Antigen College Essays Samples For Students

Isoforms of Dj-1 / Park7 Protein and Gp100

Isoforms of DJ-1 / Park7 protein and gp100
DJ-1 is simply a multifunctional protein that has a very crucial importance in oxidative stress, synucleinopathies such as Parkinson disease and cell death. Levels of DJ-1 generally decreases in cerebrospinal fluid, but they do not have a different composition in human plasma especially with patients with Parkinson illness. The total amount of DJ-1 has their attributes in the red blood cells, and they have the potential of being biomarkers of the Parkinson disease. In determining whether DJ-1 can be used as a biomarker of PD severity or PD diagnosis, we check on its abundance ...

The binding of antibodies to red blood cells can lead to potentially fatal outcomes such as hemolytic transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn.1 Information regarding the first steps of hemolytic transfusion reactions is well documented. It is, however, unclear why the severity of hemolytic transfusions experienced by different individuals ranges from mild to very severe.2 The pathophysiology of the final pathways and downstream events of red blood cell hemolysis are also yet to be fully elucidated although research is ongoing.2 A recent study by Liepkalns et al. (2012)1 has reinvigorated debate on the ...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV is a retrovirus, which is a unique virus family consisting of RNA as the genetic material instead of DNA. This genetic material is surrounded by an envelope of lipoprotein. HIV differs structurally from other members of the family retrovirus. It is roughly spherical and has a diameter of around 120 nm.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus comprises of two copies of non-covalently joined positive single-stranded RNA enveloped by a conical capsid that consist of the p24 viral protein, which is typical of lentiviruses. Lysine tRNA is reverse transcriptase that is magnesium dependent and is involved in the packaging of both ...

The Prevalence of the Overprescription of Antibiotics in the Context of Rising Antibiotics Resistance and Alternative Strategies to Identify Bacterial Infections in Sore Throat Patients
The Prevalence of the Overprescription of Antibiotics in the Context of Rising Antibiotics Resistance and Alternative Strategies to Identify Bacterial Infections in Sore Throat Patients
While most sore throats are caused by viral infections, in a small proportion of cases, the cause is a bacterial infection, which sometimes needs to be treated with antibiotics. Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus (Strep A), which is responsible for most bacterial respiratory tract infections in adults, is also able ...

Cell Mediated Immunity

Cell mediated is one of the components of the immune response. it involves the expression of cells like natural killer cells, phagocytic cells and antigen-presenting cells. it also involves the release of various forms of cytokines. the varies ways by which cell mediated immunity protect the body includes the activation of macrophages and natural killer cells in order to empower them to destroy antigenic agents like pathogens. it also leads to the formation of substances that modulate the function of cells involved in cell-mediated immunity. In addition, cell-mediated immunity helps in protection of the body by leading to activation ...

1. In the article, Henry (2009) states; “In the context of immunohaematology testing, quality control systems should also be able to detect instrument and human errors such as transcription, transposition and transmission”.

Routine immunohaematology tests may seem reliable and simple, however, reagent failure and technical errors can and do occur both in manual and automated systems. Very dangerous errors such as transposition and transcription can be made. Transposition errors are caused when staff or instruments pick up and use incorrect sample or reagent or dispense samples or reagents into an incorrect testing position. Mixing up of test materials such ...

Mechanisms by which Incompatible Red Cells may be Cleared from Circulation

Introduction
One of the leading causes of transfusion-associated mortality is related to haemolytic transfusion reactions.1 Many factors that account for haemolytic transfusion, and complement activation is the most widely studied and documented feature linked with such reactions and fatalities, and many researchers have focused on the role of complement initiation, activation and regulation with respect to these reactions. Others have focused on the underlying strategies involved in mitigating the complement modulation, in the event of an incompatible red blood cell transfusion.1 Many reports have stated that incompatible red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are the leading cause of death in ...

Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Organisms

Salmonella enterica is a gram-negative rod, which flagellated. It is a member of the enteriobacteriaceae family and it has six subspecies. The bacteria usually reside in poikilothermic animals (PHAC, 2010). The bacteria has various serotypes which are characterized by surface antigens it includes the H antigen which is a flagellar antigen, the O antigen which is the Oligosaccharide antigen and the Vi antigen which is the polysaccharide antigen. Salmonella enterica is a facultative anaerobic organism. it is a motile, non-sporulating rod. the organism is a glucose and mannose fermenter. it does not produce gas and does not ferment lactose or sucrose. Most salmonellae produce Hydrogen ...

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Immunotherapy in Treating Human Cancer

The immune system of our body is a complex network of tissues, cells, and organs that act mutually to protect our body from unknown foreign trespassers. It recognizes the harmful particles entering the body and facilitates the destruction of those particles in order to shield the body system from any ailment. Due to any complexity or disturbance often the immune system targets the wrong particle considering it as a dangerous particle and this anomaly of the immune system may result in various autoimmune diseases like arthritis, allergies, malignancies, and AIDS (Understanding the ...

A pesticide is a contraction that is used to describe various agents, which are categorized based on their ability to kill living beings. These include herbicides, insecticides, as well as fungicides. Even though the utilization of pesticides has duplicated each ten years from 1945, pest destruction to crops is more widespread now than it used to be. Several pests are now resistant to pesticide because of the omnipresent pesticides’ presence in the environment. Residues of chlorinated pesticide are there in the soil, air, and water, with a co-occurrence presence in human beings. Carbamate as well as Organophosphate pesticides, the compounds that ...

1. In the article, Henry (2009) states; “In the context of immunohaematology testing, quality control systems should also be able to detect instrument and human errors such as transcription, transposition and transmission”.

Routine immunohaematology tests may look as if they are both dependable and straightforward; however, the failure of reagent and circumstantial technological inaccuracies can take place both in manual and automated systems. Very dangerous errors such as transposition and transcription can be made. Transposition errors are caused when staff or instruments pick up and use incorrect sample or reagent or dispense samples or reagents into an incorrect testing ...

Immune System

(Author, Department, University,

Immune System

Introduction

The human immune system is a complex system consisting of a network of numerous cells and cell types, tissues, and organs working together to defend the human body from foreign bodies such as invading microorganisms, infections, and tumors, while ignoring the normal working and healthy parts of the body.

Discussion

Working of the immune system
The immune system has different ways of identifying problems, communicating with other cells, and performing their activities. The immune system has the ability to distinguish healthy cells from unhealthy cells as it can recognize a number of different “danger” cues ...

Seminar: Inflammatory and Immune Mechanisms in Lymphatic Vascular Disease

The YouTube video presented by David Zawieja, talks about immune and inflammatory mechanisms that occur in Lymphatic Vascular diseases. The lymphatic system has a significant role in various essential mechanisms inside the body such as edema resolution, fluid and macromolecular homeostasis, inflammation and antigen trafficking. The primary of the Lymphatic function involves the transportation of Lymphatic substances from the interstitial spaces between the tissues via lymphatic capillary network and nodes that terminate into the venous blood inside the veins. The most significant segment of the lymphatic function is the flow of lymph through multiple nodes. The immune cells like ...

Major Achievements in Biology

Researchers and scientists are always intrigued by biological processes and activities, and strive to utilize them for benefit of mankind. Antibiotics, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and several therapeutic agents, high yielding as well as disease tolerant plants and animals are all results of extensive research in the fields of cell and molecular biology, immunology, biotechnology and genetic engineering. Treatment to several diseases, even genetic disorders are available today only due to breakthrough discoveries in biology. Three such important discoveries are revelation of structure of ribosomes through X-ray crystallography, identification of tumor specific antigens (TSA) expressed on the surface of cancer ...

Introduction and Overview

The Rhesus factor (Rh) refers to the red blood cell’s(RBC) surface antigen;the name Rhesus comes from the small Indian monkeys in which it was first discovered. Rh incompatibility,sometimes referred to as Rh disease, is a condition that occurs when a woman with the Rh-negative blood type is exposed to Rh- positive blood cells, leading to the development of Rh antibodies. This condition can have fatal outcomes including haemolytic disease of the foetus or newborn, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and haemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs). These conditions have, in the past, raised a lot of concerns, and some ...

Hepatitis is a condition pertaining to the liver. Its name literally means liver inflammation from the Greek words hêpar (liver) and –itis (inflammation). It is caused by several agents but worldwide, the most common medium for its distribution are viruses. There are five types of viruses namely Hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E; these viruses are unrelated to each other except that they target the liver and cuase inflammation. Among all five Hepatitis B (HepB) is the most transmitted.
HepB is caused by the hepatitis b virus (HBV) which belongs to the family hepadnaviridae which have single stranded ...

The immune system has an immune arsenal that help in the combat of infections including the challenging viral infections (Iannello 2006). Upon infection by a virus, the host invariably reacts by activating its line of defenses. These immune defenses can fall into two main groups: the innate immune system (first line of defense) and adaptive immune response. The innate immune system is non-specific in nature, but the adaptive immune system is acquired following previous infections or vaccinations (Iannello 2006). However, viruses continue to undergo an evolution and have engineered strategies that evade the hosts’ immune antiviral responses. This paper examines ...

RESEARCH PROBLEM:

Homosexuals are people that are attracted both equally romantically and sexually towards same sex. All throughout history homosexuality has been looked at in the controversial light along with lots of people seeing the idea being a shame, while other people visualize it as one accepted standard of living. Without having a question homosexuality faces resistance and is considered a taboo of minorities in our community. Scientific disciplines have an effect on the way the community sees homosexual and how they view themselves.
When pondering over homosexuality and whether scientific perspectives enjoy a component in working out whether female or male are usually ...

Immunoglobulins (Ig) are also known as antibodies and they have molecular weights between 160000 and 970000 (Guyton, 2006, p. 443). They are key components of the vertebrate immune system and are a part of the humoral immune system, forming the base of the B-Cell. Igs function in cell-cell recognition as well as structural organization and regulation of musucle (Harpaz, Chothia, 2004). All Igs are made up of a light and a heavy polypeptide chain, usually two of each, but they may contain many more (Guyton, 2006, p. 443). They contain discrete domains of approximately 100 amino acids that are divided into categories ...

Biology: Scientific Representation

Biology: Scientific Representation: Expression and purification of His-GFP

Figure 1 depicts the results from the expression and purification of histamine-green fluorescent protein (GFP), a molecule that is used as a molecular tag because it can be inserted into genes. Zeyton (et al., 2003) explained that GFPs are good for studying variant genes because of their “intrinsic fluorescence, high stability, expression and solubility” (p. 1473). The GFP can glow with green fluorescence under ultra-violet making it useful for identifying the reactions of variant genes with bacteria. Zeyton (et al., 2003) called them ‘”fluorobodies’ (which) have been used effectively in enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assays ( ...

1.0 Background of Immune Tolerance

The immune system is the natural defense that combats disease causing agents in the body[ CITATION Gre02 \l 1033 ] through an intricate and coordinated interactions of many classes of proteins and cells[ CITATION Len00 \l 1033 ].The immune system has a potential to destroy the body cells but in all vertebrates the system is capable of distinguishing “self” from “non-self” molecules. That way the immune system eliminates pathogens and molecules that are a threat to the integrity of the organism without “self-destructing”[ CITATION Len00 \l 1033 ]. The human body has several mechanisms of either suppressing or eliminating autoreactive immune cells. Some ...

Condoms are a method of contraception used by both males and females. It acts as a barrier. A male condom constitutes a thin sheath that is usually made of latex (Alexander, 2016). On the other hand, the female condom is made of polyurethane sheath that has a flexible ring at the two ends (Edlin & Golanty, 2016). Condoms are intended for protecting people from contracting STIs during sexual intercourse. Besides, they are used as contraceptives. Condoms are grouped as class II medical devices since they exhibit the second lowest level of risk.
Various clinical studies have been conducted on various ...

Prostate cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in the United States. Over the past twenty years, there have been significant changes in the way physicians screen and treat this disease. This paper will address common screening modalities, the effect of age and ethnicity on this disease, and its non-surgical treatment options.
In the United States, there are three primary methods to screen for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a digital rectal exam, and a prostate biopsy. PSA is a glycoprotein that is released by the prostate. It is believed that when cancer disrupts the prostatic ...

Introduction

When it comes to the topic of race, it can be observed to have many meanings ranging from social to biological. According to anthropologists’ views, race can be viewed in terms of biological and cultural variability. Anthropologists look at the customs of the society from various parts of the world in order to search for the common elements that define people’s existence. There have been many types of research that have been conducted in order to find the relation and impact between race and medicine. The reason for the researches is because of the constant debates that have ...

Hepatitis B virus do not need presentation - its statistics tell about it more as there are more than two hundred million infected people in the world (Sundaram and Kowdley, 2015). In many patients hepatitis B infection leads to the development of the liver cirrhosis and other complications, can cause decompensation of the liver function and lead to death. Prevalence and malignant course of this infection make it a major challenge for modern medicine. Reviewed article lists and shows clinically proved and effective methods of the hepatitis B management. The discovery of a vaccine became the turning point in ...

Microbial Genetics

This is an area of study within microbiology and genetic engineering that studies the inheritable characteristics of microorganisms. It is an area of study of great significance in the field of health and medicine. In this essay I will be focusing on this significance both positive and negative as it relates to the field of health and medicine and the new ways in which genetic engineering is finding its application.
HIV infection usually infects cells with CD4+ markers. The other markers that are essential in making infection of these cells possible are CCR5 and CXCR4 without which cell entry ...

The human population has had lengthy struggles trying to understand cancer. It has baffled many as it represents itself in numerous forms, and its features are exceedingly varied. Cancer requires specialist aggressive prognoses, innovative approach to its management, and early and fast response to it treatment. All these have dire economic implications to patients and their families. It is possible that a single type of cancer may behave entirely different in two patients presenting the likelihood of two types of diseases (Mukheerjee, 2010, p.1). There is no uniform theory regarding cancer that gives the common characteristics of various types of ...

Prognostic Cancer Biomarkers

The genetic diversity associated with cancer cells are shocking huge; and identifying a suitable prognostic marker is a real challenge. Prognostic cancer markers aims to evaluate objectively a patient’s overall outcome, response to treatment and chances of cancer recurrence. Prognostic markers can also help to select patients for a particular treatments and help predict the beneficial effect of the therapy. DNA, RNA, epigenetic patterns, signaling pathways, proteins, and metabolic biomolecules have been used as prognostic cancer markers. (Mehta et al., 2010)

Given below are few prognostic biomarkers commonly used in cancer medicine:

1. Beta tubulin: Beta tubulin regulates microtubule assembly in the cell. Class III tubulin are expressed by tumor of both neuronal ...

Immunohistochemistry

Introduction
The Human Papilloma virus (HPV) is an extremely common group of viruses that are found worldwide. There are more than 100 types of HPV worldwide. 13 types of HPV are associated with cancer. They are also termed as high risk type. (WHO, 2013). HPV is transmitted through sexual contact. More than 90% of cases are infected shortly after sexual activity. Cervical cancer is associated with HPV infection that are acquired through sexual contact. 70% of cervical cancer cases are caused by two types of HPV. HPV 16 and HPV 18 are the two strains associated with cervical ...

Hypersensitivity, which is also known as hypersensitivity reaction, refers to excessive and undesirable reactions such as allergies and autoimmunity. The reactions produce discomfort, damaging, and to some extent fatal and are caused by the normal immune system. The hypersensitivity reactions are basically divided into four main types based on the mechanisms involved and the time that is taken for the reaction to manifest. These types are types I, II, III and IV (Ghaffar).
The type I hypersensitivity, also known as anaphylactic or immediate hypersensitivity and involve skin, eye, nasopharynx, and bronchopulmonary tissues. This reaction causes a number of symptoms ...

Prof:

Differences and similarities in the structure of salmonella enterica and lactococcus lactis.
The structural makeup of L.lactis makes it compatible with both aerobic and anaerobic reactions which makes it an important microbe for food production. It is a non-pathogenic bacterium with peptidoglycan component in their cell wall. They have cocci shape unlike salmonella enterica that is a rod shaped bacteria. The cocci of these bacteria come in pairs or short chains. The bacteria size is smaller than that of S. enterica. The size is 0.5-1.5 micrometer in length. The Lactococcus lactis is also non motile because of the absence of ...

The case study presented here demonstrates a clear diagnosis of Benign Prostratic Hypertrophy or BPH.

Pathophysiology: The disease condition known as benign hypertrophy of the prostate usually develops initially in the transition zone of the periurethral region of prostate. This zone usually consists of separate lobules of tissues lying external to the sphincter. Majority of ducts of the transitional zone of urethra lie on the lateral part of urethral wall. It is important to note that it is the point of urethral angulation near verumontanum. Near the origin of this transition zone, there are glands of periurethral region. These are usually confined in the preprostatic opening. According to a renowned researcher, majority of the ...

QUESTIONS FOR PAPER “A”

Question 1: Research problem
The problem addressed by the research is the scorpion envenoming which is a primary challenge in the most part of the universe. Additionally, the provision of an adequate remedy by health services to this problem has not been easy because the treatment of scorpionism is too complicated. Therefore, the research is addressing the possible treatment to this disease by considering various experiments carried out by using polyclonal antiserum that has been disinfected from the serum of hyperimmune horse (Muyldermans et al 179).

Question 2: Adjuvant utilization

In this research, Freund’s adjuvant was utilized. This was done by mixing ...

Lung cancer is a deadly disease that jeopardizes health of people globally. Diagnosis of this disease has made it difficult to be prevented or treated since no single test has been found to diagnose lung cancer accurately. Hence, series of tests have been implemented to test for this disease. The diagnosis of the disease has enabled doctors to come up with some specific and accurate preventive measures that have been put in place to reduce the incidences of this disease. The section of this paper will therefore discuss laboratory measures and diagnosis of lung cancer, useful tumors of cancer diagnosis ...

In clinical transplantation, an observed complication is that previous red blood cell (RBC) transfusions may reduce the risk of solid organ transplant rejection but increase the risk of bone marrow transplant (BMT) graft failure (Storb and Weiden, 1981). This statement is seemingly a contradiction. It is difficult to understand how RBC transfusions can both reduce the risk of solid organ transplant rejection and increase the risk of BMT rejection.
But this contradiction can be resolved by understanding three considerations. First, the immune system is extremely complex and attempts to control its effects routinely have both positive and negative effects ( ...

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Growing cells are located within defined environmental niches and any area outside the niche is very hostile. Because normal cells lack survival techniques, it leads to anoikis. The tumor development process strives when malignant cells escape from the local issues and resist anoikis. The cells of the immune system play a dual role of stimulating adaptive immune responses against tumor-specific antigens and at the same time promoting tumor angiogenesis and progression. This is through the support of the innate and inflammatory responses (Ravi et al., 2000).
Integrins are termed as a family of adhesion ...

The global burden of diabetes is high and the prevalence of diabetes is increasing. Diabetes is a major disease with significant side effects and complications resulting in shorter lifespans. The problem is greater with type 1 diabetes because this type of diabetes cannot be prevented and there is no cure for the disease. However, clinical studies have shown that education, adapting to the disease, and nutritional therapy can reduce the complications of type 1 diabetes. Parents are the most important members of the diabetes management team in pediatric patients and any impact on the quality of life of the parent ...

With more than 25 percent of the world’s population reportedly suffering from allergic-reaction related conditions, allergy is increasingly becoming one of the world’s widespread conditions. Oft marked with a characteristic features such as itching, sneezing and vasodilatation, an allergy, according to Ahmed (2011), is an overreaction of an individual’s immune system to a substance (allergen) which does not usually cause any reaction to other people. Such an overreaction occurs when the body recognizes a substance as foreign thereby inducing an immune response marked with the production of antibodies.

Mechanism of an Allergic Reaction

An allergic response, as affirmed by Ahmed (2011), can conveniently be ...

Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Organisms

Similarities in both organisms include the fact that both organisms are non-sporulating. Although, not the only metabolite, Salmonella enterica can produce lactate as one of its metabolite while Lactococcus lactis produces lactate. Both organisms are anaerobes, feeding by fermenting substrates (PHAC, 2010). Salmonella enterica ferments glucose while Lactococcus lactis ferments milk.
Salmonella enterica is different from Lactococcus enterica in several ways. From gram staining, Salmonella enterica is a gram-positive organism while Lactococcus lactis is a gram-negative organism. At the level of feeding, Salmonella enterica feeds on a wide range of carbohydrates (PHAC, 2010). It is a heterofermentative organism whereas Lactococcus lactis is a ...

Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori was previously known as Campylobacter pylori because of its resemblance to campylobacter (Lee & Marks, 2012). It is a motile helical spiral gram-negative bacterium. It is microaerophilic, as it requires oxygen for its survival. It is a flagellated organism, possessing multiple unipolar flagella, which allows it to move from one location to another. It measures between 2.4 - 4.0 m in length and it is an S-shaped, spiral rod (Santacrose, 2011)
Enzymes that the organism produces include oxidase, vacuolating cytotoxin, catalase, lipopolysaccharide and urease (Santacrose, 2011). Urease, produced by the organism, converts urea to ammonium and bicarbonate thereby neutralizing ...