software which is used for reading blueprint

iv. Bank of Maryland system (accessed externally)

...

Abstract

The report below provides a comprehensive analysis of Global Finance Inc.’s (GFI) network. It provides an overall description of the network based on the network diagram provided. The report also conducts a risk assessment on the network. The main purpose of the risk assessment is to discuss the risks resulting from the network design and configuration. In total, the assessment identified four apparent risks and the report provides proper mitigation techniques for the organization. The main purpose of the mitigation techniques is to improve network security and reduce financial losses resulting from network downtimes. The report also discusses ...

Introduction

As the internet continues to grow over the years, more opportunities continue to crop up for exploitation. The chances are limitless, and rewards are unimaginable. Learning a few skills is essential, but finding a niche and capitalizing on it allows a person to tap into unquantifiable profits and growth. One of the niches that have evolved with the growth of the internet is online merchandising. Innumerable companies have taken up the open platform of online space to market and sell their products. However, some of them have developed unique ways to beat the competition and remain profitable. In this ...

Impact of internet penetration, education and investment on GDP

Variables and Design
With the purpose of understanding the impact of economic variables on GDP of a country, we propose to include some conventional variables such as primary education and gross investment to GDP ratio, along with non-conventional factors such as internet penetration in our multiple regression analysis model. As part of this model, while the GDP of a country will be the dependent variable, other variables stated above, such as primary education, gross investment to GDP ratio and internet penetration will be the independent variables.
Important to note, owing to some limitations relating to the data availability, for ...

Lamyaa Sbai-Tarqi

Business Management Course

Abstract3

Introduction..4

Models and Trends of CRM5

Social responsibilities and ethics..9

Customer Relationship and Satisfaction.10

Business-to-Customer (B2C) and Business-to-Business (B2B) Relationships..11

Importance of Customer Relationship Management11

Conclusion.12

References.13

Customer Relationship Management
Abstract
This paper seeks to explore the definition of customer relationship management and its impacts on society, and ethics as a social responsibility. It also seeks to explore the different trends in customer relationship management. The introduction is an overview of the key concepts and areas of interest and their relevance. The paper also comprises of a detailed exploration of the different trends and models in customer relationship management and how they affect a business’ social responsibilities. Furthermore, this paper explores ...

Communication & Soft Skills

Dear Jerry:
Thanks for the trust you have put in me and asked me to lead this project. This project is undoubtedly one of its kind in the division and would go on to serve the business well immediately and in the future. Definitely this project had hiccups right from the start – the first possible one was the unfortunate exit of Mark. Well, we accept that as a personal career choice.
Having accepted that, I have spent time in understanding the overall project since having taken over the project as per your directives. I have arrived at two remarkable ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]}
{Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Introduction

Emerging technologies catch the fancy of everyone. An emerging technology must have any of the five features so that it can be placed under the banner. The five features are coherence, prominent impact, relatively fast growth, novelty, uncertainty and ambiguity. These five features or characteristics place any new technology from the perspective of emerging technologies. Emerging technologies have been much debated in the academic as well as industry circles. Emerging technologies gather a lot of attention from analyst, practitioners and researchers. In the recent times, the last ...

Information Technology Professional Interview

This document summarizes the interview conducted with Mr.John Smith, an Information Technology Professional at Zed Technologies, a Software Product company in the Healthcare Industry. John has been part of the Software Development Department at Zed Technologies for the last five years. He is currently a Senior Software Developer with the organization.
John, is working with the Software team as a senior developer, he provides inputs for the initial design and analysis during start phase of all Java Projects. He coordinates with both the Technical Architect and Business Analyst during this phase. As his primary responsibility, John works with the development team ...

H S K J

BIOL/RELT421-Issues in Science and Society- Winter 2014
Term Paper
The origins of the universe has been a subject of many theories and explanations (Linder, 2003). Some believe in the scientific explanations and the Big Bang Theory is the foremost of them (Linde, Linde & Mezhlumian, 1994). Many, on the other hand, believe in the creation as what was told in the Holy Bible (Van Till, Stek, Snow, & Young, 1990). This paper will portray the notable characters that shaped the theories and beliefs about the origins of the Earth.
Hugh Ross, Leonard Brand, and James Gibson are the three ...

Several individuals have explained the origins of the universe. Some believe in the scientific explanation, while others believe in theories and evolution. Many, on the other hand, believe in the creation as what was told in the Holy Bible. This paper will inform the readers about the notable persons who have theories and beliefs about the origins of the earth.
Hugh Ross, Leonard Brand, and L. James Gibson are the three key people who have significant contribution in explaining the origins of the universe in relation to the bible story. The website of the Reasons to Believe stated ...

Summary of Parts 1, 11 & 111

Section 1 outlined the PICO problem. It stated that human errors and poor communication among members of the preoperative, the operative team and the surgeon were the main reasons for these irregularities. Surgical time-out, accurate site marking and effective channels of communication among medical attendants are among the major guidelines to correct or lower incidences of wrong site surgery. While these guidelines are apparently effective theoretical; it is important to understand that the wrong site surgery cases are mainly caused by small errors during surgery and preoperative procedures. Thus, it is critical that an organization focuses on identifying the ...

Activity diagram

- New order
- Fulfilling order

Sequence diagram

New order
Closing order
Statechart
Application architecture of the system
Menu Hierarchies
For Reliable employees
For nursing home employees
Dialogue steps
When the nursing home employees want to enter new data to the system, there are systems that they have to follow in order to achieve this. The first step in this process would be to enter the login information for the employee in the nursing home. This is the authentication process that is required for the person to use the system. This is a ...

Introduction

Neural Network, or most commonly known as “Artificial Neural Network” is an information processing pattern which are comprised of multiple processors and influenced by how the nervous system processes information. The processors or units, as many researchers would call them, are linked by communication channels and carry numeric data that are acquired by our brain and senses in many different ways. The units function only with the local data acquired and with the information that they have from the connection. It is said that a Neural Network (ANN) learns via examples, just like humans and is capable of handling processes ...

Preserving the Crime Scene

The preservation of a digital crime scene requires that standard recommended procedures be followed. According to Houck, Crsipino, and McAdam, (2012), preserving the crime scene is aimed at reducing chances of tampering the digital evidence. The preservation of the crime scene forms part of the digital investigation process (Wiles and Reyes, 2011). All parties concerned with the crime will be required to be asked questions and the location of the crime scene will need to be identified prior to the preservation.
Performing a live analysis will require the computer to be disconnected. This will ensure that data cannot be modified ...

Introduction

The UNIX is an operating system basically developed in the year 1969 by a group of employees of AT&T. These employees comprised of, Dennis Ritchie, Ken Thompson, Douglas McIlroy Brian Kernighan, Joe Ossanna and Michael Lesk. This operating system was developed in the assembly language. In the year 1973, this system had entirely been recorded in the famous C language, resultantly helping in the development of other hardware. The trademark of UNIX has been owned by a group known as Open Group. Only those systems which are fully yielding and certified as per Specification of Single UNIX system are eligible to ...

Introduction

There are several international alliances and organizations that countries may opt to be a member of. One of which is the ASEAN or Association of South East Asian Nations. The objective of this paper is to cover and discuss different key topics about the ASEAN and its member countries.
How does it operate as an international organization recognized by different countries? How do its member countries interact? What ties these countries together? Do the member countries actively participate in the discussions, forums, meetings and different projects and agenda of the organization? These are some of the questions that will ...

Step 1

What is the thesis of your paper?
The movie Gettysburg did have elements of the Lost Cause myth but the movie did make progress in teaching about Civil War through the movie.

Step 2

HOOK: What is interesting about this thesis? ‘Hook’ your readers with an interesting fact or angle.
The Lost Cause myth has been the basis of a lot of movies, and the Union soldiers and leaders aren’t respected at all in the Lost Cause myth.

Step 3:

Find a minimum of 7 sources (3 must be actual books) that relate to your thesis. (DON’T FORGET TO CONSIDER VISUAL ...

Population of the study

The population for this research will be constituted by employees of ABC TV. These are the employees of the firm working in their various departments in the company. This group was specifically chosen because they regularly engage in data collection, production and broadcasting of information in the form of news, ideas, entertainment and programs.
They also report on behalf of the public and hence they are caught between the dilemma of carrying the company’s image to the public and fair reporting. They are thus best suited in providing the information on the proposed study, as they are ...

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

THMIS document gives the procedures for use by the emergency room wing of a hospital in planning and carrying out the design of strategies and operational plans for strengthening the health management information system available to emergency room wing in a hospital.

The document is designed to help apply and implement the concepts and principles presented in the Health Metrics Network frameworks and Standards for Country Health information Systems. The document is based upon the guiding principles defined in the HMN frame work for guiding health information system design, planning and implementation by using broad based consensus and stakeholder involvement and ...

Abstract

Health care managers or health services administrators are responsible for directing and managing operations in hospitals, nursing homes and other healthcare institutions. They are in charge of physical infrastructure, programs, services, staff, relations with other institutions and finances. Initially the above functions were performed by appointed physicians or other healthcare workers with little or no training in management, thus the ambiguity in the roles of healthcare managers. The healthcare managers also represent the institution in professional and community meetings. The educational qualifications and skills for this position vary from one institution to another as well as from one state ...