Essays on Scientific Method

“If it has ‘science’ in its name, it ain’t (Minnick).” Those words were said to this writer by the smartest person he ever knew personally, a man with PhDs in Mathematics and Physics, a true scientist. He went on to explain that science, if it is science, can be reduced to mathematics and then can predict. “Science can generate electricity or flatten cities,” he said. The problem, of course, is that whenever one deals with the “soft sciences,” political science or economics (the dismal science) or sociology or history or any of the disciplines that are housed in ...

Abstract

The most crucial goal that has been targeted in all research studies in the past few years has been toward prevention of problems. The scientific method is a stringent and proven procedure, which can be used to determine the most probable evidence to back up an environmental phenomenon. The proposition is usually made in a cause-and-effect phenomenon. Such a proposition is known as a ‘hypothesis’. The method used for testing the hypothesis is termed ‘experimentation’. This procedure is comprised of five elementary and significant steps. The most salient aspect that renders the scientific methods most popular is the fact ...

The philosophical basis for the humanistic approach was phenomenology. According to this philosophical perspective, subjective perceptions, feelings, cognitions, experience are more important than objective facts. For example, two people can see the same movie but every person will have a unique subjective perception of this movie. Therefore, humanistic psychologists also believed that every person`s experience is unique and that an individual`s psychology cannot be studied by objective, scientific method such as tests. Also, because of phenomenological ideas humanists believe that one of the main tasks of a therapy is to explore the subjective experiences of a client ( ...

Introduction

The “Scientific Method” characterizes science from other fields of studies. It encompasses methodologies of scientific inquiry that follow certain patterns to easily obtain and make experimentation easier. The scientific method is improved as science and technology progress but it has the following general parts that are universal: a. identifying the problem statement, b. formulation of hypotheses, c. observation from sampling, measurement and description of the data obtained, d. formulation of inductions, e., employing theories and finally, f. formation of conclusion (Oxford University Press). These steps are greatly relevant to obtain the desired data for an experiment and with the ...

Introduction

The Scientific method is a framework followed by scientist in investigating a certain inquiry or process. Scientific method is a series of steps that was established during 1619 by Rene Descartes. This then led to the improvement of the principle so as being used until the recent times as a principle that guides every scientific fields (McLelland, n.d.). With scientific method, biases from personal prerogatives and the influence of environmental and social concerns are eradicated. The scientific method employs the utilization of testing procedures to verify claims that can be reproduced to strengthen the credibility. Scientific method is a ...

Since the beginning of time people used to have various views and standards for the way that everything around them should be. Throughout the history there existed many examples of the expression of ideas contradictory to the norm and all terrible consequences of such actions. Thomas Kuhn in his book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, made an attempt to describe the possible apprehension to change. It was mainly focused on the scientific world and the historic nature of the educational research. Any research was considered to be grounded upon one or more scientific achievements that had to be certainly ...

The social scientific question analyzed in this paper is the influence of the family size on the process of socialization. Socialization is the process of integrating into a particular group and imitating the patterns, behavior, and worldview established in this group. It is influenced by the family, day care, educational institutions, peers, community, and mass media (Persell, 1990). The family plays a significant role in making a child involved in the community. From the first days of his or her life, the child is surrounded by the family members. The relations inside the family, traditions, upbringing methods, moral principles ...

According to the “science” of astrology, a person has particular personality traits based on the month, day, time, and place of their birth. While astrologers may defend this ancient craft of divination as science, does astrology merit inclusion in the world of science, disciplines of knowledge that include astronomy, chemistry, biology, physics and many other fields that entail rigorous observation, experimentation, and prediction? Clearly, astrology is a pseudoscience, and Imre Lakatos explains the rationale for its exclusion as legitimate science better than scientific philosophers, Thomas S. Kuhn, or Sir Karl Popper. In order to clarify the demarcation criteria between ...

Describe scientific explanation in detail. How does it relate to scientific hypothesis and scientific theory?

The term explanation may mean different things, especially in a wider perspective. However, in science, an explanation refers to the answer to a question that have stemmed from curiosity. Curiosity gives rise to questions that call for answers or explanations. Curiosity and inquisitiveness are among the characteristics that drive science to explore knowledge and use it for practical applications. The curiosity to know why the apple has fallen down from a tree has led Newton to wonder and apply the scientific method to arrive at a valid scientific explanation—the Law of gravitation. In short, the explanation that resolves ...

What does the margin of error tell us about a sample taken from a large population? How does the confidence level for a sample outcome differ from the sample’s margin of error? The margin of error is a numerical value that expresses or estimates the likelihood of error in an experiment’s results. Thus, it can somehow account for the statistical significance of a result. If it is smaller, then the likelihood of error is also small, making the results more credible. Smaller sample sizes from a large population generally have a larger margin of error while larger ...

Philosophy of the Enlightenment. The Ideas of Francis Bacon and their comparison to those of René Descartes. Francis Bacon is considered to be the major prophet of the Scientific Revolution. At the age of twelve Bacon went to study at He went to Trinity College, Cambridge at the age of twelve, got a lawyer education later on. He proceeded to a political career hoping to advance his ideas. He was a member of the House of Commons and knighted during the reign of King James I, although during that of Queen Elizabeth he was neglected by her. Bacon was ...

Introduction

Science has made a systematic process to solve a certain problem. It is more commonly known as the scientific method. This method is very suitable for processes such as experimentation because this will enable an individual to determine the cause-and-effect relationship of the phenomenon that is being tested (Science Buddies, n.d). For further definition, the steps in the scientific method are generally consisted of creating a specific question, then doing a background check related to the question. Afterwards, a hypothesis, or an educated guess, will be formulated which will then be tested through experimentation. After experimentation, the data that ...

In the philosophy of science, empiricism is the principle emphasizing that conclusions should be drawn based upon experimental evidence. Empiricism depends quite a bit upon knowledge gained from sensory experience (Psillos and Curd 129-138). It is also known as sense experience and gives primary importance to evidence gathered with the help of the “senses” and which is obtained by observation or as a result of experiments conducted (Pickett 585). It is a crucial component of the scientific method that demands all hypotheses and theories to be tested with corresponding observations in the natural world, instead of relying solely on ...

Affiliated Institution

A psychologist is an individual who specializes in understanding and evaluating human behavior, (Nevid, 2011). The scientific approach to psychology is used for explaining the behavior of individuals based on the four set goals. The scientific approach is meant to eliminate the informal judgment methods which are subjective and most often inaccurate, (Nevid, 2011). King Solomon from the bible is said to be the wisest ruler to have ever lived on earth. He sought wisdom from all angles and showed his wisdom based on his decision making. From this, he was able to write about wisdom and ways to ...

Policing may occur by both private and public investigators. Policing is the maintenance of peace in a community. Security is the goal. Private police originally emerged because the public police could not fulfill all the needs and securities of individuals. Corporations and private landowners were the first to hire private investigators, but today, they are being hired by railroads, airports and even the government. There are very few similarities and many differences between these two types of investigators. The most obvious difference between private and public investigators is the involvement of government: One works for the government and the ...

Introduction

Scientific method is described as a field of practices that is used to examine various phenomena, obtain knowledge and even incorporate or correct previous knowledge. The scientific method is established on evidence that is measurable and empirical as well and which is subjected to some standard of reasoning. Scientific method can also be defined as a method that follows a systematic process of observation, experimentation and formulation as well (Hesse-Biber and Johnson, 2015).

Body

The scientific methods of research are question, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis of data and conclusion. Asking a question is the first step of a research and the ...

Sociology is a complex field of study that looks at many different aspects of the world we live in. Sociologists may study society as a whole, or study the social lives of individuals, groups, and societies. They might also consider behavior of humans, from individual contacts with strangers, to the intricacies of global interactions. The study of sociology involves looking at how large groups interact with each other with an eye toward making everything equal. It also ties together several other disciplines such as history, psychology, and economics . Sociologists use three different methods to study society. This section looks ...

According to Introduction to The Scientific Method (n.d), scientific methods refers to a process whereby scientists provide the world’s representation in a reliable and consistent way collectively, over some period of time. It involves asking questions scientifically and performing experiments after making several observations. There are several steps involved in the scientific methods. They include initial objectives after making observations, constructing a workable hypothesis, recording the collected data, testing the hypothesis by performing an experiment, analyzing and summarizing results, drawing discussions and conclusions and communicating results (Spellman & Price-Bayer, 2012, p. 230). Observation is where the chosen problem is ...

Science is a methodical approach to the study of the natural world. Most of the questions related to the existence of the world, the past, and future are answered using the observational methods ("The nature if science and the scientific method", 2016). Science not only reflects the truth, but it allows understanding what the most correct fact with the evidence itself is. Scientists test all their nature explanations using experiments, observations, and mathematical models; though the scientific methods tend to change and the confirmation is done through observations and experiments only ("The nature if science and the scientific method", ...

Management

Question 1 The firm uses the mouse to the house method whereby it tries to sell every product to everyone in the entire globe. Given what we have seen on the current operations strategy, I see a future whereby amazon will be having planes besides the already available trucks to boost distribution. This is primarily because amazon is fast expanding, and the scale of operations is becoming big. It will therefore, need to be able to deliver commodities fast and efficiently all over the world. With the drone technology, amazon will be able to deliver some packages even within ...

Ted Talk as an organization is a platform to share ideas with a key focus on technology, entertainment and design, on a myriad of topics from business, science and global issues. Dan Cobley formerly of Google shared his presentation in Ted Talk with his topic being “What physics taught me about marketing”. After listening to Dan Cobley’s Ted Talk the first thing that is evidenced is that any and everything can have a connection, all we need is an introspective review, since from a general perspective marketing and physics have nothing in common. The principles of marketing and ...

Following components of the scientific method in this experiment are broken down to better understand its use:

Observation: Scientists probably noticed that people who drink coffee regularly have lesser problems of diabetes. This is what scientists first see. Question: Does coffee affect the condition of diabetes in people and if so, does it help control the blood glucose level in people? The answer to this question will become the basis of the experiment. Hypothesis: Drinking coffee helps control blood glucose level in diabetic patients. An educated guess answering the question they have. Experiment Design: Humans are mammals so mice are obtained that mimic the mammalian function to be used as test groups for this experiment. Diabetes ...

Assignment 2: The Major Areas of Psychology

Abstract: Psychology is the study of human behavior and the mind. Unlike pseudoscience, it applies scientific method in comprehending the way of the world. There are five major areas in psychology. Developmental psychology focuses on the life span development of humans. Secondly, cognitive psychology focuses on the use of attention, memory, perception, and the capacity of the brain to think and solve problems. Thirdly, behavioral psychology refers to how humans behave, as a result of what they learn over their lifetime; it can be under classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or observational conditioning. Fourthly, social psychology refers to the behavior ...

Any science cannot exist if it does not use scientific methods for its researches. In other words, the importance of scientific method can be recognized in the fact that this method makes science what it is. In psychology, the scientific method is associated with the four interrelated objectives of research: to describe the behavior, to predict behavior, to explain behavior, to control the behavior. Description of behavior by means of scientific methods helps identify the regular sequence of events, including motivations, external factors which have the influence on an individual`s responses or behavior. Preparation of clear and detailed ...

Introduction

Ethnomedicine can be defined as the field of study that deals with medicinal traditions, ideas, and practices as it relates to the cultural perspectives of the people around the world. Ethnomedicine is a wide field of science; it encompasses fields of studies such as ecology, environmental history, and epidemiology. Since these fields indirectly affect the culture of people, they can be then considered crucial to ethnomedicine as a field of knowledge (Giovannini, n.d.) However, ethnomedicine is seen as a niche field in medicine and as such not widely known among the medicinal field. Recognizing the benefits of biomedicine is ...

Empirical research should be utilized in the field of health care to provide excellent and safe care to patients. In the area of medicine and its related sources, such as health care policies, there are many different approaches to gathering information to utilize to improve the art of health care. Some researchers prefer to use causal models versus empirical methods. The testing that is utilized for such research depends on those completing the investigation and what is being studied. Causal models examine what happens to a dependent variable while an independent variable changes over time (McLaughlin). These types of ...

Criminals have been committing crimes for many centuries. Crimes that stemmed from stealing, murder, rape, and abduction and many more as the years accumulated. Over many centuries people have been speculating theories as to why people commit crimes. The people normally were educated either in the criminal field or related field, and wanted to find out the answer to criminal behavior. The people or theorists believed certain reasons were what caused a person to commit crime. They knew those reasons had to not be prominent in everyone, because not everyone turned into criminals. As the years have passed the ...

I. Google Search A. http://www.mymsaa.org/about-ms/overview/ This is a website of Multiple Sclerosis Association of America. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease wherein the myelin sheath sof the nerves are damaged causing symptoms such as numbness, fatigue, mobility problems and more (Mymsaa.org). 5 Facts

A steroid (Cortisone) was first to treat Multiple Sclerosis relapses in the year 1951.

The French neurologist, Jean-Martin Charcot gave MS its name in 1868. The myelin sheath or the protective covering of nerves is damaged in MS. “Lesions” or “plaques” are the inflamed or damaged areas in the brain and spinal cord. Worldwide, about 2.5 million individuals have Multiple Sclerosis. (Mymsaa.org) No specific author was indicated in the page. ...

My introduction to scientific thinking has changed the way I approach many different things. It has given me the skills necessary to employ critical thinking and reasoning in every aspect of my life, not just school. It has made me more skeptical of things I see on television or read in newspapers or magazines. And it has taught me to question things and expect answers. The research I have been required to do has taught me to examine the sources of information I use. People are bombarded every day with information and all too often they fail to ask ...

Investigative psychology roughly deals with the application of aspects of psychology and criminal research to investigate the behavior and mindsets of criminals. Primary to investigative psychology is the concept of profiling, in which a psychological sketch is made of a particular individual or group of individuals in order to find out how they think. The prevailing wisdom is that, provided you are able to create a sufficiently accurate psychological profile, you will best be able to anticipate their actions and find ways to stop them, prevent them from committing wrongs, or catch them after the fact. Historically, criminal investigation ...

There are two ways in which a person might find themselves thrust into a great tradition of thought and philosophy – one, by accepting the basic ideas or propositions, and the two, by refuting them and breaking away. Admittedly, traditions that break away successfully amount to new traditions in and of themselves, but their roots are still in the past and this fact should not easily be forgotten. This description of breaks and recreation aptly describes the relationship between the Aristotelian tradition and Galileo Galilei’s scientific breakthroughs in the seventeenth century. This paper will attempt to trace the scientific ...

Introduction

The scientific method of research uses investigation of phenomena and using newly acquired knowledge or prior knowledge to analyze it. It involves a series of steps all of which should be directed towards achieving verifiable results. When looking for an elementary school for the child, the child’s abilities should be put into consideration, his learning styles, the social environment best for him and practical matters such as the extracurricular activities he should join.

How to find the best Elementary School using the Scientific Method

Observation: Listing down the schools that seem consider desirable would be the first priority. Observing the students from that school would follow. That would be in ...

1) The scientific method is an organized approach used to explain why things happen or to predict what will happen. The scientific method aims to answer questions and problems objectively and accurately by conducting experiments. The first step in the scientific method is the definition of the problem. One has to have a specific problem which one wants to resolve. After defining the problem, questions must be asked. The purpose of asking questions is to limit the scope of the experiment. The questions will serve as a guide so that the experiment does not lose its focus. The question should be ...

- Reasons for scientifically studying psychology

Psychology covers the science of both the behavior of human and nonhuman entities. Because science is a systematized body of knowledge it adds fulfilment to the humanity as it operates in the context of observation thereby leading to a deeper understanding of how a system works.

- Falsifiability

Falsifiability is that property that a hypothesis, a theory or a law may be proven wrong or false. Thus, most scientists expressed their data in confidence interval such as 99.99% certainty about some correlations because there is still a 0.01% that scientist may be wrong with such correlation.

- Confirmation bias

Confirmation bias is defined as the propensity of a researcher to interpret results ...

The scientific method is a systematic way to explore and explain a series of events that may contribute to the body of knowledge. It is also applied to challenge or support existing theories that have accumulated from a number of research studies over time. The scientific method involves the following steps: observations, formulation of hypothesis, testing of the hypothesis, analysis of derived data from a series of test and drawing inferences or generalizations. Thus, the scientific method is a standardized method that is employed when acquiring knowledge.

Social science research has been defined in some literature as "any scientific study of human action ...

Forensic psychology may be defined as the application of psychology to the system of criminal justice. Forensic psychologists search deeply and laboriously into the vast perspectives of psychology and apply them to the system of criminal justice. These issues weave together the topics of law and psychology; they are also essential to the forensic psychology discipline. The knowledge of forensic psychology is used in different forms. These forms include treatment of mentally ill offenders, analysis of the behavior and intent of the offender, and their practice within the civil arena (Study House, 171).

Prediction has it that there will ...

Scientific Method steps

Several ways can be used to state scientific method and the exact scientific method steps depend on how the steps are broken. However, the basic steps involves making observations, coming up with observation explanation using hypothesis proposal, testing validity of the explanation by designing and performing an experiment, and accepting or rejecting the given explanation through data analysis if necessary and even try coming up with a better one. The scientific method steps are important because they attempt to minimize prejudice or biasness in the experimenter. Even a scientist with best intentions cannot escape bias. Bias originates from cultural and personal ...

- Describe the basic issues in metaphysics and epistemology between Idealists and Materialists

Metaphysically and epistemologically, the philosophical view that human beings have both mind and body is termed as dualism. However, there is much philosophical disagreement (dichotomy) about the exact association between mind (spirit) and body (matter).

Idealists hold the view that the mind is distinct from physical objects while the materialists maintain the exact opposite. For the former, the self and personality are attributable to one’s immortal soul while for the latter, they assert that the mind (soul) is in some ways a product of the body. Furthermore, generally, idealists hold the view that the act of knowing takes place ...

Part 1: Scientific Method

The goal of using the scientific method is to determine cause and effect (Science Buddies, 2011). Keeping the five steps of the scientific method in mind for solving real world problems can save time and stop panic.

Scenario 1: You arrive home late at night. You walk up to the front door, unlock it, and reach in to turn on the light switch located just inside the front door. The light does not come on! Now what?

The first thing to do comes naturally; ask a question, “Why won’t this work?”

The second step is to gather background ...

Richard Dawkins is one of the foremost evolutionary biologists in popular culture, and is an ardent champion in the proliferation of science-based atheism and criticism of religion. In his book The Magic of Reality, Dawkins explores the logic and reasoning behind the lack of existence of a God, and denounces the use of religion as an outdated practice that is no longer needed in today’s scientific age. In order to do so, Dawkins reframes the concepts of magic, miracles and reality in more scientific frameworks, rather than the metaphysical concepts of religion. In The Magic of Reality, Dawkins’ sense ...

The Scientific Method. As a biology student, I have had that phrase and what it means drilled into me for years. Observe, develop an idea, predict an outcome, experiment, assess, and refine the idea. Then repeat the experiment. If it reveals some interesting new aspect of science, document what you have done in the hopes that other people will experiment. In that the results and eventually your revelations can be proven. Western Medicine, as one aspect of science, follows the same basic pattern. Drugs are developed over years of experimenting in laboratories across the country. Eventually, this leads to the ...

Psychology

<Student Name> <Name and Section # of course> <Instructor Name> Psychology

The human brain is like the command center for the human body and the nervous system. Its job is to process the input signals from various parts of the body, interpreting the signals and then giving an output to the outer body parts. Not only that, the brain is a center of thinking, memory, logical decisions, emotions, and feelings. What is difficult to understand is the exact manner in which this organ works to run the body and help a human perform complex functions. To ...

Cognitive psychology is a somewhat new field of psychology, however, it is a fast growing one and is definitely, among the most interesting and fascinating branches. (Cherry, 2015) It studies human brain in terms of learning and perceiving information, as well, provides researches that are aimed at enhancing peoples abilities to learn. As of now, human brain and the way it works have not been fully studied, the nature behind some processes remains a mystery. Therefore, it is not surprising that more people tend to fall for the science of psychology in order to discover new knowledge about our brain and ...

The understanding of truth is an intriguing concept that has been the subject of many explanations and theories over the years. Many attempt to define its meaning and how to distinguish truth from other concepts. Truth can thus be considered a shifting, provisional, subjective and temporary concept. Its meaning varies depending on context and a variety of other factors. The attempt at understanding the concept fully remains elusive and incomplete. This analysis focuses on an effort to analyze truth; this occurs through the exploration of various types of truth. An understanding of the concept will help in knowing the role of ...

Traditional narrative often paints Latin America as a defenseless victim of international lust for power. Latin America has habitually been thought of as a poor region full of merry people being always exploited by countless empires or armies of greedy people willing to sack their seemingly endless resources. The fact that this region full of hard working people and vast resources, is still one of the least developed areas in the world, might lead anyone to believe they are under a permanent spell cast by the great world powers, especially the United States, that condemn them to eternal poverty. Many would claim ...

The Scientific Method is a way that Natural Scientists determine, test and prove their hypothesis. It is an organized way to prove or disprove a theory ("Scientific method," 2014). In the context of evolution, the question to ask is: is evolution true? The next step is to do some preliminary research in order to put the question in the form of a hypothesis. To do this, the background research aims to determine if there is any empirical evidence that may support the question. The other area to explore is to question what else may have contributed to the end result, if ...

Wolfs (2013), describes the scientific method as the process of creating a reliable and consistent representation of a theory or hypothesis by actively eliminating all personal prejudice and bias from the person researching the theory, using the observation-hypothesis-prediction-experiment model. It involves the observation and description of a phenomenon followed by formulation of a hypothesis to explain that phenomenon. By using this hypothesis, the scientist attempts to predict the existence of new phenomenon especially as pertains to new observations. Finally, other independent scientists perform further and deeper experiments on these predictions. The scientific method was important in the technological advances realized during the ...

Research Article Structure

The key sections typically used in research articles include (1) the introduction/background, (2) literature review, (3) methods, (4) results, (5) discussion, and (6) the conclusion. The introduction and literature review are sometimes not distinguished as separate sections. The choice of sections will also depend on the research topic and aims, and each section can introduce more subsection, but all research articles need to discuss the study aims and their hypotheses in the first section of the article. For example, a study on exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by Hembree et al. (2003) presents previous research on exposure therapy ...

Question 1

Comparative politics refers to a scientific method of study in the field of political science. Comparative politics is a science because it involves comparison of two or many countries with an attempt to draw a conclusion drawing on those relationships. The method used in comparative politics resembles other methods, which scientists used in the field of physical sciences since it also tries to ascertain empirical associations between variables. Political science differs from physical science in one aspect, in that, in physical sciences, is the methods of testing available to each field. In the field of physical sciences, scientists can conduct controlled experiments ...

Methods in Behavioral Research

PART I: What is the purpose of each of the sections in a typical research article? Scott and Hofmeyer (2009) state that research articles are a very vital part of acquiring knowledge in the academic world. This means that intellectuals need to learn the intricacies of research journals. Learning the format of an average article will enable readers learn to derive the important information from the articles. If this happens, researchers will have maximum benefits from the research sources. The first section of every research article is the title. It should illuminate on the topic discussed as well ...

Sociology: DS2 Part 1

The first theme selected for this discussion is social construction of reality. This theme is related to a theory with assumption that reality is relative to the socio- cultural environment where people live and interact. It consists of one’s country, religious affiliation; city, education among a few other variables (Korgen, 52). From my personal point of view this theory contains inconsistencies because reality is relative to one’s personal experience. As such, it was my proposal to investigate this occurrence by conducting a brief survey asking a small sample of respondents to explain their views of reality. The questions posed were:- ...

During the early years of the 14th century, most of the western civilizations are active in spreading their Christian faith. They have travel half way across the globe in order to fulfill their religious duties as well as expand their political territories. Religion has been powerful during this time and anyone who opposes their beliefs is commonly punished (Henry 3). However, there are also some who are taking the odds against religion and looking up into the sky for answers about the cosmos and other realities of life. These people are the creators and initiators of the modern science ...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The science of ergonomics is related to the characteristics of the work that is performed, the implements that are used, the bodily posture that is maintained and the workplace setting. . The objective of ergonomics is to ensure that individuals are comfortable, and less likely to incur work related injuries. Ergonomics in the workplace involves adapting the details of the task to the worker instead of making the worker adapt to the work. The most frequently encountered injuries that take place in the workplace are musculoskeletal dysfunctions. The risk factors that cause the scientific review of ergonomics in the workplace ...

Introduction

Biology and information technology holds many things in common. The two aspects deal with astounding complexity, organism representing biology and networks, computers representing technology. Experts have developed many innovations in the world today that focuses on solving different problems affecting the society. The following paper helps in naming and explaining how a specific scientific method helps solve the problem. The definitions of scientific and pseudoscientific bring many confusion and debates. Pseudoscience refers to the abuse of a certain claim that an individual does not like for any given reason. There exists a concrete difference between science and pseudoscience.

Strengths and limitations of scientific knowledge and the scientific method

One of the ...

Introduction

The theory of knowledge obligation is an essential key to the educational philosophy. From a philosophic point of view, neutral question is the question that is obvious interpreted from a questioner who has not vested any interest on the answer. In other words, the questioner will accept the answer that is given out or emerges from anyone. Neutral question is a leading question in the argumentative essay that is well distinguished in the legal world of philosophy. In this case, witnesses are asked questions that are designed and produce a certain answer that will settles the questioner’s prove and will. However, collecting ...

Georg Lukacs and Sandra Harding on Standpoint Epistemology

Introduction In general, standpoint epistemology (SE) aims to represent the world from a particular socially situated perspective or standpoint (Lammey, 2013). For both Lukacs and Harding, the standpoint taken is that of the marginalized: the proletariat and the women, respectively. It is believed that the lives of the marginalized can actually lay a claim to epistemic privilege and the production of knowledge precisely because of their unique sets of experiences in comparison with dominant classes or sex which fails to ‘critically and systematically interrogate their advanced social situation and the effect of such advantages on their beliefs’ (Harding, 1993) leaving ...

I. Introduction In this research paper, the relationship between science and religion is examined in terms of the potential for a harmonious coexistence. This is an old debate and currently it is a vitally significant one. The view of science and religion as warring enemies has historic roots. The Catholic Inquisition was known to persecute and execute people considered heretics because of their belief in science and scientific things. The Church found science as an explanation offensive. Galileo Galilei is one of the most well known of the victims of the Inquisition. He was imprisoned and forced to do penance ...

Executive Summary

Accident investigation is aimed to determine the root causes of the accident, to estimate its cost effects, and also to comply to government safety regulations. Safety practitioners have to use a scientific method for this. There are five simple steps in accident investigation: (1) collecting information, (2) reviewing information, (3) determining the causes, (4) recommending actions, and (5) evaluating the effectiveness of the actions. It starts with collection of evidence to analyze the problem better. Data is reviewed for authenticity and for differences. Determining the causes is best performed using the root cause analysis (RCA). Root cause analysis integrates using ...

Introduction

Philosophy is all about questioning and setting the rules to find out the truth and its different approaches. It defines the abstract concepts and emphasizes on logic with rules of argumentation. Philosophy has researched science with good detail and influenced scientific inventions by thorough reasoning and intellectual thought (Popper, 2014). The subject of philosophy went deep down and developed various approaches, scientific method, and practices of science, adopting the strategy of discovering the facts, mechanisms, and laws to study the natural world. Science is a collection of knowledge, which is based upon predictions and testable explanation. As a result, science and ...

Since the time of the Ancient Greeks, western philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle -- among countless others -- have wrestled with moral questions in order to establish a more complete picture of ethical theory. Two different disciplines have focused on questions about the moral characteristics, traits, and virtues of people: philosophy and psychology (Doris & Stich, 2006). For all its merits, philosophy does not focus on the scientific method to determine the context of an ethical theory, but the blossoming field of moral psychology utilizes an empirical approach in order to determine how morality fits into a framework built on the ...