Essays on Diabetes Mellitus

(Author’s affiliation) Diabetes is a polygenic disease characterized by significantly higher levels of glucose in the blood. In this disorder, metabolic disorders lead to persistent thirst (polydipsia) and excessive level of urination (polyuria). Diabetes is caused by insulin-related disturbances in the body. In healthy human beings, pancreatic β cells have insulin that is found as a hexamer having three insulin dimers attached together by two central zinc ions. The insulin monomer has a 21-residue A chain as well as a 30-residue B chain. These chains are cross-linked by two disulfide bridges, i.e. CysA20-CysB19 and CysA7-CysB7. There is also a ...

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Abstract

The healthcare providers are focused to enhance the healthcare status in the country by means of remaining responsive towards the healthcare need of the nation. The public healthcare organizations address the healthcare need the residents at the national level by offering the effective healthcare services. The current paper has conducted the situational analysis by means of conducting PESTEL and SWOT analysis to assess the external and internal environment and it has been observed that Hamad Medical Corporation has the potential and resource to extend its healthcare services to address the wellbeing of the nation in a broader ...

Abstract

Regretfully, diagnosis of diabetes is very common nowadays. Diabetes has become a worldwide epidemic and one of the leading causes of premature morbidity and mortality because it often leads to amputation of limbs, loss of sight, kidney failure and provokes cardiovascular disease. However, it is not that hard to suspect a high risk of developing diabetes or the disease itself before the analysis of blood sugar levels. Many of the signs of diabetes are visible to the naked eye. Paying attention to them in timely manner can avoid the severe consequences of the disease. Patients with diabetes can lead ...

Abstract

Heart failure (2.6% prevalent worldwide) is a complex clinical syndrome, resulting from a structural or functional cardiac disorder and impairing ventricular filling or ejection capability. The current case of a 59-year-old male patient admitted on August 18, 2016 due to worsening shortness of breath and bilateral left extremity edema (one week) involved an existing diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). Physical and clinical profiles indicate a comorbidity between heart failure (HF) and DM2. Laboratory and imaging findings were not indicated, while diagnosis was based on the NYHA Classification guidelines. A review of literature revealed three crucial weaknesses in the diagnosis. ...

Down syndrome was said to be the first intellectual disability syndrome and, at the same time, the most common form of genetic intellectual disability. People started to become aware of this syndrome when Esquirol (1845) wrote about it, although it was Down (1887) who first created an accurate description of the said syndrome (Scorza et al., 2011, p.719). It is one of the most common congenital chromosome anomaly, in which there happens to be “one extra copy of chromosome 21 in cells in the body” (Down Syndrome Ireland, 2013, p.3). This irregularity may thus, affect the physical and intellectual ...

Diabetes mellitus is said to be one of the most medical conditions in many places around the world, affecting around 347 million adults in the year 2013 alone (Pal et al., 2013, p.2). Out of this number, as much as 90 percent of them have type 2 diabetes, which is a complex medical condition, as it can lead to heart attacks and heart strokes (Pal et al., 2013, p.2). In the year 2010 however, almost half of those who were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus are within the 20-60 age group that has a 2-to-4-fold increased risk of having cardiovascular ...

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death in developed and industrialised nations owing to sedentary and unhealthy lifestyle. Diabetes accounts for over 5 million deaths around the globe annually (Bhutani & Bhutani S. 2014). Diabetes can be controlled and complications arising due to diabetes can be prevented or controlled; however, due to the lack of awareness and education, most people suffer from chronic complications such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and hypertension. Based on current evidence, early detection and control is a recommended intervention in reducing the morbidity and mortality of the disease. There has been significant advancements in ...

Pre-eclampsia is a condition that affects a significant percentage of mothers, and accounts for mother death during childbirth anywhere from fifteen to twenty percent of the time—pre-eclampsia is one of the most significant and important causes of maternal death during childbirth to this day (Sibai, Dekker & Kupferminc, 2005; Ghulmiyyah & Sibai, 2012). As such, it is immensely important to develop strategies to deal with the problem of pre-eclampsia, but it is also essentially important to develop strategies for dealing with education and prevention of the condition (Villar et al., 2003). There are a number of common conditions that are ...

Introduction

Diabetes impacts the body’s capacity to secrete or utilize insulin, a hormone that regulates the level of sugars in the blood. Possible complications that occur due to diabetes include heart attack, cardiovascular disease, and kidneys failure. This research paper analyzes how diabetes impacts the human body.

Circulatory system

Diabetes contributes to the disposition of fats in the blood vessels over time. The fat deposits may inhibit blood circulation and result in hardening the blood vessels, a condition known as atherosclerosis. Baoge and Tao (2015) assert that atherosclerosis is a vital pathologic cause of cardiovascular disease. Also, inhibited blood circulation may ...

Identification of the Problem

The PICOT question for this clinical case is stated as follows: P-Individual with diabetes I-Improved Lifestyle C-Normal Lifestyle O-Reduced Incidences of Diabetes Complications T-With six months In individual with diabetes, how can improved lifestyle as compared to normal lifestyle reduce the incidences of diabetes complications within six months? In the clinical setting, diabetes is a condition that affects patients of all ages, genders and socioeconomic standing. As of 2014, the number of people with diabetes stood at 422million. In adults aged 18 years and above it affects over 8% of the population and the prevalence has been rapidly on ...

M.K is a female, 45 years old with 5.5” height and 225 lbs. weight and has a history of smoking for 22 years and poor diet. The history of Type II diabetes mellitus and primary hypertension is also observed with the recent diagnosis of chronic bronchitis. She has been observed with chronic cough with sputum, light headedness, excessive peripheral edema, distended neck veins and increased urination during the night. She has been using the medications comprising of Lotensin and Lasix to treat hypertension and Glucophage for diabetes mellitus.

Vitals and Lab Results

The patient is observed chronic cough with sputum and the cough ...

Discuss the Influences of His Age, Gender, And?

Age is an important factor in influencing the manner in which hypertension is treated. In the general population, pharmacologic treatment should be initiated for adults aged sixty years and older when their systolic blood pressure level is ≥150 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure level is found to be ≥90 mm Hg (James et al., 2014). The goal of the pharmacologic treatment should be to attain SBP <150 mm Hg and goal DBP <90 mm Hg.

Ethnicity on Hypertensive Medications. ?

Considering that the patient in the case study is a Black, two hypertensive medications should be used in managing hypertension in ...

The case study enclosed the treatment of a 34-year-old Hispanic woman of average weight and height. She was admitted with an apparent case of influenza and had trouble breathing. Her history of disease included asthma, high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension associated with diabetes and morbid obesity which ran in the family. However, she had not smoked or taken drugs ever and also did not consume alcohol. Being single, without children, she was sexually active yet did not take any kind of birth control or protection. She presented with a case of a dry cough since 2 ...

Introduction

Heart valve surgery is used for the repairing or replacement of valves of the heart that are diseased. The patients receive general anesthesia in this type of surgery whereby the surgeon makes a large surgical incision in the breastbone. The incision is meant to enable the surgeon to reach the aorta and the heart (Kato Paragraph 2). The relevance of stroke to the procedure of open-chest valve surgery is that it is one of the risks associated with cardiac surgery. Other risks include death, failure of the kidneys, cardiac arrest, irregular beats of the heart, and post-pericardiotomy syndrome (Kato ...

In the medical field, there are constant inventions that are intended to improve the quality of care for patients. These interventions are based on qualitative and quantitative research whose results indicate the effectiveness of the practice on different patients. Patients living with medical conditions like Diabetes rely on these practices to make their lives better. The adoption of the interventions is based on how well the medical professions understand it and how it changes the lives of their patients. The following is a detailed look at one of the practices and how I would ensure its adoption in a ...

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Based on the initial symptoms, the patient most likely suffers from hypothyroidism or low thyroid hormone disorder. Further clinical tests and an examination of the family’s medical history reveals that the particular disorder could be Hashimoto’s disease; also called Hashimoto thyroiditis. Hashimoto thyroiditis is classified as an autoimmune disease. In autoimmune disease, one's immune system attacks the body’s tissue specifically the thyroid gland (Skugor & Wilder, 2006, p.2). By attacking the thyroid gland, the disease reduces the gland’s ability to produce thyroid hormones of substantial quantity. This condition leads to hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone deficiency presents with ...

Introduction

Recently, worldwide obesity prevalence has been raised rapidly and nearly doubled between 1980 and 2014, however in 2014 more than a half a billion of adult (18 years and older) were obese (11% men and 15% women) (WHO, 2014). Obesity and overweight are defined as excess body fat accumulation that leads to health risks and comorbidities. Adult weight can be classified based on the Body Mass Index. Hence, an individual having a BMI equal to or more than 25 is regarded as being overweight, while a person with a BMI equal to or more than 30 is considered obese ( ...

The American Diabetes Association, ADA (2016) describes diabetes as one of the most common endocrine diseases, with its prevalence continuing to rise, despite the efforts that the healthcare industry is undertaking to stem its incidence. CDC (2016) reports that as of 2014, there were 29.1 people living with diabetes, both diagnosed and undiagnosed. 21million cases are diagnosed, while the rest are undiagnosed. The burden of the condition on the US population and healthcare system continues to increase, with an estimated 245 billion being spent annually for treatment and management of diabetes. Additionally, diabetes is associated with reduced cost of ...

Researchers have paid a particulate attention to the existing health problems related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. They have performed empirical, systematic, and integrative researches in order to evaluate the effects of variant A1C for the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Elderly patients with diabetes type 2 are affected by these variations as compared to the “normal” levels in 6 months. These effects range from the faulty record of A1C results to the complex disease, depression and stress factors leading to low results. This paper reviews the empirical, systematic, and integrative literature in order to avail information on ...

Interventions and Outcomes Measurement for the Elderly with Diabetes

In my practice as an advanced practice nurse, the elderly populations who in addition to their advanced age have diabetes as a chronic condition were determined to be a high-risk population. The determination of this status was on the basis of several attributes, one of them being the competing needs. The fact that some of the members of this population are economically dependent on their family members requires them to prioritize their needs. The presence of the chronic disease condition also classifies them as a high-risk population. In addition to this, other factors such as poor health seeking behaviors, ...

Trotter, B., Conaway, M. R., & Burns, S. M. (2013). Relationship of glucose values to sliding scale insulin (correctional insulin) dose delivery and meal time in acute care patients with diabetes mellitus. Medsurg Nursing, 22(2), 99.

Introduction

This research critique demonstrates the aspects of protection of human subjects in the study of the relationship between glucose and insulin.

Thesis statement

The critique looks at the ethical concerns and how researchers adhere to these aspects in their studies. It is essential for researchers to adhere to ethical practices such as protection of human subjects in their studies. Lack of protection of human subjects ...

Absrtact

The paper presents the definition, risk factors, and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycaemia. The people with hyperlipidemia, family history of diabetes, and higher body mass index are in the high risk group. The common complications of type 2 diabetes are neurologic, ophthalmologic, foot ulcer or amputation, renal hypertension, coronary artery and chronic kidneay diseases. The results of the numerous trials, cases, and researches are presented. The modern understanding of anti-diabetes therapy includes pharmacological treatment, correction of the diet (calories restriction and adequate sodium intake), minimization of sedentary ...

PHYSICAL EXAM:

You will be expected to write up your response as follows: List of Differential Diagnoses [rank ordered] A. Congestive Heart Failure B. Angina C. Hypercholesterolemia D. Myocardial Infarction

E. Diabetes Mellitus

F. with Grade II diastolic heart failure.

G. Hypertriglyceridemia

H. GERD I.

J. Hypertension

Leading hypothesis : Congestive Heart Failure Active Alternative hypotheses Must not miss diagnoses [critical rule outs] Congestive Heart Failure Angina Hypertriglyceridemia Hypercholesterolemia Most common diagnoses [reasonable alternatives] GERD Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus Presumptive Diagnosis [assumption] Congestive Heart Failure

Treatment Plan

Non-pharmacologic / lifestyle interventions (provide rationale) • Modify Diet. - Advance to a low-sodium, low-cholesterol, low-fat, solid diet as tolerated R: to minimize metabolic demands ...

Abstract

Blood sugar medical conditions have plagued the world over centuries and mankind has developed several measures to the cope with this metabolic dysfunction occurring in their bodies. Even when medical science had no answers reports were that people used various herbs to cure the disease which doctors have subsequently determined is incurable. In the following pages of this presentation an account of one such blood sugar disorder would be presented I terms of assessing ...

Diabetes is the most common endocrine disorder with about 20 million people living with the condition in USA. It is broadly divided into Diabetes mellitus (DMS) and Diabetes insipidus but the focus of this presentation is DMS which is associated with elevated blood glucose level (Diabetes Guide, 2005) (slide 2). DMS is classified into Type I, Type II/insulin resistance, Gestational DMS and secondary DMs (Slide 3). DMS is caused by insufficient insulin production (Type I), inability of cells to respond to insulin (type II), inability of the woman to produce enough insulin commensurate with growing demand (Gestational) and other ...

Diabetes is a burning issue all over the world. World health organization has shown concerns on the prevalence and incidents of diabetes. In USA, 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the population; diagnosed or undiagnosed have diabetes. (CDC, 2012). As per National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011 215, 000 people in USA have type-I or type-II diabetes. Thus, diabetes is a disease penetrating all age groups. Treatment of diabetes has a few advancement in the recent past. Apart from general oral hypoglycemic agents and injectable insulin there are islet transplantation surgeries also available for diabetes. There is a wide scope of treatment of diabetes ...

Inadequate insulin secretion leads to a rise in blood glucose levels, which is the main characteristics of diabetes. By the time a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is made, 70 to 80% of beta cell mass loss is already done. Loss of beta cells of pancreas occurs gradually, beginning much before the diagnosis of diabetes is made and continuing even after that. For this reason, the damage becomes irreversible (Cnop, 2005).

Skeletal benefits of vitamin D are well known and described widely in the literature, but in recent years, research has shown that Vitamin D seems to aid in ...

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is distinguished by insulin resistance and a relative disorder in insulin secretion. The production and development of the disease is not completely understood and we find genetic factors as well as environmental factors affecting the insulin release. The disease is increasingly common and basically caused due to obesity and sedentary lifestyle. The chronic metabolic disorder affects both the insulin secretion and insulin action. It is the suppressed hepatic glucose production as well as lower insulin-mediated glucose uptake by the muscles that contribute equally to postprandial hyperglycemia.

The dominance of risk factors

Nearly 400 million people worldwide are affected by diabetes and ...

As an outstanding professional and a student, I am applying for a scholarship for the Doctor of Pharmacy, in order to realize my full potential and to join an academic school as a teaching staff after graduation. Being a hard working student with excellent academic credentials and a respectable performance throughout the Bachelor of Pharmacy degree program, and the Master in Diabetes Care and Education, with GPA 3.240 and MGPA 3.12, I expect to be the right candidate for the honorable Pharmacy Scholarship. Currently being enrolled in my Postgraduate studies at the University of Dundee, College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, I meticulously continue ...

Asthma

Aetiology - A combination of factors, primarily environmental and genetic factors, are believed to cause asthma - Allergens, which are airborne, cause the disease; they include pollen, mold and animal dander among others - Irritants such as smoke and dust also cause the disease - Tough stress and depression - Physical activities and particular medications can induce asthma - People with a genetic predisposition to utilize Tp helper cell can contract the disease

Pathogenesis

- Fundamentally, asthma comes in as immunological - Several factors obstruct the airway, injury of the epithelium, bronchospasm, edema, a higher ...

- How would propylthiouracil affect metabolic rate in a normal rat? Explain why.

It would decrease metabolic rate since propylthiouracil decreases the production of thyroid hormone (“Propylthiouracil,” n.d.).

- Explain the action of insulin on body cells.

Insulin acts on the body cells by promoting absorption of glucose from the blood stream to the body cells. This is done when insulin attaches to the insulin receptors in cells triggering a response that increases the levels glucose transporters (GLUT4) (Cartailler, n.d.).

- If the body is not producing enough insulin what happens to levels of that substance (your answer to ...

Question a

Diabetes mellitus (also type 2 diabetes) is a medical condition affecting the body’s use and conversion of energy. It may arise from various biological malfunctions such as over-secretion of glucagon hormone, insufficient secretion of insulin and resistance to regulation of glucose levels by insulin hormone. The condition may arise either from poor diets or from the effect of hereditary and environmental factors. Excessive consumption of high calorific foods, minimal exercising and obesity are some of the predisposing factors that may make one susceptible to the disease. This is especially so when these factors supplement genetic factors. The main risk ...

Recent statistics have reported the increasing prevalence rate of obesity and other lifestyle-related diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in both developed and developing countries (De Onis et al., 2010). Albeit, considered to be lifestyle-associated in etiology, the occurrence of these diseases is solely evident among adults but alarmingly also among children.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has documented the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity worldwide. In 2010, 43 million children were diagnosed to be overweight or obese. A significant number (35 million) of these children lived in developing countries. The worldwide prevalence rate of obesity among children ...

Introduction

The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive report on a case study conducted on an individual who is displaying symptoms of hypertension. The paper explicitly explores as a chronic disease and some of the aspects that will be touched on include its epidemiology, Pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, treatment plan, drug analysis and follow up care.

Hypertension, also commonly referred to as high blood pressure is a body condition in which blood vessels, specifically the arteries high and persistent pressure. This high pressure makes it hard for the heart to pump blood to all the other parts of the body. Hypertension inadvertently ...

Introduction

This paper evaluates an article titled ‘Low serum adiponectin levels in children and adolescents with diabetic retinopathy.’ In the evaluation, the paper will determine the various aspects discussed by the article. These include, the hypothesis in the article, the procedures used in sampling, the independent and dependent variables and the alpha level. The paper also determines the outcome of the study by stating significant results, and whether the null hypothesis was accepted or rejected. Two questions that would be asked to the researcher are also stated. Additionally, the paper states alternative independent and dependent variables that can be ...

One of the major quality improvement goals is to improve the nation’s ability to prepare for, prevent, respond to and even recover from a major health incident. This goal is currently based on a set of national priorities set out by the National Health Security of the United States of America (NHSS). The NHSS targets at building community resilience as well as strengthen and sustain emergency health systems (healthypeople.gov). The NHSS has identified several objectives to improve preparedness in the offering of health services. These are development and maintenance of a workforce that can respond to national health security (Barr, 23). ...

Nutrition is the act of providing the body cells and the whole human body with the necessary nutrients to support life. The nutrients include carbohydrate, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins and water. Taking these nutrients in the right amount will eventually dictate an individual's state of health. If taken in the right amount commonly referred to as a balanced diet, the individual remains healthy, vibrant, strong and highly productive. A poor diet is deleterious to health. Diseases and illnesses such as Kwashiorkor, Scurvy, Obesity, Diabetes mellitus, Metabolic syndrome X result. Also, other common chronic and vicious systemic diseases such as cardiovascular ...

Introduction

There has been an increased incidence of patients treated with congestive heart failure. The debate concerning the cardiovascular safety was started in 2007 when an analysis concerning risks associated with myocardial infarction was done. This debate has been going on since then, and recently the report from the US Senate Committee on Finance has provided more details about the analysis (Nissen, & Wolski 2010). Rosiglitazone is manufactured by the US pharmaceutical Company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). This is a drug works as insulin through binding the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) in fat cells thus making them respond more to insulin. Rosiglitazone is ...

One of the most dreadful diseases that could happen to an individual is diabetes and it really isn’t that easy to classify this life-threatening and organ-attacking disease because it does not only have a single type; it has two. IDDM or the Insulin Dependent Type and the NIDDM or the non-insulin Dependent types are the two general classifications of diabetes. Diabetes is a disorder in drug metabolism because it basically permits or even promotes high sugar blood levels in the body which is life-threatening. Hormones insulin and glucagon are the ones that are involved in the maintenance of a stable blood ...

What is The Best Way to Manage Delivery in Women with Diabetes?

Diabetes mellitus bear serious implications on both the pregnant mother and the fetus. Gestational diabetes is associated with increased risk of fetal macrosomia. Furthermore, high prevalence of postnatal diabetes among babies has been observed in cases of obesity and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. In other words, both diabetes mellitus and obesity are serious clinical conditions that need to be managed carefully in order to ensure that the mother and the fetus are safe and free from risks of various complications that are often associated with the two conditions. Delivery is a critical stage that affects both the mother and fetus ...

A midwife-nurse nurse is responsible for providing care for women in their pregnancy period and during birth. They also provide primary care to women after birth, carries out gynaecological examinations, gives family planning advices and takes care for the health of women at menopause. Basically, there are three factors that must be observed for one to be considered as an ideal midwife-nurse. First he/she must observe dignity protective actions while attending to a childbearing woman at high risk. To achieve this, there must be a dialog between the nurse-midwife-nurse and the childbearing woman. There must also be trust, mutuality, constant presence ...

Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic progressive metabolic disease that affects a lot of people worldwide. According to the World Health Organization more than 436 million people worldwide have diabetic mellitus; however that number will likely double by the year 2030 without any intervention. The needs of diabetic patients are not only limited to adequate glycemic control but also correspond with preventing complications, disability limitations and rehabilitation. There are a lot of essential care behaviors in people with diabetic which predict good outcomes such as healthy eating, being active, monitoring blood sugar, compliant with medications, and risk reduction behaviors. Diabetic mellitus is associated ...

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by lifelong hyperglycemia due to defect in insulin secretion or action. It has been observed that the percentage of people diagnosed with diabetes, from year 1980 through 2011, has gone up by 167% in the age group of 0-44 years. In the same period, the increase was found to be 118% in the age group of 45-64years; 140% in age group 65-74years; and 125% in those 65years and above. For the same time period, it was found that the age-adjusted percentage of people with diabetes increased by 153% in those with less than ...

Evidences in recent times have revealed that type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is associated with several forms of microvascular and macrovascular events which occur overtime. These pathophysiologic changes influences the patients vessels and other organs of the body and one of the resultant effects which mostly associates with the condition is that of the cardiovascular system. These in most situations remain a major source of concern to the affected individual. The changes are from the line of thrombotic aftermath is a pathologic problem which caused by accumulation of fatty tissues and cells within the blood vessels. Once this form of pathologic ...

Description of the communicable disease (causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment) and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence) Tumberculosis (TB) is a communicable chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects lungs; it may affect any organ or tissue of the body. Typically, the centres of tubercular granulomas undergo caseous necrosis. It is “spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person”. Typically, its symptoms include; persistent cough for more than three weeks, in which the phlegm maybe bloody; weight loss; night sweats; high temperature; tiredness and fatigue; ...

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes, a disease where the blood sugar content is supposed to increase above the normal range. The disease has become quite prevalent in the world today. Almost every third adult we meet is diabetic. Not just adults, nowadays diabetes has caught hold of the children too. It is a common finding to get a diabetic child almost in every school. Nowadays even adolescents and young children are exhibiting the occurrence of the disease. More commonly, it is the obese children who run a high risk of the disease, children with a positive family history of diabetes are also at an increased risk (CDC.gov, ...

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disorder, with a complex of symptoms, such as hyperglycemia, as a result of dysfunction in producing of the insulin, its synthesis or secretion. (Stöppler, 2014). This disease may lead to serious complications. The major risk factors that raise the prevalence of diabetes are hypertension, obesity, pressed immune resistance to the infectious illnesses and even cancer. (Bilous, 2002.) Patients with diabetes are more probable to develop neuropathic vascular diseases (National Diabetes Education Program NDEP 2000). Self-management and educational programs for this group of people can greatly increase their level of life. (Department of Health, 2005). According ...

Introduction

Retinopathy is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus especially when blood sugar is poorly controlled. The retina is the part of the eye that transforms light into signals transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve (NHS UK 2013). The brain interprets the electrical signals into images corresponding to what was seen. While sufficient blood supply is needed for the retina to function optimally, chronic hyperglycaemia causes ischemia and bleeding in the retinal microvasculature leading to the formation of new capillaries meant to sustain blood circulation in the retina (Vithian & Hurel 2010). However, the new capillaries are fragile and prone ...

Introduction

This review covers the pathophysiology, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, management and complications associated with diabetes mellitus commonly known as diabetes, a disorder that affects more than 385 million people worldwide (idf.org). The long term prognosis and impact on the quality of life are also discussed. Diabetes is defined by the American diabetes association as a group of disorders that are characterized by hyperglycemia stemming from deficiency in the activity of insulin or reduced insulin secretion, or both. There are three main types of diabetes namely type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Diabetes mellitus has no cure. It is a lifelong ...

2. How does exercise affect diabetes mellitus? During exercise, the whole-body oxygen consumption usually increases 20-fold. However, greater increases have been reported in the working muscles (American Diabetes Association). Under such circumstances, the skeletal muscles increase the utilization of stored triglycerides and glycogen, as well as the free fatty acids. Consequently, exercise maintains appropriate glucose levels in order to preserve the function of the central nervous system. In patients with diabetes mellitus, therefore, exercise ameliorates insulin sensitivity and helps to lower the elevated levels of blood glucose to the normal range (American Diabetes Association). 3. How does ...

Introduction

Composition of Dietary Fiber Dietary fiber is an essential component in nutrition and health (Mora et al., 2013; Klosterbuer, Roughead, & Slavin, 2011). Thus, the present study will explore the effect of particle size and source of fiber on the level of cholesterol in the human digestion system. Primarily, dietary fiber is a constituent of plant foods and includes materials that have diverse morphological and chemical structure. Such materials resist enzymatic action in the human digestion system (Dhingra et al. 2012). In the gastrointestinal tracts, the dietary fiber forms a matrix that has both amorphous and fibrous characteristics. The matrix’s ...

Historical background

Before the 20th century, diabetic conditions were rare in the human population. In early 1900, the problem was known as “honey urine” identified among the rich gluttons. In the late years, many physicians distinguished and identified insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent. The adoption and classification of the disease as type one and type 2 diabetes took place in 1970. Until 1950, diet change was considered the only remedy for the problem. Type 2 diabetes was first identified and seen common among the wealthy people. Improvement in living standards influenced development of this condition among the people lower social class

Description and explanation of the disease

...

Introduction

Diabetes refers to a metabolic disorder of several etiology. The disorder is typified by chronic hyperglycemia and metabolic disturbances of fat, carbohydrate and protein due to insulin deficiency, defect in its action or a combination of both (Alberti & Zimmet, 2004). The chronic hyperglycemia leads to damage, dysfunction of several organs including the eyes, heart, blood vessels, kidneys and nerves (American Diabetes Association, 2011). Diabetic patients present primarily with excessive thirst, loss of weight, blurring of vision and weight loss. Long standing diabetes is associated with complications such as retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, hypertension and metabolic abnormalities. There are two types of ...

[Institution Title]

Patient Initials: Not Applicable Age: 52 yrs. old Sex: Male Subjective Data: HPI (History of Present Illness): The patient revealed during the interview that he had been suffering from severe and excruciating chest pain that gradually radiates to his neck. He had been experiencing the symptoms for four days prior to medical consultation. Patient feared that despite the stent placement, he was still experiencing angina symptoms. Patient revealed that the symptoms had appeared six months ago. PMH (Past Medical History—include current medications, any known allergies, any history of surgery or hospitalizations): ...

[Institution Title]

Learning Points: Education from Cardiovascular System

Given the case of the 52 year old Irish American patient suffering from malignant essential hypertension and beginning symptoms of history-related Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, the following learning points had been acquired: - Angina symptoms include severe chest pain associated with labored breathing and diaphoresis. - This is often mistaken for a heart attack because the substernal and crushing pain that radiates to the neck. - A fasting blood sugar of 140 is not normal. It is only normal two hours after eating. However, for fasting blood sugar it has to be around 70 to ...

[Institution Title]

Patient Initials: _N/A___ Age: ___52 years old_____ Sex: __Male______ Subjective Data: Patient has been complaining of chest pain. Manifested signed of labored breathing and excessing perspiration suggesting signs of exertion. Chest pains also seems to radiate to neck as it intensifies.

HPI (History of Present Illness):

Patient has reported to have experienced angina symptoms four days prior to hospitalization. Patient defers seeking medical attention in the belief that the physical symptoms were simply the result of stress and would eventually be relieved after bed rest. Patient was not active as a result of non-activity particularly relating to work.

PMH (Past Medical History—include current medications, any known allergies, any history of surgery or hospitalizations):

Patient has no ...

Introduction

Diabetes, which is commonly referred to as diabetes mellitus gives a description of diseases that relates to metabolism. An individual suffering from this disease has very high levels of blood glucose or blood sugars. This is because of inadequate insulin production. The other reason as to why a person may contract diabetes is because insulin may not be functioning properly. Patients suffering from high levels of blood sugar experience frequent urination which is at times known as polyuria. Such patients can at times get thirstier, a condition known as polydipsia, and hungry, which in this case is known as polyphagia. When ...

Introduction and overview to the grand nursing theory

According to Masters (2012), the nursing profession is one of the fields of healthcare that has had tremendous evolution ever since Florence Nightingale begun writing notes. Theories have evolved, and models flourished; one of the theories is Myra Levine’s conservational theory (Masters, 2012). Initially, the theory was aimed at teaching students the major concepts in nursing degree education regarding new approaches to daily nursing activities. She aimed at diverting the nursing education from procedural oriented education practices and lay focus on vigorous problem-solving and personalized patient care. The conservation theory aims at promoting adaptation and enhancing wholeness ...

Introduction

- Definition of type two diabetes is one where the body does not produce enough insulin that would otherwise be important in the normal functioning - It is a chronic or a lifetime condition which has no cure, but can be controlled - Ninety percent of the population of diabetic people suffer from type two - There are approximately three hundred and eighty-two million patients of diabetes

Body

- Sedentary lifestyle NIL type two diabetes - It also fits the definition and the meaning of the term an emerging disease - There is a likelihood of the society ...