Essays on Fallacy

Assignment 3

Part A 1a. No diamonds are emeralds, diamonds is the subject and emeralds is the predicate, the terms are distributed because no S is P (E type proposition); it is a negative statement because of the quality of the subject. The quantity of the subject class is a particular proposition because no diamonds are emeralds. 1b. At least one person is a nerd, person is the subject and nerd is the predicate, the terms are distributed because one S exists so that S is a P (I type proposition); it is an affirmative statement because of the quantity of ...

Philosophy

A logical fallacy, in a broad sense, can be viewed as an error of reasoning. A fallacy is committed when a person tries to influence another person to take a particular position, based on flawed logic. Fallacious reasoning restrains people from thinking critically and knowing the truth, hence, making then susceptible to constant manipulation. As such, it is important to have the ability to recognize logical fallacies in the thought processes of other people to avoid making similar mistakes. In this paper, I will focus on one of the 17 logical fallacies that I provided in my initial presentation-argumentum ...

A fallacy is considered as a poor logical statement or an invalid reasoning which could be used by some people to persuade, deceive and manipulate other people due to its appealing nature. In some cases, other people are committed to believe in the fallacies unintentionally due to the lack of knowledge or awareness about the validity of the logic or reasoning used in these arguments. Fallacies are common and could be recognized in advertisements of products, political debates and several arguments which are used in schools or other institutions. In general, most people, including me, are affected by fallacies ...

Stephen West in his podcast spends sometime trying to explain different kinds of fallacies and how they work and give examples of how each kind of fallacy could be used in an actual conversation or argument. One of the most interesting fallacies which West discusses is the slippery slope fallacy. The slippery slope fallacy works on the premise that one event or one major change to the way that things are done can cause a series of events which will lead to a horrible outcome. This fallacy is commonly used by opponents of certain changes that they think will ...

Critical Thinking in Communication: Detecting Media Bias

Critical Thinking in Communication: Detecting Media Bias The issue of illegal immigration has been discussed for decades. State and federal legislation has been drafted in order to respond to the issue, however, these policies have had an insignificant effect on the flow of people coming into the country illegally. In addition to the anemic effect that laws related to illegal immigration have on solving the problem, politicians will commonly leverage the issue as a means to manipulate their own popularity. The divisive nature of the issue is such that the nature of proposed response can influence the voting decisions ...

Issue 1 - Ethics and Legal Environment 2

Issue 2 - Organizational Environment 4 Issue 3 - Critical Thinking 7 Issue 4 – Business Associations and Torts 8

Issue 1 - Ethics and Legal Environment

As an agent of her employer, Monique has legal obligations of obedience, loyalty, accounting and performance to her principal. The duty of loyalty involves a fiduciary obligation where the agent is required to serve one principal at a time and shun from conflicts of interest, inform the principal about any material information, and keeping away from actions that would adversely affect the interest of the principal (Hartigan, 2014:272). Additionally, Monique has the duty of obedience towards her principal. The obligation ...

The three logical fallacies will be taken from the speech at Trump Tower from Republican Nominee Donald J. Trump in June 2015 to declare himself as a candidate for the position of President of the United States of America (Trump, 2015). The first logical fallacy delivered in the speech was related to Trump claiming that his opponents declared themselves in the position of the President of US from rooms where Air conditioners were not working and these candidates are unsuitable to work as the executive head of the country and they would fail to defeat ISIS. This is clearly ...

Ethics is the philosophical study of morality. If a person begins with a description and proceeds directly to a normative (moral) judgment, what fallacy has one committed? Use your critical thinking skills to determine how a person would create a valid argument about morality (hint: it has to do with premises)—that is, an argument that does not commit this type of fallacy. Explain the notion of just deserts. Under what kinds of conditions is this notion reasonable? Under what kinds of conditions is it not? That is, explain and discuss the applicability of the notion of just deserts.

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What does the margin of error tell us about a sample taken from a large population? How does the confidence level for a sample outcome differ from the sample’s margin of error? The margin of error is a numerical value that expresses or estimates the likelihood of error in an experiment’s results. Thus, it can somehow account for the statistical significance of a result. If it is smaller, then the likelihood of error is also small, making the results more credible. Smaller sample sizes from a large population generally have a larger margin of error while larger ...

CHAPTER 4PART I4. How can critical thinkers counteract confirmation bias?

A critical thinker should seek information from different sources. An issue at hand is considered from different perspectives and using Six Thinking Hats technique.5 What is an expert? An expert is a person who can acquire evidence and information that are superior to those of an ordinary person. 6 What should be our attitude toward a claim that conflicts with the expert opinion? The claim that is inconsistent with the expert advice should not shut down the possibilities that the allegations are untrue. As the law may require we may be forced or use personal intuition to judge between ...

The topic of Piety has been best discussed and covered by Plato in the dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro. The two speakers engage in a verbal discussion on the applicability as well as the meaning of the word Piety. This essay will start out with a brief overview of the dialogue and will proceed to critically examine the concepts discussed between Euthyphro and Socrates. Lastly, the essay would also briefly discuss Plato’s view from my own viewpoint, while also examining my own notions of Piety.

Overview

The story starts out as a dialogue between Plato and Euthyphro. While Plato ...

Main Point 1

Gun control through tighter and stricter universal background checks will help keep dangerous assault weapons out of the hands of criminals, drug addicts, terrorists and the mentally challenged.

Evidence 1

This is evidenced by the fact that most of the recent shootings and gun violence were committed by people who had taken advantages of the current loopholes in gun control laws. Moreover, as Karimu argues, the best ways to reduce gun-related crimes and deaths are to increase background checks for new firearms purchase, strengthen federal programs targeting trafficking in illegal guns and tighten the existing gun control laws (400). According to ...

1.0. Introduction to the Project Wal-Mart that is one of the giant industry players in grocery retail has launched a project in 2015. The project was centered on minimum wage hike to make it rise above the federal minimum level of wages. The company raised the salaries of its employee to $9 per hour that is $1.75 above the minimum wage limit defined by the Federal government (Kell, 2016). There are certain factors at the bottom of this wage increase. For example, Wal-Mart is renowned as the largest grocery chain of supermarket in the world, but its compensation plan ...

Summary of Thinking, fast, and slow by Daniel Kahneman

George Mason University Summary of Thinking, fast, and slow by Daniel Kahneman Introduction The author, Daniel Kahneman, hopes that the readers would benefit from the reading of his book, which is about biases of intuition. According to the author, it can be a tough choice between what we believe and what we want. Friends and colleagues help us in making and evaluating choices. The thinking process is one conscious thought leading to another. The mental work creates impressions and intuitions silently in our minds. We allow our beliefs, feelings and preferences to feel confident about our decision, even if ...

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For the millennial female workers of today, some employees already have a solution to free them of their worries regarding their biological clock – making egg freezing part of their health care package. Egg freezing is defined as a “method used to preserve reproductive potential in women,” which is also called mature oocyte cryopreservation (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016). Through this technology, women who intend to delay pregnancy for whatever personal reason can do so. In 2014, Apple and Facebook were two of the companies who announced that they would include egg freezing in their surrogacy benefits. It was ...

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It is a fact that many advertisers use fallacies or illogical argument to create a marketing material that would boost sales. One of the companies known to use this method is Coca-Cola. Recently, they have released a campaign that uses that tagline “Taste the Feeling.” In one of the video advertisements of this campaign, it can be clearly seen that the company uses appeal to emotion, a form of fallacy, in order to entice people to patronize their product, Coke. Appeal to emotion is the major tool that Coca-Cola uses in its recent advertisement. Specifically, the video ...

Rational Choice Theory

Rational choice theory forms the basis for understanding and modeling the reasons why people make decisions or perform actions that lead to specific results and for prediction of their decisions and actions under specific circumstances. The roots of rational choice theory lie in political and classical economic theories. Its sociological use is innovative as allows to explain how social interactions influence people’s decisions and shape social order. However, rational choice theory is criticized for several reasons including over-rationalization of human thoughts, modernism, and ignoring of the social determinants. This critic seems well argued, as social behavior does not ...

What is an argument? What is the difference between a deductive and an inductive argument? When is an argument valid?

An argument refers to set of statements consisting of premises that lead to deductions. Arguments are often presented in the form statements aimed at reading a particular conclusion. The premises of the arguments tend to act as a guide towards making a conclusion about the argument. A deductive argument is a proposition by the arguer meant to assert the validity of the conclusion. The intent is to provide the guarantee that a particular assertion is true. Inductive argument refers to the arguments in which the truth asserted by the premises does not guarantee the truth of conclusions. However, they ...

Donald Trump’s speech marks the businessman’s entrance in the presidential election race for 2016. His speech abounds of rhetorical devices such as language manipulation, propaganda, suggestions, diversions or emotional appeals, incorporating also statistics and verified data to support the presented arguments. Aligned with the principles of rhetoric, Trump’s speech announcing his candidacy to presidency has a sound structure and most importantly it fits the speaker’s communication style, reaching is intended audience. The speed is addressed to all American citizens who have the right to vote, as they are the targeted individuals that Trump aims to ...

The “is vs. ought” fallacy occupies a special position in moral philosophy since it concerns one of the most important problems of human existence, namely the problem of moral choice. This fallacy consists in the gap between “what is the case” and “what ought to be the case” (“The Is/Ought Gap”) – in other words, in the gap between a fact and a moral judgment. It was discussed by D. Hume in his “Treatise of Human Nature” (“The Is/Ought Gap”): according to the author, to derive what a person ought to do from what a person does is an ...

The expression of personal opinions can lead to the emergence of truth or fallacious claims. The way people chose to speak determines the reaction of the listener in various ways. Logical fallacy or formal fallacies mean a flaw in reasoning or thought about something. It means coming up with reason but lacks enough arguments to support the reason. In logical fallacies as scare tactics, it means using fallacies to inflict fear. Logical fallacies used as scare tactics and appeal to force are common in day to day lives from childhood to adulthood. The logical fallacy for scare tactics has ...

In his writing, Mark Dowie makes a claim that people essentially are a part of nature. Moreover, he encourages people to realize that and stop labeling an interconnected Universe either as “civilized” or of “wilderness”. For the writing to be comprehensively considered, the audience is required to possess some knowledge on the topic. As the essay enumerates a number of scholars’ and tribes’ names, political statements (such as The Wilderness Act) and tackles the topic of preservation, one may conclude for whom it was written. Thus, the supposed audience are researchers (biologists, anthropologists, ecologists etc.), environmental activists, including politicians ...

Introduction

the government is at the forefront of fighting against prostitution without understanding the reasons that motivate citizens to engage in prostitution

Authors thesis : the C-36 bill introduced by the government is aimed exploiting prostitutes

Prostitutes are prone to human trafficking and violence from customers which necessitates the introduction of the C-36 bill; The government is committed to the elimination of sexual adverts that target school going children and the larger society; each society has moral values; human rights violation such as human trafficking and violence affects prostitutes; and that the essence of legislation is to protect the vulnerable groups against prostitution

Body of the Essay

1. 1st argument: government of Canada is in the forefront of ...

Introduction

The introduction of online education systems has triggered the development of controversial issues regarding the succession of on-campus studies by online ones. These two perspectives have been addressed by Neem who argues that theorists forget the importance of institutional culture when delivering instructions. This paper presents a critical analysis of the article written by Neem.

Individualist fallacy

Neem responds to the prevailing application of internet to facilitate distance learning by defending the core attributes of on-campus education. He argues against the assumption that traditional campus studies should be displaced by online education. This misconceived notion that traditional on-campus studies should be ...

Business, Ethical and Legal issues

Business, Ethical and Legal issues

Rob's situation with Dusty puts him in a dilemma. The community, customers and board members of the firearms company exert pressure on him to relieve Dusty of his duties owing to his past as a criminal record after the exposure by a local publication following a tip from Dusty's former crime mate T-rex. On the other hand, Dusty has been exemplary in his job and has even been an important figure in the community owing to his voluntary service. Furthermore, Rob is aware that he has reformed and has already atoned for his crime ...

Introduction to Ethics

Mill argument Mill present proof of the principle of utility by defending the claim that happiness is the only value. There are two stages to this proof; the argument that happiness is good and the argument that happiness is the only thing that is good. According to Mill, virtue can be an end to human action apart from happiness. Similar to his opponents’ arguments, he asserts that there are human beings who desire acts according to virtue and lack thereof vice as an alternative to pleasure and the nonexistence of pain. The theory of Utilitarian claims that there are ...

The ad uses the rhetorical strategies of logos, ethos and pathos to persuade the female audience to buy Dove firming products and think of Dove company, as the one making women accept their bodies.

Who do you believe is the ad’s target audience?

The target audience for the above mentioned ad is the women, as it is seen from the people depicted in the picture. Women prefer to have real curves as described in the image, therefore the image tries to talk to the audience by introducing the product called the New Dove firming that is tested on the real curves. As it is implied that each and ...

In the field of philosophy, fallacy is any form of erroneous reasoning arising from an argument on a contentious matter. Fallacies sometime happen intentionally or without realizing it. In most instances, majority of the people who involve in fallacious arguments deliberately, intend to sway the others to adopt their standpoints in the issues at hand (Krüger, Landier, and Thesmar 7). For instance, fallacies arise from debates, explanations, and analysis of certain pertinent issues. The following instances demonstrate some of the instances of fallacious occurrences in the American presidential debate in 2015.The debate took place in Milwaukee, where eight ...

Analysis of the President’s Obamas Iowa Victory Speech

President Obama’s Iowa Caucus victory speech was an inductive argument predisposed on a given number of premises. These premises held the note of his speech and kept the public into a belief that his premise would be fulfilled upon assumption of Presidency in the USA. In as much as this speech was anchored on giving gratitude to the Iowa delegates and citizens for overwhelmingly endorsing his candidature as a Democratic presidential torchbearer, it was deeply entrenched on the following premises:

Abolition of tax breaks for companies that ship American jobs of overseas, and instigate a middle-class tax cut, ...

Figure1. Advertisement on new Dove Firming retrieved from: http://endormedia.co.za/the-real-beauty-of-brand-continuity-dove-does-it-right/

Who do you believe is the ads target audience?

The target audience for the above ad is the ladies; this is because the image contains ladies. The ladies prefer to have real curves as described in the image, therefore the image tries to talk to the ladies to like the product called the New Dove farming that is tested on the real curves. Each and every lady would love to have nice curves, it is for this reason that the target audience for the ad above to be the ladies. Another reason for the ad to target the ladies ...

Fallacies in Communication

A fallacy refers to an argument that is logically and rhetorically incorrect which tend to undermine the arguments soundness and the logical validity of the argument. This paper will be giving two examples of fallacies that have been majorly argued upon by the majority of people. The fallacies shall also give a general world view of a diverse area in culture, politics, business, government, sports and entertainment. The first fallacy to ponder upon is that white items are better than black items. This is because black is always associated to negative happenings while the white items are always related ...

Business Memo in Applying Critical Thinking Model

Business Memo in Applying Critical Thinking Model In the memo by Anil Ravaswami, Leadership Development Programs, October 10, 2014, to Ms. Cynthia Castle, there are a number of issues that need to be analyzed critically. A good analysis of the memo involve asking right questions. To effectively analyze this memo, a multi-step method developed by Browne and Keeley (Browne and Keeley, 2007) will be used.

Issues and Conclusion

In this memo, the main issue is the decision of whether Cliffside Holding Company of Massapequa (CHCM) should establish and fund a new leadership development program for their junior insurance executives or not. The ...

In Sally Markowitz's "A Feminist Defense of Abortion," she argues that abortion is an equal right for women, due to the fact that women currently do not have equal status and rights in society as compared to men. In her eyes, women are not given the rights they are entitled to (and which men enjoy), and therefore abortion is justified in order to help even out that imbalance. Markowitz's argument is, for the most part, extremely sound and strong, though there are a few logical fallacies that must be addressed in order to more fully understand her argument.

Markowitz lays ...

The most common idea behind dieting has always been based on the fact that, it is a way of getting rid of the excessive fats in the body. It is for this reason that most individuals usually avoid taking some diets that contain high fat content especially foods like red meat and instead taking meat products with low calorie content that controls the level of cholesterol in the blood and fat, as well. Dieting has been used for many years by individuals who have weight issues and it is vital to note that, most of these individuals have been able ...

1) Experiential cognition refers to activities we are skilled at which we can do without having to think, given our innate experience with them. Reflective cognition takes time and effort, as people have to actively think about their actions in order to accomplish them. This latter one is better for good academic performance, as reflective cognition can deal with more complicated problems, and is essentially the process by which we learn new things. 2) The two criteria for critical thinking are 1) the existing skills to generate and process beliefs and information, and

2) the ability to use those ...

“Thinking, fast and slow” by Daniel Kahneman was among the best-selling books of the year 2011. Kahneman is Nobel Memorial Prize winner in Economics for his work in prospect theory in 2002. He and his collaborator, Amos Tversky, one of the cognitive as well as mathematical psychologist from Israel, have revolutionized the way we think about economy in the book. This book has achieved numerous honors and awards such as New York Times’ one of the best books of 2011 and Best Book Award from National Academy of Sciences in 2012.

Kahneman has humbly yet brilliantly and non-technically ...

- After Bob and Carol bought a video game console for their child, Greg, they began to notice a change in his behavior. When they could pry him away from games for dinner, he would be verbally abusive at the table. He would also punch walls in frustration, and even kicked over a glass table in the house. Bob and Carol blame video games for Greg’s violent behavior.The following conclusion suffers from which type of fallacy?This fallacy found in this case can be said to be a correlation implies causation fallacy otherwise known as Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc this is because ...

David Suzuki, the popular host of The Nature of Things uses the gracious, informative, informative and entertaining style that we have come to associate with him in his essay “The Right Stuff”. David begins his essay with a quotation from another famous publication: Is There Life after High School? that states that impressions formed in high school are more indelible and vivid that those formed at other times in life. Suzuki places emphasis on the high school education’s importance and then embarks on a preparing the readers of his essay for his proposal that is related to making high ...

Issue 1- Ethics and Legal Environment

The situation that Arnold the CEO of gun manufacturing company found himself in is very critical. There are two conflicting and touchy issues that Arnold needs to give attention. It is an ethical dilemma situation that needs him to carefully weigh the options. There is a public outcry from the shareholders that Arnold must remove Mac from the Board of director of the company. It is challenging because the shareholders are the backbone of the company and whatever they demand must be attended to. Likewise, Arnold has to consider the profile of Mac, especially how much he has tried to ...

The essay is about hip hop music and its impact on society is very interesting in terms of its insights. The essay clearly documents the effects of hip home musing especially on the young generation from a seemingly unbiased point of view. The writer of the essay also seems to be very knowledgeable as far as hip hop music is concerned. This can be deduced from the fact that the writer can give a statement about the effects of hip hop music especially on the young listeners of this genre of music and proceed to give examples of not only songs ...

A fallacy is an erroneous reasoning or thinking. In logic, an assessment of fallacies is based on arguments and conclusion made from the premise. Fallacies are commonly used by politicians and media outlets to achieve specific goals and interests. In advertisement industry, it is employed to influence consumers’ preferences and boost sales. For example, the popular Taco Bell advert premiered on CBS Television Network on February 3, 2013 contained invalid arguments. The advert titled “Viva Young” was meant to promote the products of the company and popularize its new slogan “Live Mas” which is translated as “ ...

Question 1

In Psychology of Religion by Dan Merkur, religion is brought to light from a psychological perspective. Upon analysing the various work of different psychologist, Dan Merkur argues that some of the religion devotees are not pleased with the fact that religion ought to be viewed psychologically based on the notion that such analysis reduces religion to psychology. Dan Merkur views that religion should be perceived from psychological perspective mainly because religion can be explained psychologically. On the other hand, some other devotees apparent according to Dan Merkur value critical research as a means of purifying idolatry of the mealy human (Merkur ...

Introduction

Fallacies are actually defects, which weaken our arguments. In other words, they are errors in reasoning. It is worth noting that through us learning to look for these fallacies, we can essentially strengthen our ability to critically evaluate arguments that we make, hear, and read. Fallacious arguments are in fact very common and they can appear to be quite persuasive to the casual listener or reader. Additionally, sometimes it is hard to evaluate if a given argument is fallacious. Therefore, it is imperative for us to learn how to avoid fallacies in our arguments.

There are numerous types of fallacies. ...

1. Outline the categories of violence as described by Jamil Salmi.

According to Salmi, the phenomenon of violence has many characteristics, with particular causes per characteristic and with particular causational agents per cause. Violence also exists in several forms, including direct violence, indirect violence, repressive violence, and alienating violence.

Direct violence is characterized by any physical, in-person act causing intended harm. In this category would be included A) any act resulting in death (homicide, genocide, infanticide); and B) any “coercive or brutal” (Module 6, 44) at threatening or resulting in physical or psychological damage or suffering—including rape, spousal abuse, political imprisonment, for example.

Indirect violence is characterized by ...

Fallacies refer to mistakes that people make frequently in arguments. Most fallacies accrue from questionable premises, while others accrue from false dichotomy or slippery slope Fallacies make arguments less logical and lack the compelling evidence required to assure coherency and completeness. If an argument had fallacy, then the conclusion becomes false (Mosser, K., 2011).

1. The first fallacy concerns making hasty generalizations: Here is an example.

I have read books about Africa. The books report a great deal of poverty in the continent. Ayodo is from Nigeria, which is in Africa. Ayodo is therefore poor. The fallacy in this argument is because it assumes that everyone in Africa is poor. Poverty can ...

The chapter “Urban Facts and Fallacies” by Thomas Sowell is definitely an interesting read compelling reader to reflect on every fact stated by the author. The Housing section of chapter was shocking and eye-opening and starts from providing truth of the biggest “fallacy” as called by author that government intervention is required in the housing market to control the upper limit of price of houses. The reading is directed to break this fallacy to make readers realize that due to government intervention, the prices have actually skyrocketed. It is a well known fact that prices of houses has ...

Introduction

The logistics management involves the supply chain management that is charged with the responsibility of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient forwarding and the reverse flow of goods and the storage of the goods. It involves all the processes that take place from the time a good or service is produced to the time it will be consumed by the consumers. These must all be done in order to meet the use requirements (Lichtenstein, 1996). There are several risks that are involved during the time a given commodity is being transported from the point of production to the time it will ...

Question 1

One fallacy is when some products are portrayed as being perfect or providing immediate respite in particular commercials. Obviously if one has studied logic, this is immediately dismissed and not taken into consideration although one can also attempt to rationalise and assess the quality of the commercial. Advertising executive who produce these types of commercials normally aim for the more gullible sector of the audience, perhaps those who are immediately impressed by such fallacies. It is obviously a bad assumption if one takes the moral aspect of things but it can be argued to be a good one (Quine, ...

1. Author and major thesis of the Yes side. The authors of the Yes side are Marion Nestle and Michael F. Jacobson. They argue that a public health approach is needed to encourage Americans to eat a healthy diet.

2. Author and major thesis of the No side. The author of the No side is Michelle Cottle who argues that the relationship between Americans and food are too complex and nonnutritious foods should not be regulated. 3. State in your own words two facts presented by the Yes side. i. Food consumption should be regulated since ...

The Michael Moore documentary Bowling for Columbine describes in detail the ideological standpoint of gun control advocacy, using Moore’s specific use of editorial and filmmaking strategies to speak about the problems that Moore sees with the nation’s attitude toward crime, guns and capitalism in the wake of the Columbine shootings. Bowling for Columbine uses many different methods to demonstrate his perspective on these issues, using the Columbine shooting as a jumping-off point to discuss the media, America’s gun culture, and more. However, in the process, Moore finds himself committing many logical and rhetorical fallacies, intentionally obfuscating the ...

If x is causally sufficient for y, then it is necessary that y is causally necessary for x (Pg. 284).

Construct an evil twin for the following valid argument form:

P1: If Not-A then (B and C) P2: Not-A C: B and C “Not (B and C)” (Pg. 242).

Damning evidence might be known by the arguer to whose argument it applies.

FALSE (Pg. 357). 4. 1 + 1 = 2 is sufficient for getting any grade in this course. (Pg. 282) (We always have grades in this course, therefore, anything is sufficient for getting any grade). 5. Given a proof by contradiction (PBC) whose support is .4 and whose original premises are false, the negation of the conclusion can't ...

Abstract

The goal of critical thinking is the development of thinking skills. The ability to make informed decisions, work with information, analyze various aspects of the phenomena, and so on. This technology aims to develop the student basic indicators which are estimates, openness to new ideas, their own opinion and the reflection of their own judgment. 1. Critical thinking is a system of judgment that is used for the analysis with the formulation of valid conclusions and correctly apply the results to the situations and problems. Critical thinking implies the use of cognitive techniques or strategies that increases the probability ...

Exam relevant readings

Kindly find the relevant readings on SharePoint under Block 3 Client Advice and Relationship. Exam format Mixed multiple choice / short essay: 20 questions (equally weighted). To keep the time investment to a reasonable level while still being able to test the fundamentals, we decided to work with a mixture between essay and multiple-choice questions. Exam format Describe loss aversion. Loss aversion is a term in economics that describes a person’s desire to avoid a loss versus acquiring gains. The person prefers to avoid the chance of encountering a loss (no matter how remote) over receiving a gain, which could be ...

Abstract

In the presented quote from a journal article “Violence, crisis, and the everyday” (2013) by Das, the author is guilty of stereotyping as an informal fallacy. The author groundlessly suggests that the ideas of masculinity are correlated with young men changing provisional jobs instead of having a regular one. This stereotyping, especially given in the context of the problem of rape by boys and men living in very poor districts, can have dramatic impact on the perception of masculinity, its dependence on the job status and its effect on men getting involved in rape. The research has shown no credible evidential ...

Dicto Simpliciter is an argument based on an unqualified generalization (Liskovich 10). Some things, for example, may be termed as good whereas, they are only good under certain circumstances. In the story “love is a fallacy” an example is given about exercise. Exercise is good everybody should exercise. On the contrary, not everyone should exercise. Exercise may be a bad idea for people with delicate health conditions such as heart problems. Hence, in making the conclusion it is best to conclude that exercise is good for most people. Deducing the conclusion in an entirely general case would lead to one committing ...

Many products all over the world find their way to the market but end up remaining on the shelves as the public is not well informed about their existence. As a result firms have found it useful to use commercial advertisements to campaign for their products. Market agents use both print and online advertisements to create awareness to the people about their products. This paper focuses on the commercial advertisement of skin whitening creams; the specific advertisement is the L’oreal Paris whitening cream (www.loreal.com) skin whitening Aishawarya Rai. This advertisement is selected because it is based on a controversial aspect ...

Over the past year, gun control has been in the news. It is an issue that affects all communities. This is an issue the issue of gun control has resurfaced has resurfaced because of a series of recent tragedies. Most drastic was a calamity in Sandy Hook High School where children were killed by a shooting in CT. It is an issue though in which different media outlets are covering it differently, following various logical fallacies. The New York Times has called Fox News biased on this the issue. They claim that, “The Decision not to show the president’s angry ...

Introduction: The Theory

Gamblers fallacy is an argument that bases its argument on the occurrence of random events, in that if the occurrence of a certain event is frequent currently the there will be an infrequent occurrence in the future. The fallacy depicts that if something happens more often or if there is a positive performance, there will be a rare occurrence in the future, or the performance will be negative. The fallacy is based on independent events where the outcome of one event does not influence the other also called random events. The fallacy argues that if a certain outcome is favored then as you ...

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Introduction

Smoking has very deleterious effects on the human health. Smoking can cause serious lung diseases including lung cancer. A person who is involved in smoking acquires illnesses due to the harmful chemicals. These chemicals are gained inside the body where it affects the blood and other organs particularly lungs. Smoking can cause infections and cancer of lungs. Therefore, smoking can be lethal to human life. In addition to this smoking also affects the persons surrounding the smoker. Passive smoking also has harmful effects on the ...

Just like anyone else, all characters in a story have their own historical background and information regarding their pasts. This information is usually very important in understanding their traits and their current lives. Therefore such information assist readers understand a specific story. This is what is referred to as exposition. Generally it can be defined as the historical background touching on the characters and setting in a given story usually at the beginning of the story. The major information is usually occurrences that took place before the story was initiated. Therefore it is usually the initial part of the plot. Therefore, in ...