Surface Term Papers Samples For Students

[Heat Lost From a 6-Inch OD Steam Line]
Analyze heat lost from a 6-inch OD steam line. The line carries high-pressure steam throughout the factory at 400 psi, 400oF. Specify type and thickness for insulating the steam line. Compare the cost of energy lost with and without pipe insulation. You can assume steam is generated 8000 hours/year. Compare energy cost reductions based upon a gas fired boiler and a fuel oil fired boiler. Assume boiler energy input at 6.5(106) Btu/hr.

Given outer diameter OD = 6-inch, pressure = 400 psi, steam temperature = 400oF.

The following assumptions are made;

The steam pipe is made of mild steel
The ...

Coliforms

According to Mohapatra (488), coliform is a general term used to refer to Gram-negative, rod-shaped facultative anaerobic bacteria. These coliforms are identified by production of a gas from glucose or other sugars. In addition, the fermentation of lactose acid and production of a gas within 48 hours at 35 degrees Celsius is also another identification criterion that is used. Species that fall under the coliform group include Citrobacter, Escherichia (E.coli), Klebsiella and Entrobacter (Mohapatra 488).

Fecal Coliforms

Fecal coliform bacteria normally thrive in the intestinal tract of humans and other warm-blooded animals. Hagedorn, Blanch, and Harwood (454), classify fecal coliforms as a group of coliforms ...

Introduction

Every market segment is different. Porters 5 forces models provides us with a guideline of different parameters that should be considered while analyzing a business situation. Information Technology industry is not different. Microsoft is the largest software company of USA in terms of market capitalization. It is one of the most respected brands across the world but still it faces threats from its rivals in each segment it operates. The information technology market changes so fast that the company leading the market today can go out of business tomorrow if it fails to keep pace with the changing demands. This essay ...

Introduction

There are environmental chemical processes which require light to react. These processes are called photochemical reactions. Photochemical reaction is commonly initiated due to the absorption of solar energy or light. When molecules absorb energy in the form of light, the atoms are converted in a transient excited state (Larson & Weber, 1994). This transition state or excited has completely different physical and chemical properties with the initial state of the molecule. The excited states also have more tendencies to react since they are considered stronger acids and stronger reductants that the initial state of the molecule. The excited state of ...

Introduction

Plate tectonics is important because it explains the reasons for the deformation of Earth’s surface. Plate Tectonics theory assumes that the Earth’s surface was broken into several small plates and the plates have collided with each other to form the continents. The theory explains that the oceans and continents also move in addition to the tectonic plates. It also explains the global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. The plate tectonics explains the major features of the earth, such as the continents and oceans, the earthquakes and volcanoes and the mountains and valleys. The theory explained that the ...

Introduction

Stainless steel is an alloy with iron as major part and chromium with at least 11% by weight . Stainless steel industry grew rapidly during the 1989-93 period . This paper analyzes stress corrosion of stainless steel along with prevention measures and selection methods for stainless steel. After carrying out the study, it would be established whether stainless steel is an effective alloy or not for major uses in steel industry through adopting various selection parameters. Stainless steel is called stainless due to the resistance to rusting and corrosion .

Stress-corrosion in Stainless Steel

In order to reduce various occurrences of intergranular stress-corrosion cracking and severe ...

The world’s petroleum and oil supply are being depleted at a rapid rate, which has necessitated the need to utilize alternate sources of energy. In 2001, unconventional source of energy contributed to only 1% of the energy needs of the US (Martin, 2015). By 2035, 46% of the energy required by the US is estimated to be provided by alternate sources of energy (Adgate, Goldstein & McKenzie, 2014). Apart from being an alternate source of energy, unconventional energy source such as natural gas extracted from shale beds are one of the cleanest sources of energy (Martin, 2015). One of ...

Introduction

Natural disasters tend to have significant implications. These include collapsing of buildings, which translate to loss of life and destruction of property worth a lot of money. Natural disasters include earthquakes, floods, volcanoes, and extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes, lighting, storms, and mass movements. Each of these natural disasters requires the design of the building to incorporate an element or a factor, which avoid or reduce the impact of the natural disaster or how it will resist the natural disaster. In the design of buildings, earthquakes are of significant importance since they result to a lot of damage in structures and ...

There are various opinions about the ways globalization influences the society and individuals. The reality is that the globalization results in changing scale and scope of individual, social and business operations. The different ways, in which people and social groups in the globalized world develop their relationships outline the diversity from cultural, racial, business and other perspectives. While one can argue that the impact of globalization on the cultural landscape is destructive, others will find globalization extremely beneficial for the enhancement of cultural literacy and diversity-awareness. The development of technology, business diversification and the growth of international mobility among ...

Introduction

Mining activities can pose serious environmental and health implications. Although, these environmental and health hazards can be mitigated and effectively managed through sound engineering and environmental practices, these environmental and health issues associated with mining operations could not be totally eradicated. In general, there are three major players in the mining industry: the company, which include the employees and the stockholders; the regulatory bodies, which include the government and other national and international environmental organizations; and the community, which are not directly related to the mining industry, but is impacted by its operations. Each one of these stakeholders has ...

INTRODUCTION

Land subsidence is obviously one of those problems humanity has not yet managed neither to estimate properly nor to find out how to stop it. A reason for that is the fact that land subsidence may happen in virtue of multiple reasons, both natural and anthropologic ones.
Land subsidence is the result of numerous subterranean processes consisting in deformation and displacement of underground materials leading to the disfiguration and the change of level of the earthly surface. The most frequent natural causes of land subsidies are compaction, movements of tectonic layers, collapse of karst caverns, thermokarst depression, drying up ...

The development of solar energy is based on a use of solar radiation for generation energy. Solar energy is the kinetic energy of the radiation (mainly light) formed by reactions in the solar interior. As its stocks are almost inexhaustible (astronomers counted that the Sun will “burn” some more millions of years), solar energy belongs to a renewable source of energy. In natural ecosystems, only a small part of the solar energy is absorbed by chlorophyll that contains in the leaves of plants and is used for photosynthesis, namely for the formation of organic matter from carbon dioxide and ...

Forewords

The universe is a collection of different galaxies; stars and planets and earth is part of it. The earth is also one of the planets in the solar system comprising the sun and nine other planets. The central part of the solar system is the sun while the earth and other planets in the solar system revolve around it. The earth as a gigantic structure but in the actual sense, it is infinitesimal in comparison with the solar universe. The universe has many galaxies, and the Milky Way galaxy is one of that many galaxies in the universe. The name "Milky ...

Causation of Climate Change

The world’s climate system is composed of five elements that include hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, cry sphere, and biosphere. It varies naturally with time and is dependent on the incoming and outgoing energy which determine the optimal balance of the earth’s energy. These determinants constitute factors that cause climate variation that result in either warmer or colder states. This result into a phenomenon referred to as climate change. This is a condition, in which, the earth experiences adjustments in its weather that occurs over a period. This essay provides a detailed analysis of the causes, characteristics, and the impacts of climate change ...

One of the main problems of classical mechanics is that of turbulent fluid flow. The reason for this is that there is the presence of thin no-slip boundary which requires a lot of meshpoints in order for the solution to be arrived. There is a research which has been arrived and researched upon which shows that with the use of slip boundary condition to be the model for friction to be achieved for the small skin, there is the possibility for predictive simulation for mean quantities. An example of such mean quantities is the drag and lift turbulent flow with millions ...

The paths of water through the hydrologic cycle

One of the most fundamental principles in hydrology and ecology is the hydrologic cycle. This cycle represents the process of water circulations from the oceans, atmosphere, land and back to the ocean. The energy driving the cycle is from the solar/sun and forces of gravity. The process is continuous, and is a global wide process ensuring that every water drop on earth is part of the system (Harper et al n.d).

At the beginning of the process, water from the seas, lakes, wetlands, rivers gain energy from the sun and get transferred to the atmosphere as vapor. The sun provides ...

Management of the Future

Introduction
Most global economies have emerged from the downturn brought about the financial crises in the early twenty-first century slowly and for a longer time than expected. However, the emergent growth cannot be denied (Rigby & Bilodeau, 2015). Executives had to slog through years of recession and even stagnation, feeling finally triumphant with the recovery. However, despite their organizational skills and business acumen, they cannot shove away the serious challenges posed by employee diversity, which is hounding them through the years without remission. The most notable of these challenges involves the surface level of diversity.
The surface dimensions of diversity ...

Holograms

I still remember the first time I saw a hologram. One could feel the energy change in the crowd. It wasn’t a large cheer or a change in volume, but one could feel everyone holding their breath, wondering, hoping, for that split second that it could be real. This experience took place when I saw Michael Jackson’s ONE in Las Vegas 3 years ago. Still one of the best shows I have ever seen, Michael Jackson’s ONE by Cirque du Soleil immerses the audience into the world of Michael Jackson. Through amazing sound and lighting, ONE ...

The variability of stars existing within our universe represents diversity and uniqueness. Humanity may not observe the whole life of a single star, however, techniques have been proposed to study the stars. We have different ways how to measure a star's temperature, age, and mass even, even though it seems impossible.
The said variability of stars is key to the measurement of a star's characteristics. The existence of variable stars suggests that stars change on a time interval, unfortunately, too long humanity cannot observe. Nevertheless, humanity have developed a way of understanding the stars through their variability. Needless to say, variability provides unique ...

Description of 3D Printing and Associated Science

Over the past decade, technological advancements and general progress have indeed changed or rather revolutionized human life and activities. Through the advanced technology both in hardware and software, people can now interact, communicate and complete different tasks in a more efficient and effective manner than before. The efficiency is because of how technology has influenced how we operate. Computing and Information technology has seen the rapidest and noticeable development in the past few years. These changes have affected the society, businesses and human life over the past few years. Through technology, one can achieve more socially, industrially and commercially. 3D ...

The Hope Athena is a Roman 2nd century AD copy after a Greek original of the late 5th century BC. It was named Hope Athena in honor of Thomas Hope, the man who paid for the excavation of the statue and its placement in a museum. It is made of white marble. The article The Hope Athena in Los Angeles County Museum website suggests it measures 86 x 28 x 22 1/2 inches. A standing, youthful woman is represented. Her head is a bit tilted forward and her gaze seems pensive, calm and serene almost as if she is in the process of ...

Fossil fuels refer to those sources of energies which are underneath the earth surface as a result of the decomposition of the dead plant and animal remains. They include coal, oil, natural gas and others. The excessive use of these fuels led to diverse impacts on the natural environment, which can be seen through increasing rate of global warming. For that reason, the paper, therefore, aims at coming up with different alternatives which will help in stopping the use of fossil fuels in Japan. The plan has been developed to assist the islands which are commonly affected by the ...

28th of April 2016

Leo Villareal is offering a futuristic work devoted to a concept of the connectedness of humanity with the possibility to redefine space, as we have known it before. Luminescent cords that are in fact light strips interconnect his two concentrically positioned shapes. Having fixed our gaze on the lights and not turning away, we start to feel the sensation of movement (Northrup and Hart 134). The pulsing light makes us go deeper and deeper into our sub consciousness The description says that it was intended to be as a sort of VR simulator module getting people into thinking of ...

Travelling to another planet is referred to interplanetary spaceflight. The term is usually used when travelling to a planet within the same planetary system (Fisher 1). The human race has made tremendous strides in space exploration. Man has made it to the moon and back, which was a great achievement for science as well as the human race. Man may not have stepped onto another planet yet, but significant achievements have been made in interplanetary exploration. There have been explorations using probes that have flown by every planet in the solar system. The New Horizons recently flew by the ...

Fall (slip, trip)

Hazard description
Fall, slip, and the trip is a workplace hazard that has resulted in numerous injuries and organization costs among other detrimental effects. It is a hazard that occurs as a result of an employee falling, slipping or tripping due to unsafe working conditions within an organization or work place. Fall, slip and trip hazard is responsible for an estimate of about 17 percent of the time-loss injuries. According to OSHA, fall hazard is on the largest hazards on construction sites. A large number of workers die as a result of a fall hazard. The total number of ...

Demographic Characteristics of Society

Introduction
Demographics are a collection of factors and characteristics that describe the population living in a particular community or society. Some of these demographics that are collected and collated during census, survey and other research approaches and methodologies may include age, gender, religion, race, marital status, education, income level, economic status and other significant factors. Demographics are very useful and help in the analysis and study of the given population in order that the researcher could come up with the community’s profile, which will include its aspirations, political inclination, religious and cultural beliefs, and many others. This helps ...

Introduction

A wide variety of everyday activities involuntarily applies fundamental laws of physics. While fishing, from casting to adding bait, physics is always at work. Even when fish latches on to the bait, it makes use of the water currents to its advantage to get away. Thus, pulling a fish in against the current requires a certain tension on the string to overcome the drag exerted by the fish, a particular tensile strength to ensure the string does not break, etc. The Laws of Motion, Newtonian Mechanics, etc. are continuously at work during fishing. This paper takes an intricate look at the physics ...

Introduction

In the discipline of forensics, the field of ballistics is the “study of motion, dynamics, angular movement, and projectile units (bullets, missiles, and bombs). In the context of a criminal investigation, there are a host of possible applications to aid in the facilitation of a criminal conduct. Bullets that are discharged at a crime scene will be inspected in an attempt to discover pieces of evidence and information. Among the pieces of information that police hope to recover from the bullet are the possible type of gun used in the crime, whether the gun was used in a previous crime, and other information that ...

Introduction

This is a hereditary disease that has slow brain striatum atrophy (Gil and Rego). For several years, a Huntington’s disease patient may go through unrestrained movements, mental impairment and behavioral commotions. Finally, Huntington’s disease patients get totally reliant on a caregiver. The disease is an autosomal dominant condition that affects the equally two genders.

Statistics

The statistics of the Huntington’s disease indicate that out of 100,000 individuals globally, 5 to 10 will have the condition. The disease can attack males and females of every ethnic background (World Health Organization). It is prevalent globally, but, there are geographic regions where ...

(Unit: Art and Architecture)
In 1927, Constantin Brancusi made a bronze sculpture to capture the essence of birds in flight. The sculpture aptly known as Bird in Space was subject to alterations that Brancusi made to go further and not merely do them differently. Although he did not label himself a modernist, his works embody the principles that have come to be associated with the modernist era.
Modernism is thought to be the philosophy, a style and ideology of modern art. Artists of this period sought to create a new world, their version of the world, a new conception rather than an ...

A flying aircraft requires some control. The control can be delivered by a human or a computer. In this case, a computer is much safer, faster and reliable in controlling a flying an aircraft than a human being. A Stability Augmentation System manages the control surfaces of an aircraft and alters their movement as necessary to make the aircraft more stable at all times. SAS is used to eliminate unfavorable effects such as short period oscillations, Phugoid oscillations, Dutch rolls and spiral modes. Stability Augmentation system together with a rate control system constitutes a flight management system. Rate control system manage the pilots demand for movement ...

Introduction

Pesticides are substances or a mixture of substances whose main aim is to destroy, repel, prevent or inhibit the action of any pest. A pest is any form of an insect, plant pathogens, weeds, birds, mollusks, nematodes (worms), and microbes that destroy human foods while in the field, during transportation or in stores. In addition, a pest can destroy other human properties apart from food or help spread harmful diseases. Pesticides are classified into five categories: a chemical substance, a biological agent, disinfectant, antimicrobial and a device. Since pesticides find use in both our homes and in farms, they have the potential of causing ...

Introduction

The thyroid gland is an essential gland found in various vertebrates, and has thyroid follicles (comprised of thyroid epithelia cells), which are supplied by a dense network of blood capillaries. The thyroid tissue’s main function is the biosynthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormone, which is an essential biological molecule existing in either of two forms, T3 and T4. The activity of the thyroid gland is controlled through the neuroendocrine system, which involves the hypothalamus and the secretory actions of the pituitary gland. TSH plays a key role in stimulating the thyroxin-binding globulin (TGB) and the uptake of blood iodine ...

Introduction

The aim of this paper is to conduct an analysis three works of art. First, the paper will present the background information about the artists, followed by description of each art piece and origin and the current location of the art work. Secondly, the paper will explain the artistic message that each artist intended to communicate. In general, the paper will evaluate and analyze the works based on research, using artistic vocabulary, and concepts.
Drawing is a form of visual art made with a pen, pencil, or crayon rather than paint. Drawing also refers to virtual representation of forms or ...

This paper will focus on analysis of a gas fired rotary kiln in the processing of Bentonite. A rotary kiln is a drier that is used for increasing the temperatures of materials in a process called calcinations through a continuous progression. During the processing of minerals such as Bentonite and cement, this kiln is appropriate. Its thermal efficiency ranges from 50% to 65%. This kiln has a cylinder that is slightly incline horizontally and rotates gradually about its axis. Materials that are to be processed are fed into the kiln through the upper part of the cylinder. These materials slowly move to the lower ...

- Toxicology
With the help of an electron microscope, it becomes possible to carry out a detailed study of the toxic lesions in order to understand the toxicological events.
- Electron Tomography and Sub-cellular Structure
Electron tomography is a technique which is used to visualize and investigate the three-dimensional structural information about the sub-cellular macromolecular specimens. It is a three-dimensional electron microscopy technique used for sub-cellular imaging.

Principles of Function

- Electrostatic Interactions
In an electron microscope, electrostatic and electromagnetic lenses are used to selectively control and focus the electron beam to generate images. In atoms, with the increase in atomic ...

Environmental Studies

Global Significance
The one environmental issue that has the most important significance in the world today is global warming. That is because the rising temperatures at the surface of the earth are responsible for causing negative impacts around the world. The two general causes for global warming are (a) natural and (b) manmade. Green house gases are causing the warming because the amount of manmade greenhouse gases added to those that are formed naturally have created the problem of too much trapped heat in the atmosphere. The sun’s energy plus reflected energy from the surface of the earth becomes ...

Part 1- Gender discrimination

Introduction
Evidences of gender discrimination are obvious in many societies. Social structure has encouraged discrimination among women. It would appear to be a man’s world in many instances. Politics is a male dominated institution. In some societies women could not vote. Many industries did not accept women employees claiming they could not function as efficiently as men due to lack of education. However, society has converged into male dominated occupations as well as female ones too. Therefore, it can be argued that from an employment perspective gender discrimination affects men just as women to some degree.

Theoretical applications

Symbolic interactionists theory ...

Introduction

The natural process in which the earth traps the rays of the sun, warms itself to support life and radiates back the long wavelength rays is known as greenhouse effect. This maintains the temperature of the earth and insulates it from getting very cold. However, some harmful gases when present in the atmosphere reflect the longer wavelength rays or heat energy back to the earth. The heat energy which would have escaped into space when reflected to the ground, heats it even further. This process of trapping the harmful heat energy, sending it back to the earth and increase ...

Netflix’s marketing strategy change

Introduction
Change is an integral part of everyday life both for organizations and individuals. It is often considered negative, since it involves a certain level of stress for the system and a disruption of the conventional organizational practices. However, along with the negative side, change also entails benefits, if it is conducted in the right way. This paper aims to present an example of the recent change in Netflix strategy and to explain the possible reasons for its failure. This example applies change management theories and concepts to the Netflix case, in order to identify what went wrong and, thus ...

Introduction

The beginning of the concept of aviation began in Chinese in the fourth century A.D. In 400 B.C a toy that consisted of feathers at the end of a stick was spun between the hands to generate a lift and after its release it provided a free flight, It is assumed that those who build the toys were inspired by the auto rotating nature of seeds from trees such as Sycamore. ¹

In the year 1480, Leonard da Vinci discovered that a screw shaped device well made from a starched linen can rise in air if turned quickly.

Biography of Leonard da Vinci

He was born on April ...