Pain Research Papers Samples For Students

Introduction

Drugs may be categorized through the chemical form of the ingredient which is active or even through the method it is utilized to treat specific conditions. It will as a result be realized that each drug may possibly be categorized into several drug classes. By definition, antacids are actually agents which purely neutralize gastric acid as well as raising the pH of gastric. They are in most cases utilized to treat dyspepsia plus peptic ulcer symptomatic relief. Antacids are in fact a form of medication which can possibly control the levels of acid in stomach. It will be documented that they ...

“ARE RIGHT AND WRONG CONVERTIBLE TERMS, DEPENDANT UPON THE POPULAR OPINION”? : A famous quote by William Lloyd Garrison poses a critical question to each one of us. Certain questions carry a lot of dimension to look through and in such cases there are enough supportive reasons to justify the rightness of each dimension. One such question stands whether it is ethically justifiable to use narcotics to speed up the end of life. Right from its inception the question has been a cause celebre and continues to exist as one. Effective pain relief especially at the end of life has always ...

The elderly population, beyond the age of 65 has tremendously increased, and current projections indicate that this population will continually increase in the coming years. The healthcare settings have not gone free of these changing demographics, and there has been a need to develop policies that cut across all healthcare settings to facilitate quality care for the aging population (Bennett & Flaherty-Robb, 2003). Different literatures have addressed the issue of care for the elderly population in various ways. While many recommendations exist at technical level, the primary idea is that the healthcare sector needs to adopt policies that facilitate quality ...

Learning is key to human development and behavior. Behavioral psychology is one of the methods for understanding how learning develops and the understanding of individuals. Learning is a modification of behaviors due to consistent practice and requires the interaction of behavior and environment to yield changes. Assessment of learning is performed by means of tests that quantitatively measure achievements; whether they are newly acquired mental or physical skills. Learning and performance are related but separate subjects, and learning itself may be state dependent, meaning, that the conditions under which material was learned must be replicated in order for that learning ...

You will not get wrinkles if you regularly do yoga exercises. This statement or useful advice you may have heard from many yogis or your yoga instructor. In fact, this statement is true as yoga increases the stretching ability of your muscles and your body becomes more elastic and beautiful, as well. Yoga is the only exercise that not only shapes up your body, but also cures many diseases.
In yoga, you will find many “asana or yoga poses” that stimulate our internal organs,and they perform their function in much better way. Like “tritone asana” that stimulate ...

Marijuana is a psychoactive drug that is mainly used as an illicit drug and for medicinal purposes. It is said to be the most commonly used drug worldwide today. Its legalization has been a topic of contention among many, with both sides giving strong reasons about their stand. Due to its psychoactive effect, the drug has been illegalized in many nations, except for a few who have legalized it for medicinal purposes. The question is should medicinal marijuana be legalized? Yes, medicinal marijuana should be legalized in order to save lives that are being lost, yet something can be done. In addition, it ...

I would like to become a chiropractor when I grow up. A chiropractor is a healthcare professional who diagnoses and treats neuromascular disorders while putting a lot of emphasis on offering treatment through manipulation or manual adjustment without the use of medication. A chiropractor would do anything to reduce the pain a patient is going through with the sole aim of improving the functionality of the patient while at the same time educating these patients on how to go about improving their health by embracing exercises, ergonomics and therapy in order to alleviate pain of the back. A chiropractor therefore offers an alternative ...

Pain Management in Pregnancy

Part I
Introduction: Pain and pregnancy
Pain is an occurrence that almost always occurs at one time or the other during the antepartum, intrapartum or postpartum period during the obstetric sojourn of the woman. Different factors result in the development of pain which is most severe during the intrapartum period. It is important for the woman to be offered modalities of abolishing or reducing the pain to the barest minimum in order to reduce the psychological and emotional trauma that excessive pain might cause the birthing mother.
Moreover, it is important to give the laboring patient ...

Introduction

Aspirin is one of the most commonly used drug in the world. The generic name is acetyl salicylic acid and the drug belongs to the group of non- steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, which works by inhibiting the production of compounds in the body that cause pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clots (Koester, 1993). Aspirin is also a member of the salicylate family of compounds as it is synthesized from salicylic acid, which was discovered in Oxford (UK) by Edward stone in 1793 and first synthesized in the laboratory in 1897 by a German scientist, Felix Hoffmann of the Bayer company (Rinsema, 1999). ...

Hemophilia is a chronic medical disorder that causes internal bleeding and can result in deformity, joint mobility impairment, chronic pain, and narcotic medication abuse. There is no cure for hemophilia, so psychological interventions are necessary to help the affected individuals manage their condition and emotionally cope with the consequences of the disorder. Even though psychological interventions are considered an essential part of care delivery to hemophilia patients and their families, most of the interventions focus on acceptance, coping strategies, and cognitive-behavioral changes while neglecting potential psychiatric problems associated with hemophilia. This paper will discuss the importance of psychological interventions for ...

Having an addiction of any kind is dangerous. However, one kind of addiction that involves the most amount of health risk is drug addiction. Drug addiction is an ill that can rear its ugly head no matter who you are, and that is reason enough to take notice of it. Sadly though, despite what many people would like to believe, addiction to drugs is still very much a part of modern society, and the numbers surrounding the addiction are mind boggling to say the least. According to figures provided by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, around 167 ...

Introduction

Over the years, research has been uncovering more and more rare diseases, especially genetic disorders. Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) is one of such rare disorders of the blood that causes a disfiguring swelling of a part of the body, particularly the face, larynx, extremities, abdomen, and genitalia. It may range from a simple painful swelling of an extremity to asphyxiation from laryngeal involvement. Diagnosis and prognosis of this condition depends on a heightened sense of awareness of the symptoms of the disease by the managing clinician and the availability of effective interventions.
HAE is known to occur in people with a deficiency of a particular ...

Purpose: This is an informative speech, and its purpose is to enlighten the audience about the importance of a smile and the role it plays in their lives.

Thesis: Smile is vital to our health and social life.

Introduction
- Do you know that forcing yourself to smile can boost your mood? If you are experiencing a terrible day, just try to force a smile, and that false smile will finally turn into a real one.
- Many people do have a clear understanding about the importance of smiling to their lives.
- Smiling has numerous health benefits including relieving stress, reducing pain and boosting one’s immune system.
- ...

Problem Statement/Introduction:

Prescription pain medication abuse has become an epidemic. The statistics on this form of abuse are increasing and are fatal. Prescription opioid pain medicine are being abused and are leading to more deaths than all other street illicit drugs including cocaine and heroin. Over 86% of OxyContin abusers report that they had not been prescribed the drug for medical purposes. Health care providers wrote 259 million prescriptions for painkillers in 2012, enough for every American to have a bottle of pills. In 2012, of the 41,502 drug overdose deaths in the USA, 22,114 (53%) were related to pharmaceuticals. ...

Coping with depression connected to rheumatoid arthritis

What is depression?
Depression is essentially feeling ‘down’. It is a severe mood state that may affect the general state of mind. This usually comes about as a result of encountering a stressful condition or failing to meet one’s expectations in life as expected of them by the society or just at an individual level. Chronic lifestyle illnesses have been largely associated with such cases of anxiety and depression and so patients with rheumatic arthritis have been faced with the same condition. The nature of the disease incapacitates the patients and makes them fully dependant on others. This can be ...

Management strategies for adult patients with pain in outpatient clinics

Introduction
The current study describes a framework that applies systems thinking to the issue of under-management of chronic pain in outpatient hospitals. It expands the nursing focus from individual patients to the healthcare system. Consequently, the study investigates the various strategies of chronic pain management and formulates an effective approach for addressing under-management of chronic pain. Subsequently, it discusses the application of the scheme in a Chronic Pain Management Program. The formation of the management program is significant to the advanced nursing practice because it has the potential to ameliorate the care of all patients at a system level. Therefore, system ...

Marijuana raises controversial debate from time to time on the significance of its legalization. Although, many people attach massive demerits to the substance, others find exclusive benefits in the substance. The benefits of the drug may range from medical to economical. There are unique medicinal benefits that come with the use of marijuana. The economic benefits of the substance may be attached to the tax revenue that the drug attracts to an economy.
The first medical benefit of marijuana is that it acts as the pain reliever. There are some diseases that cause extensive pain to the patient, ...

Music and its association with the medical field

There is a substantial amount of evidence based on the therapeutic benefits of music, some of the evidence dating back thousands of years ago. Many civilizations such as India, China, Egypt, Greece, and Rome have documented the role of music in the medical field. It was during World War I and II where the first ever clinical setting based on music therapy was conducted. The study was based on the therapeutic effect of music in soldiers to relieve pain after trauma from war-based injuries. These studies led to the foundation of music therapy in different fields of the medical world. ( ...

Deep vein thrombosis is formation of thrombus in the deep vein of leg. Most commonly it occurs as a result of post surgical complication, any chronic and debilitating disease, immobility for a considerably long period of time, post partum complications, local injury. The thrombus may be loosely attached to the vein, which may lead to fatal consequences like pulmonary embolism due to dislodging of the emboli.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS

- Stasis
- Increased blood coagulability
- Injury to the vessel wall

SITES OF INVOLVEMENT

- Calf vein
- Femoral vein
- Ileofemoral vein
- Pelvic vein

PREVENTION

Before operation : a) Pre operative hospital ...

Evidence-Based Practice on Wound Packing Following Incision and Drainage

Identification, critical appraisal, and synthesis of evidence from research articles is an essential skill in evidence-based practice (EBP) (Titler, 2008). This paper will critique two primary research articles related to the issue of wound packing following incision and drainage. The first article is authored by Leinwand et al. (2013) and is entitled “Incision and drainage of subcutaneous abscesses without the use of packing”. The second article is authored by Alimov et al. (2013) and is entitled “Use of a silver-containing hydrofiber dressing for filling abscess cavity following incision and drainage in the emergency department: A randomized controlled trial”.
The ...

The full elimination of animal use in medical research may seem as unachievable to some individuals. However, while working with practical goals, the task is quite achievable. The aim of the practical goals lies within reducing the animal use in science laboratories by ensuring the improvement of the conditions within the laboratories where these animals are evaluated and tested. The solution for the animal use problem in medical research was established along a study in 1959 that presented three R`s. The R`s stand for replacing, reducing and redesigning. For replacing, it means that individuals in the practice of ...

The musculoskeletal system is responsible for all body movements. The skeletal component of the muscular system provides a structural framework for the body, which protects the internal organs and provides the shape for the body. It acts as the storage for calcium and phosphorus and plays a part in mineral homeostasis(Davidson, 2002)

Functions of the skeletal system(Haywood, 2008)

The role of the skeletal system can be classified into five categories: protection, structural support, movement, mineral and chemical storage and blood cell production.
- Protection: The strong material that makes up bones protect the internal tissues and organs of the body like the brain, ears, eyes, spine, ...

The subject of patient rights is controversial and ties heavily into human rights. Individuals have the right to autonomous choice provided their choices do no harm to others. Individuals also have the right to live their lives as they see fit within legal and moral boundaries. However, how society defines legal and moral is often up for debate. One such debate is centered on the right of an individual to commit legal suicide when they are faced with certain, painful and lingering death. There are many viewpoints on this topic. One viewpoint shared by many is that an individual ...

In summer 2014, New York became the 23d state to legalize medical usage of marijuana. The State Assembly issued the Compassionate Care Act on June, the 20th. This research paper addresses pros and cons of legalization of marijuana for medical purposes in New York City not touching the controversial issue of legalization of marijuana for recreational purposes.
Marijuana has been used for medical purposes for ages. Medical marijuana refers to the extraction from the plants named Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica (Whitehall, 2014.). Those plants contain over sixty various chemicals, including delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the primary psychoactive ingredient) and ...

For most people, the only food they know is meat. They grew up wearing leather and depending on location, cloths made of fur or wool. For entertainment, children are brought to zoos and circuses while eating hotdogs, burgers, or barbeque. In addition, children often raise their desires of having their own pets at home, prompt parents to buy pets from pet shops and which are later on, kept in cages. While these are indeed pleasant activities for the family, seldom are the animals considered or thought of after each bite of the delicious meal. How many had to die ...

Post-operative readmissions occasioned by abdominal pain are a common occurrence for acute cholecystitis patients who have undergone surgery. While these trends have continuously been eminent if healthcare, research studies have not addressed the primary concerns as to how to eliminate or reduce these cases to acceptable levels (White, 2005). Pain management in post-operative care forms the backbone of effective outcomes. Thus, a situation that leads to continued pain during this period is a matter of concern not just to the patient but also to the physician. Apart from leading to further complications, such cases of readmission have associated costs and that place a ...

Introduction

Acute cholecystitis mainly occurs from the complications of the gallstones. Usually, it results from blockage of the cystic duct further resulting to the accumulation of bile into the gallbladder. This could often lead to an irritation and swelling. Patients with this complication usually undergo a medical procedure to remove the gallbladder. Post-operative care is always critical as these medical procedures to eliminate the gallbladder usually lead to abdominal pain and frequent re-hospitalization where adherence is poor or the post-operative procedure is not responsive (White, 2005).
Question: Among female Hispanic, age 20 and above, with acute cholecystitis, from surgical floor, ...

Essay #1. The research questions for this experiment involved the relative effectiveness of a shot and a nasal spray in keeping people from getting the flu. The hypothesis appears to have been that there would not be a significant difference between the two, with an eye toward proving that the nasal spray is just as effective as the shot. A nasal spray would be easier to deliver to patients and therefore more salable. 16 percent of the people who took the shot ended up getting the flu, while 24 percent got the flu in spite of the shot. This is a significant level ...

One of the most common sports-related knee injuries is medial collateral ligament (MCL), which occurs in almost every contact sport, such as football, hockey, wrestling, and martial arts. Those more at risk are intercollegiate male athletes, who can experience mild MCL sprain that could keep them away from exercising sports for an average of three weeks (DeBerardino, 2014). However, the severity of the injury has a broad spectrum, it is impossible to determine the incidence of MCL injuries, especially since minor MCL injuries are never evaluated by a physician.

Anatomy of the Injury (structures involved)

One of the most commonly injured knee-joint ligamentous structures is the medial ...

Chronic pain management has been one of the most controversial issues in the health sector. It has attracted so much attention in the cases where the physicians do assume that the physical pain a patient does experience is not such a complicated medical issues and is one that can be solved through use of mild or moderate pain relievers. Research studies have indicated that such assumptions are mainly as a result of physicians, nurses and other health practitioners taking into assumption the descriptive evidence offered by the patient (American Academy of Pain Medicine, 2014). The problem has been differentiating between chronic pain ...

Abstract

Conventional medicine or mainstream medicine, which is often called as allopathic medicine, is based on the Cartesian model of dualism that holds the view that the human body and the mind are two entities. On the contrary, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) views the human body and the mind as a single entity. Many mainstream therapies were once considered complementary until they were proven clinically effective through research. Currently, many mainstream practitioners are adopting CAM therapies to provide integrated or holistic care. The National Institutes of Health and National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NIH/NCCAM) have divided CAM therapies ...

As humans, we enjoy experiencing pleasure. Pleasure, in itself, is reinforcing since we will repeat an action that resulted in pleasure over and over again for as long as it continues to bring us that positive reward. Sometimes the things that we enjoy most are always pleasurable such as being with family or our favorite meal. Other times what gives us pleasure may lose its saliency so we may try to find something to replace this source or pleasure or do something to increase the intensity or the overall effect of cause such as when we need to use ...

Scenario

A patient visited the clinic and presented signs of hyperinternal rotation of the femur followed by an acute onset of pain. The patient, who is an athlete, presented with pain deep in the posterior aspect of the hip that radiated into the buttock and down the posterior aspect of the thigh. Piriformis Syndrome is suspected. While Piriformis Syndrome is not commonly-diagnosed due to better diagnostic tests for lumbar nerve root impingement and intervertebral disk disease. However, if the patient is a woman -- especially an athletic one -- this is a possible pathology worth investigating. Piriformis Syndrome, however, still remains undefined ...

Introduction Conditioning refers to the process whereby predictable response is made from neurological patterns that have been established through reinforcement. Classical conditioning also called Pavlovian conditioning is one of the most influential conditional theories in Psychology (Bergin &Bergin, 2012). It was put forward by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov in the 20th century. It is based on the association between environmental stimulus and unlearned or naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning can be used to explain my childhood fear for people dressed in nursing gear. There are four basic components of classical conditioning namely; unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus ...

Claudia medical history has pointed towards demyelination as a major pathological feature responsible for the listed signs and symptoms said to affect her and made her visit the neurologist. The major initial symptoms noted by Claudia are that of the facial numbness on the chin and lower lip. This later seen to be referred to the upper jaw and then towards the eyes. All these events which occurred over several months and after the usage of certain medication a strong link with a chronic neurological degeneration which was not taking into consideration as earlier as possible in order to address the issue before ...

- Most frighteningly, because many of these painkillers cause slow breathing and because teens have a tendency to mix painkillers, they can even cause teens to die.
- Of course the primary effect painkillers have on teens is to make pain subside.
- The lucid effect painkillers provide also encourages teens to use them recreationally.
- Over half of teens using painkillers do not actually need them, but only use them as a source to get high.
- Continuous use of painkillers to get high may be thought to be harmless by some but it is not.
...

Extraneous variables may have an influence on the dependent variable. In what ways do researchers attempt to control extraneous variables?

Extraneous variables are variables which have not been controlled while dependent variables are the probability of achieving success. Extraneous variables have influence to the outcome and researchers use some methodology to control them.One of the ways researchers use is making the extraneous variable constant where they try to ensure that there are no changes in the values taken by the extraneous variables during experiments through randomization. For example, when one is testing the effect of temperature on plant growth soil type and amount of water to be constant. These are extraneous variables that affect the experiment. This method of ...

Debate about the legality and morality of Euthanasia has been a phenomenon since time immemorial. How can it be lawful to let a patient die slowly and painless through a lethal injection thus saving his/her family from yet another ordeal to add to what has already befallen them? It is very difficult to find a moral answer to this question. Euthanasia is a process of ending a person’s life in order to relieve them from an unbearable pain, irreversible comma or an incurable disease. Is it really right to help a patient end their suffering by helping them to die? In addition, does it morally ...

Over the recent years, the number of patients having physical therapy for pain management has drastically increased. Physical therapy involves physical exercises such as stretching and a range of motion exercises aimed at maintaining flexibility, strength, and mobility. Physical therapy embraces hot and cold therapy to mitigate pain in body parts. Chronic pain among people is one of the major illnesses, which have presented itself people around the world. People have, over the years, been using drugs in mitigating chronic pains. There has been a persistent use of prescribed medicines to manage pain. Improvement in technology and medical skills have significantly ...

Introduction

Lysergic acid diethylamide or LSD refers to a semisynthetic psychedelic drug belonging to the ergoline family. The drug is well known for the psychological effect. These psychological effects include altered thinking, synesthesia, closed- and open-eye visuals, a changed sense of spiritual experiences, as well as time. The drug is used as a recreational drug, an entheogen, or as a psychedelic therapy agent. LSD is not known to cause addiction or damage to the brain and has a very low toxicity when compared to the dose administered (Lüscher and Ungless).

History

The first synthesis of LSD was conducted in 1938 by a Swiss chemist known as ...

The spirit of the professional career, attitudes, values, and techniques of interacting with patients are considered as essential vocational and technical skills in the nursing profession. This becomes even important when patient is in grief. Post operative pain management is one of the challenges for the nurse as well as the doctor. It is important to identify the patient’s pain in the same way as he complaints. By this way, a better control of post operative pain will be achieved. I believe that patient’s grief should be assessed as they depict and explain. I chose this article ‘A ...

Over the recent years, the number of patients having physical therapy for pain management has drastically increased. Physical therapy involves physical exercises such as stretching and a range of motion exercises aimed at maintaining flexibility, strength, and mobility. Physical therapy embraces hot and cold therapy to mitigate pain in body parts. Chronic pain among people is one of the major ailments which have presented itself people around the world. People have, over the years, been using drugs in mitigating chronic pains. There has been a persistent use of prescribed medicines to manage pain. Improvement in technology and medical skills have significantly ...

Urolithiasis refers to the condition where there is the formation of urinary stones as well as their location in the urinary system. While the term urolithiasis refers to those stones that are in the ureter, nephrolithiasis also known as renal calculus refers to those stones that are found in the kidney, and cystolithiasis (vesical calculi) refers to the stones that are formed or located into the urinary bladder (Pearle, Calhoun, & Curhan, 2007).
The urinary stones also known as calculi refer to the hardened mineral deposits forming in the kidney. The stones originate as microscopic after which they develop ...

Hypnosis

One’s perception of hypnosis often includes the idea of people charmed to do things while under a state of trance which can be either comedic or appalling in nature. This perception is often fueled by media titles with themes like sci-fi, fantasy, and even horror as these themes would show how hypnosis is done to remove one’s free will or bring one into a state wherein he finds himself in his own world while his body performs mechanically. While these media descriptions of hypnosis is somehow true given hypnosis’ definitions, many are left unaware as to the true nature ...

Philosophy (Research Paper)

Philosophy
Yoo defined torture as an act committed upon a person with specific intensions to cause him/her severe mental or physical pain or suffering by another person acting under the color of law, and has his custody or physical control. This pain must not be as a result of lawful sanctions. This type of definition that Yoo uses is “threatening” and is unlawful. President Obama however, would oppose the use of torture. On the other hand, Luban, would say Yoo ignores the law models and war models if they deny terrorist suspects protection as required.
Yoo says, in order ...

Adanois Gonzalez

DBRN 112L
Deborah Franco
Abstract
This paper presents the condition of placenta abruptio, or premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, from a nursing perspective. It includes description of the condition including the pathophysiology of maternal vessel rupture and intrauterine blood accumulation, the uncertain etiology and known risk factors. Signs and symptoms such as abdominal pain, shock symptoms and uterine rigidity are described. Specific medical interventions such as aggressive monitoring and blood transfusions and surgical treatments including emergency caesarian section are reviewed. The paper also describes diagnostic studies for this condition including blood testing and fetal ...

Abstract

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is due to weakening of the lower esophageal sphincter tone and is thought to be one of the most common disorders of the gastrointestinal system (Harrison’s, 2008). The loss of tone in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) allows gastric contents to flow backwards into the esophagus (Kahrilas, 2013), causing damage to the normal esophageal mucosa. Simple measures, such as lifestyle changes can be employed to try and live with the condition, but usually the treatment is medical with various drugs to make the pH of the gastric acid less acidic as to lessen the ...

- Introduction
The cannabis plant that is commonly referred to as marijuana has been known for a very long time for both its advantages and disadvantages. It is known for all the good and wrong reasons because when it is used as medicine, it does really good in speeding up the healing process of many illnesses and when it is used as a stimulant, it also works very well in making its users feel very high. For these two reasons, debate has been brewing on whether to legalize it or not because in as much as it does well, the ...

Breast cancer is harmful to women and men, can lead to the loss of a breast or can be fatal. Breast cancer refers to a type of cancer that originates from the tissues of the breast especially the inner lining of the milk duct or lobules that are involved in the supply of milk to the ducts (Sariego). Breast cancer just like the other cancers takes place through an interaction between environmental factors and the host who is genetically susceptible. Normal cells usually become cancerous after losing their ability to stop the division process. Breast cancer is divided into two main ...

Introduction

This research paper compares and contrasts the views of professionals with respect to fibromyalgia; whether it is of psychological or physical nature / origin. Having conducted the following research and studied the views of others, especially those who we would all hope should know – the medical professionals, the view of this researcher is that fibromyalgia is more psychological in nature, even though that opinion is changed considerably from the view that was almost universally held in less enlightened times, when referring to a condition as having psychological causes was interpreted as implying the person was suffering from a mental illness, which ...

Introduction

As people grow old, they are highly likely to develop conditions which predispose them to intermittent acute pain or importunate pain states. In reference to Cunningham et al. (2010) the impact of dementia on processing of pain is different in different types of pain and the stage of dementia. Cunningham et al. (2010) conclude that there is a high possibility of under-detection of pain among individuals with dementia more so to those who have limited verbal communication. The assessment of cognitive status of individuals with dementia is critical in determining the pain assessment to use. The paper intends to illustrate ...

Description of Injury and Treatment Plan

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an important ligament of the knee in regards to stabilization (Friedberg, 2013). The ACL originates from the later femoral condyle in the distal femur; it traverses in an antero-medial direction to insert onto the antero-medial part of the tibia, in between the condyles. (Friedberg, 2013) The function of the ACL is to resist anterior movement and medial rotation of the tibia in relation to the femur (Markolf, Mensch, & Amstutz, 1976). A Non-contact mechanism of injury involves a running or jumping athlete with a sudden change in direction. A contact mechanism ...

Introduction

The term migraine refers to a chronic neurological disorder characterized by persistent moderate to severe headaches that are usually linked to various autonomic nervous system symptoms. A typical case of migraine presents itself as a pulsating headache that affects only one side of the head for a period of two to seventy two hours. Within this period, the patient displays symptoms such as photophobia, vomiting, nausea and phonophobia. There are four documented sequential phases of a migraine i.e. the prodrome phase (1), aura phase (2), headache/ pain phase (3) and prodrome phase (4).
Analgesics such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are normally administered ...

Chiropractic refers to a health care profession that uses alternative and complementary treatment in order to offer healing approach that is concerned with doing diagnosis, treatment, as well as prevention of various disorders that affect the neuromusculoskeletal system. The practice emphasizes on the manual therapy such as joint manipulation, as well as adjustment focusing mainly on the joint dysfunction. The increased cases of back pain and its recurrent and chronic nature in most of the patients are well known. However, there is no general consensus that exists concerning the best treatment that is effective. The greatest improvement has been reported ...

In One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Solzhenitsyn, Shukhov, the main character, experiences many hardships while held prisoner in a Stalinist labor camp in 1951. The prisoners' intense labor in subzero temperatures is punishment that is hugely unjust and inhumane.
For example, on this particular day in the book, he is feeling sick and is threatened with three days in the hole. Piling unjust punishment onto people who are already prisoner of a long hard sentence is just savage employment of power by the Soviet officials. Though mistreatment of prisoners occurs in work camps and prisons all ...

Animal testing is perhaps one of the most controversial and debatable topics that we have today. There are flip sides to the argument of animal testing and each side has vociferous and strong supporters. Animal Testing, in very lucid and simple terms, can be defined as the experimentation carried out on animals to assess or gauge the safety, effectiveness and performance of everything ranging from medication, cosmetics to Food additives and Supplements. Animal testing is also used widely for better understanding of how human body works among the medical lobby. The very mention of the topic is capable of generating ...

Physician assisted suicide (PAS) has been one of the most controversial and sensitive issues facing the healthcare industry in most countries today (Burt 567). PAS normally occur when a physician gets involved in helping a patient take their own life through the writing of a prescription, advice, lethal medication, or giving a patient crucial information that can enable them to take their own life. Someone can describe it as a doctor providing a gun to a patient, and the patient pulling the trigger (Manning 248). PAS tends to have a similar moral goal with euthanasia, which is normally premature death of a patient.
Most ethicists have described ...

Paracetamol is the most widely used over the counter pain reliever (analgesic) and fever reducer (antipyretic) in the world. It is considered a mild pain killers and most use it as a pain reliever for headaches and other relatively mild pains. I have personally used paracetamol in various instances of headaches and a fever and have experience with the drug. I only use it to treat the mentioned conditions.

In the ancient medieval are, antipyretic agents were sourced from the barks of trees in the white willow. In the 1880s, the cinchona tree that was also a source of antipyretics, and around that ...

Non-Parametric or T-tests

Assessment of Non-Parametric
This author will provide an assessment of non-parametric analog. Non-parametric methods don’t demand the researcher to formulate distributional assumptions concerning data. Secondly, nonparametric data uses qualitative methods as opposed to quantitative methods. These are the identified and defined procedures of statistics, which are used to test the hypothesis. They, therefore, don’tneed a normal distribution since they are ranks and count-based (Plichta& Kelvin, 2013). The two non-parametric tests used in the article are the Pearson’s Chi squared test for the nominal/ordinal data and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney’s U-test for continuous variables. Unlike the parametric ...

Alternative medicine is the term given for medicinal products or services that are not a part of a standard medical care. It means nonstandard treatments that can be used along with the standard treatment. Some examples of alternative medicine are herbal medicines, acupuncture, chiropractic medicine, energy therapies, magnetic field therapy, hypnosis, Reiki, Ayurveda, Chinese Medicine, Traditional Medicine, and healing touch therapies (National Institute of Health, n.d.). These have been around for many years, but in literature, there is a support as well as controversy surrounding it. In some cases, there has been considerable research done while in some other cases, there has ...