Oxygen Reports Samples For Students

Introduction:

As with all living things, fish need oxygen in order to live. Fish have specialized organs called gills that are used to extract dissolved oxygen from water. In order to be able to extract the oxygen from water fish take in water through their mouths. This water is then forced into the gills. Gills are rich in blood vessels and have very thin walls. As the water passes through them, oxygen in the water is transferred through the thin walls to the blood stream. This oxygen is then transferred to cells.

Purpose:

The purpose of the experiment is to determine ...

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This has reference to your revision request. All the questions (except for one) have been answered. I have made the answers obvious and done and added a few words here and there to make the answers more prominent. Everything is marked in the two pages of the ‘copy of the report’ which follows this letter. Please go through the same and tell me if you still think the paper needs revision, after reading it. In case you want a revision, I’ll be happy to do it for you but you have to tell me what needs to be revised exactly.

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Dissolved Oxygen

INTRODUCTION
Dissolved oxygen is a useful parameter used to determine the level of effluent in waste water treatment. Living organisms in water bodies require oxygen to break down organic matter. These organisms consume the dissolved oxygen in water and give out carbon dioxide. Oxygen does not readily dissolve in water and gets depleted quickly by increased micro-organism activity. To maintain optimal oxygen levels in a water body, the oxygen replenishing rate from the air should be equal to dissolved oxygen use by micro-organism in the water. A curve drawn to represent dissolved oxygen levels down a stream from a point of effluent ...

ID Number

Introduction

This experiment is to evaluate the effects of the use of drugs on the human body, particularly, the effects of Salbutamol on asthmatic patients. Specifically, this paper seeks to describe what a drug is and the principles behind the actions of drugs and to detail drug receptor interactions such as specificity, binding, affinity, antagonists, and agonists. In this study, participants performed the Harvard modified step test. The aim of this study of this test is to measure the maximal physical working capacity such as the maximal oxygen intake (Rhyming, 1953). It is hypothesized that maximal working capacity such ...

Analysis of Water Quality from the Rivers Colne, Holme and Calder Flowing through Huddersfield/Mirfield

Analysis of Water Quality from the Rivers Colne, Holme and Calder Flowing through Huddersfield/Mirfield

Introduction

It is a truism that water is a valuable resource. Rivers are among the major suppliers of freshwater resources for humans and other terrestrial organisms. Thus, without rivers humans could not have survived. The importance of river systems has been elucidated even during the rise of the Egyptian Civilization. The Nile River for instance has provided humans with food, drink, fertile soil and even a site for settlement (Hassan and Al Rasheedy, 2007). The ecosystem services that the river provide to people since time immemorial include water supply ...

Investigating How Temperature Affects The Breathing Rate Of Goldfish

IntroductionAim
The aim of this experiment is to find out whether varying temperature of the surrounding environment of a goldfish would affect its breathing rate. Research question
Does the breathing rate of goldfish change with changes of the surrounding temperature? If it does, how does it? Would increasing the temperature of water containing a goldfish lead to high breathing rates or vice versa? A beaker containing aquarium water will be used as the environment in which a goldfish will be placed. The temperature of the water in the beaker will be altered successively by serially adding crushed ice to obtain ...

1.0 PURPOSE
In the City of Flagstaff, there exists the Cheshire Pond and the Francis Short Pond. The Francis Short Pond is located south of the Cheshire Pond and is constantly being supplied with reclaimed water to maintain the water level while in the Cheshire has a constant supply of rainfall, snowmelt and is constantly being supplied by water from the Rio Del Flag. What raise many issues in the Francis Short Pond are the potential effects of the reclaimed water on the ecosystem around Francis Short Pond. Thus, to establish the differences between reclaimed water and as a source ...

Introduction

The null hypothesis for the experiment was that oxygen production is the same in both plants while the alternative hypothesis was that oxygen production and thus the rate of photosynthesis is higher in Ceratophyllum than in Cabomba due to its efficiency in carbon dioxide utilization (Kitaya, Murakami, & Takeuchi, 2003).

Materials and Methods

Experimental Design
The research question to be answered in the experiment was whether there is rate difference, in oxygen production, in oxygen production between Ceratophyllum and Cabomba. It was predicted that each of the plants would have different oxygen production rates. The dependent variable was the rate in oxygen ...

The Rate of Photosynthesis in Two Submerged Organisms (Cabomba and Ceratophyllum)

Introduction
In this experiment, the set alternative hypothesis was that the rate of oxygen production in Cabomba was significantly different from the rate of oxygen production in Ceratophyllum. This was informed by the report from a previous study by Van and colleagues (1976) that indicated that Cabomba had a lower rate of photosynthesis compared to Ceratophyllum and Hydrilla that had similar photosynthetic rate.

Materials and Methods

Experimental Design
The experimental independent variables were 6 grams for Ceratophyllum and Cabomba organisms while oxygen produced was the dependent variable. Water collected from the pond was used as the control in the experiment. The question ...

Oxygen and Respiratory Disease

Part 1: Introduction
Oxygen and respiratory complications are closely associated with oxygen therapy. Long term oxygen treatment can help to make the quality of one’s life better. Oxygen therapy help COPD patients and those with hypoxaemia, low oxygen levels to live longer. Even if oxygen is prevalently used in hospitals, it has often been wrongly prescribed causing further complications to patients. The major indication for oxygen therapy is the respiratory failure. Respiratory failure involves the failure to keep up adequate gas exchange. Documentation in a number of hospitals fails to record the respiratory rate and other vital signs ...

Summary

This essay is on short description of the following terms atoms, molecular structure, ionic bonding, periodic table, pH, acids, oxidation, antioxidants in food, alkali cleaning agents, salts used in food, plant cells, photosynthesis, micro-organisms in the environment, bacterial morphology, comparative sizes of micro-organisms, factors affecting the growth of bacteria, bacterial spores, biological role of enzymes, catalase, and enzymic browning.

Introduction

This essay will write short notes on various topics in chemistry as well as in microbiology. Some of the terms in chemistry include atom, molecular structure, periodic table, pH, oxidation, ionic bonding among others. Some of the terms in microbiology ...

The lower parts of St. Johns River is an estuarine river that has salinity rivers fluctuating with changes in tides. The dark coloration of the rivers is due to the extremely high levels of tannins from decaying matter. Turbidity, the dark coloration and other matters prevent the penetration of light deep into the water. As such, the growth of submerged vegetation happens in the shallow regions of the river. The river is fed from tributaries some of which are salty, the Atlantic ocean, tributaries and human wastes from industries and treatment plants for waste water. The lab report presents ...

Introduction

Bacillus Subtilis are the organisms that are aerobic, Gram Positive, spore-forming belonging to the Bacillus genus. The organisms are together with other species that are closely related play a crucial role in disease, food poisoning as well as food spoilage. Lack of methods that are standardized for the identification of the organisms whether coming from the food or environment has made the tests to be difficult. Use of morphological as well as physiological tests have offered the best ways to identify organisms in the laboratory although there are inconsistent and lack of reliance in these methods.
Identification of an ...

Introduction

The amount of carbon dioxide that is in the blood is regulated within a very optimum range in order to keep the functioning of the body cell in the right order. Reducing the level of carbon dioxide in the cells may result into the reduced pH in the blood which eventually results in the reduction of the blood vessels. The reduced blood vessels are known to cause reduction in the amount of blood that is being taken to vital organs such as the brain. The reduced carbon dioxide may also result in reduced heart rate as well as breathing rate ( ...

Current methods

The current methods which are used to monitor heart rate and blood oxygen levels are Phonocardiography, Oscillometry, Photoplethysmography and Electrocardiography. The sounds generated due to heart beat and murmurs can be recorded using through a microphone. This acoustic property which determines heart rate can be studied using phonocradiographs. As a result of repeated relaxations ad contractions variations in blood pressure is observed. The frequent pulsation of the vessels is detected by automatic blood pressure monitors via peizo sensors. The rhythmic properties of blood can be sensed through alight ray reflected from the finger or an ear lobe through Photoplethysmography. The relaxation ...

Introduction to Physiology: Respiration

There are a lot of factors that determine the rate and depth of human respiration. Some of the factors are influenced by the conscious control part of the brain while others are not. Different organ system functions leads to unique pattern of respiration and even though respiration is controlled by the autonomous nervous system, people play a part in the control of breathing. Respiration is affected by certain chemicals which include oxygen, carbon dioxide, acid, epinephrine and acetylcholine (Marieb e.tal 2010).

Whether or not oxygen concentration affects respiration remain a debating topic in the scientific realm. This is because the human body ...

Background theory

Equipment used in the experiment: Burette, pipette, pipette filler, clamp and stand, a small and a large beaker, three conical flasks, white paper, phenolphthalein indictor, dilute solutions of HCl and H2SO4 of unknown molarities, and 0.10 dm–3 NaOH.

Equations, diagrams, and calculations:

Concentration of the sulphuric acid solution
Molarity of the alkaline solution of NaOH 0.10 mol. dm–3
As found in the experiment,
Average volume of H2SO4 is 11.15 cm3 = 0.01115 dm3
H2SO4 → H2+ + SO4–
NaOH →Na++ OH–
H2+ + SO4–+ 2Na + 2OH → Na2+ + SO4–+ 2H2 O
Thus, the hydrogen ions in H2SO4 reacted with hydroxide ions ...

Results

From the experiment conducted, the following observations were made: Firstly, in regard to volume of flow a long Ashland Creek, site number one had the least volume of water flowing. The volume of flow then rose steadily across sites 2, 3 and 4. Secondly, water temperatures were observed to be slightly higher in site 1 as compared to site 2. The temperatures then dropped slightly across site 3 and rose steadily across site 4. In regard to the amount of dissolved oxygen present, site 1 had the highest amount of oxygen present. The levels dropped slightly in site 2, rose a ...

Abstract

The purpose of our experiment was to visualize the effect of light intensity on oxygen production. In the capacity of a test subject we used algal cultures. For these researches we used the Winkler method of titration. Our experiment results showed that there is an effect of light intensity on oxygen production. Our research has a great significance for agriculture, biochemistry and biophysics.

Introduction

Photosynthesis is the metabolic process by which plants trap solar energy, convert it to chemical energy, and store it in the bonds of organic nutrient molecules, such as glucose. Nearly all types of plants and algae, as well ...

Executive summary

This experiment seeks to compute the overall mass transfer coefficients for nitrogen gas and oxygen gas via a polymer membrane under different experimental conditions. The calculation of the overall mass transfer coefficient of the gasses will aid in establishing how the permeability of the polymer membrane is affected by altering these conditions. The experiment employs the calculation of the separation factor in determining the efficiency of a membrane in separating oxygen gas from nitrogen gas. It uses the measured values of flow rates, exit streams and flow rate composition of the membrane component to calculate the mass transfer coefficients. ...

Introduction

Using membrane for gas separation by numerous industries and fields is highly associated with easy operability, low energy costs, light weight and compactness of the process.

Organizational need

There is an organizational need by Learning Curve Consultants’ client to generate relatively pure nitrogen and oxygen gasses within the organization for the application in various processes through the use of high-pressure air as feed. The client has the need to investigate the possibility of employing the use of polymer membranes to produce both nitrogen and oxygen gasses. As a consequence, the customer has presented the team with two bench scale gas membrane ...

Abstract

Human activities have a significant influence on marine life. Pollutants from landfills, dumps, mines, farms, etc. can pollute the ocean and later through the food chain cause harm to all land animals and humans as well. Protein is a very important structural component of an organism. Using protein for energy is an inefficient form of metabolism and in the long run detrimental to the organism. A significant low level of protein content was noticed in Mytilus californianus or (mussels) obtained from the polluted environment when compared to the tissue of Mytilus californianus obtained from pristine environment. Organism that are ...

Introduction

Cerebrovascular accident refers to stroke in which the blood flow to the brain is interrupted due to a rupture of an artery to the brain or blockage, resulting in oxygen deprivation and consequent death of brain cells. Our brain needs a steady oxygen supply to have blood pumped throughout the body effectively. The blood flowing through the arteries to the brain carries the oxygen. In the case of a cerebrovascular accident, one or few of these arteries get ruptured or blocked, thereby interrupting the flow of the oxygen-rich blood to the oxygen. Within 60-90 seconds of oxygen deprivation, the brain cells in ...

Outline
I. Air on commercial airline cabins is a combination of circulated and outside air.
1. Low humidity,
2. The requirement for cabin pressurization,
3. Possible exposure to ordinary biological and chemical contaminants
B. Perform a careful scientific survey to make sure that rules governing the quality of air in business aircraft cabins are sufficient to care for public health
1. Formulate a system that regularly checks the air in the cabin to ensure it is safe for the travelers.
II. Number of air travelers has almost quadrupled in the last 3 decades.

A. Number of young and old passengers has risen

1. People ...

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to know the properties of oxygen and to prepare different oxides, acids and bases.
Experiments
Carbon is reacted with oxygen in order to form carbon dioxide. Sulphur is reacted with oxygen in order to form sulphur dioxide and calcium is reacted with oxygen in order to form calcium oxide. As calcium is metal, the formed metal i.e. the calcium oxide is a metallic oxide. On the other hand, as carbon and sulphur are non – metallic, therefore, the formed oxides i.e. carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide are also non – metallic oxides.
If non – metallic ...

Purpose:

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the chemical formula. Here the chemical formula will be determined from the oxide of the metal. The metal is to be identified from the given mass.

Calculation:

Mass of crucible, lid and metal are given to be 38.834 gram whereas the mass of crucial and lid are 37.933 gram and 37.938 gram respectively. Hence it can be said that the constant mass of crucible and lid is 37.936 gram. Hence, the mass of the metal which is used can calculated as
(38.834 - 37.936) gram=0.898 gram.
After the first heating the mass ...

Lab Report for Circulatory system

Introduction & background information:-
The circulatory system is a large interconnected network of organs and vessels which causes the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen, hormones and various gasses between the cells of the body. If the circulatory system were absent in the human body, it would not be able to defend itself against diseases and illness or to maintain a constant internal environment, for example, the correct temperature or the pH. This process is called homeostasis. Hence, it can be said the circulatory system consists of the heart and the lungs which work in unison for the transportation of blood ...

Abstract

This study aims at examining different methods used to study the composition and variation of marine organisms and plants. Various methods create different results that show the effect of the geological environment structure in the ecosystem at various oceanic conditions. Temperature variation is used as a major determinant of the population distribution of the organisms and plants found in various ecosystems. For instance, this study will use crocodilian fossils and mangroves to assess the composition of ancient oceanic environments and the trend of the climate and geological change in these conditions (Häder 1999).
This study uses some isotopic ...

Economic Report about Current Commercial Gasifiers

GE Energy Gasifier
GE Energy Gasifier uses the entrained flow, coal-water slurry feed, refractory lined slag and oxygen blown technology. The manufacturers at GE Energy have two variants, one with a radiant cooler and another full quench gasifier. Their products use a wide variety of fuels like low rank coals, pet coke, bituminous coal and other blends of pet coke. The design of GE Energy Gasifier emphasizes on operational eficiency. This is achieved through optimization of heat recovery and production of carbon monoxide. As espoused earlier, the GE Energy Gasifier predominantly uses the direct quench system. This design is not ...

NITROGEN AND COPPER DOPED SOLAR LIGHT ACTIVE TIO2 PHOTOCATALYSTS FOR WATER DECONTAMINATION

Abstract:
A new category of photocatalytic coating that can degrade chemical as well as bacterial contaminants under visible sunlight wavelengths was generated by the deposition of a stable photocatalytic TiO2 film over the internal lumen of glass bottles by means of a sol–gel technique. Such a coating was produced either in doped or undoped form. This coating used copper and/ or nitrogen for producing visible light-active TiO2 films that were normalized or annealed at 600 ◦C and were characterized by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The degradation of methylene blue was seen to accelerate with doped and undoped TiO2 films ...

Report

A successful application by homeowner to have the cause of fire investigated and determined has led to this inquiry to unravel the cause of the fire with a future anticipation how homeowners can avoid fire accidents. This report will also identify some of the potential common causes of fire accidents at home to enable the owner inform relevant people who can help seal loopholes that are likely to contribute to devastating effects of fire accidents.

Description of the Incident

The main door leading to the kitchen reveals how the fire stated. In the cooking area, there are two relatively heavy wooded cupboard position ...

REPORT

Reg.No.

Aim

The aim of this experiment is to:
Determine how different concentrations of substrate affect the enzyme activity of the enzyme catalase
Construct and interpret graphs of the data collected.
Introduction
Many animal and plant tissues undergo catalase reactions. The various biochemical reactions yields hydrogen peroxide which is broken down by catalase into oxygen and water. The following is a typical equation governing catalase reaction (Roberts and King, 1987).
H2O2 2H2O + O2

Hydrogen peroxide Water Oxygen

In this experiment, a filter paper that has been coated with enzyme is placed into a beaker containing hydrogen peroxide; the substrate. The enzyme breaks hydrogen peroxide ...

Aerobic is a biological terms which means “with air” or “in the presence of air”. When it comes to define Aerobics, we replace the word “air” with “oxygen”. Yes, aerobics or aerobic exercise includes all such steps or activities which involve a systematic inhale and exhale of oxygen, which enhances cardiac strength and also helps in fat loss by adequate metabolism activity. Every such exercise that enhances efficiency of respiratory and circulatory systems is included in aerobics; for example cycling, swimming, dancing, jogging, brisk walking etc. As these exercises involve stretching and strengthening too, these enhances the flexibility of the body, ...

Abstract

The internal temperature of the cold-blooded organisms is dependent on the temperature of the surrounding in order to maintain their own temperature. An increase in temperature leads to an increase in metabolism processes, which also lead to increased heart activity. In this experiment, the effect of temperature of the rate of metabolism was studied. This was done using cold-blooded animals, Mytilus species, to determine the effect of temperature on metabolism. The increase in temperature led to an increased heart rate. It was thus concluded that temperature affects the rate of metabolism.

Introduction

A poikilotherm or cold-blooded organisms are those organisms ...

Type answers in table cells below. Leave template formatting unmodified. Delete this paragraph, the recommended word counts for each section, the advice in the references section, the colored mark values, and any other colored text. All text in your assignment counts towards the word limit.

Introduction – 20 marks

The introduction begins by highlighting the significance of both aerobic and anaerobic power in the performance of mountain biking races. Both aerobic and anaerobic power play a huge role in cross-country mountain banking due to the high-intensity energy involved. The significance of both ...

Part 1: Answers to Preliminary Questions

• Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight energy to manufacture food using water and carbon dioxide as raw materials.

• An increase in the intensity of sunlight increases the rate of photosynthesis up to a given level.

• Photosynthesis and respiration processes complement each other. It is possible to examine the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration under controlled experimental conditions. This can be conducted by setting up an experiment with two sets of experimental set-ups. In each set-up, there should be two test-tubes: one with a high concentration of carbon dioxide and another with a high concentration of oxygen. One pair of test tubes, consisting of a test-tube with a high concentration of oxygen, ...

Uses of Hydrogen in the Industry

Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, flammable, non-toxic and flammable gas at atmospheric temperature. Due to its properties, hydrogen is one of the main starting factors used substance in chemical industries. It is the basic building block in manufacturing of ammonia (Ramachandran, & Raghu, 5).
Hydrogen is used mainly in the manufacturing of two chemical components, which are ammonia and methanol. These chemical components are made industrially. The manufactured ammonia is used in fertilizer manufacturing industries while methanol is used in the manufacturing of polymers. Hydrogen is also used in oil refining industries for reforming oils to obtain a high-quality grade ...

Introduction:

The experiment is about measuring the capacity of neurons in given factors using the cockroaches’ leg.
Neurons are very important in a living cell. It gives power to all parts of the system. It transmit signal to every inch of a muscle up to the other end organs. It comes in various sizes, but basically they have the same function in almost all cells. The main structures of the neuron are composed of cell body, which has the metabolic function; the dendrites that usually receives the signal from other neurons; and lastly the axon that sends signal to the ...

Introduction

As the Risk Control Manager for an oil refinery, one is tasked to prepare a safety plan for refinishing the interior of a 200,000 gallon fuel tank. The scope of the work includes painting the interior of the fuel tank and welding some broken legs on the floating roof. The safety plan is hereby presented with the focus of information to include: confined space entry, ventilation, and personal protective equipment (PPE).

Policy or goals statement

The objective is to successfully undertake two (2) relevant tasks: (1) painting the interior of a 200,000 gallon fuel tank; and 92) welding some broken legs ...

Objective 2

Introduction 2
General background 3
Resistance mutants 4
Hemoglobin mutants 4
Sickle Cell Anemia and Genetics: Background Information 5
Connection of Sickle cell with Malaria 6
Method: 7
Introduction of Recombinant DNA technology in diagnosing disease: 8
Discussion (implementation of recombinant DNA technology to solve the issue) 9
Conclusions 10

References 11

Objective
This report targets to study a group of people that has developed resistance to malaria. It will focus on the use of recombinant DNA technology to study this cohort and gain insights into the nature of this observation. This ...

Section Number.

- Glycolysis refers to the process that takes place in the cytosol and through which a molecule of glucose is broken down into a compound called pyruvate ( Reece 167)
- Everthing is doubled since there is still more substrates required for respiration and therefore more energy is still produced as the substrate is not exhausted.( Reece 167)
- In the process of glycolysis 2 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 H+ are fomed. While in TCA 6NADH, 3 H+, 1 FADH2 and 2 ATP are formed. (Reece 176).
- The NADH is produced in the mitochondrion during the citric ...

Introduction

Pollutant gases tend to have an impact on both health and environment. Many nations rely on oil for energy use and advancement, hence imports every last bit of its oil and gas needs. Unfortunately, this has brought about dangerous effects upon the environment such as affecting the ozone, causes global warming, acid rain and smog. This may come about when fossil fuels are burnt to form these gases. The formation of toxic gases and their harmful impacts on human health and environment as well as biological effects by thermal pollution that is equivalent to the burning processes are being ...

A forty-three year old male with cases of irritated eyes and increasingly blurry vision. The man also reports cases of skin irritation which are at certain instances severe and cases of difficulty in breathing.

His skin irritation and difficulty in breathing stared six months ago.at the onset these complications were mild and isolated in their frequency but gradually they are becoming more persistent. Irritation of the eyes started three months ago and his vision started to get blurry a month ago.

Past medical history

Noncontributory.
Family history
His wife, parents, and two sisters are all perfectly healthy. His three daughters are ...

Abstract

Water is an important chemical owing to its various uses by living things. Most chemical reactions within the bodied of living things require water in order to occur. It is purported that life evolved from water some 3.8 billion year ago following the organization of inorganic and organic molecule to form as prokaryotic cells. Besides, the well being of a cell is overly dependent of the balance between the water and the dissolved substances in the water. In this regards, the cell can permit water molecules to move in and out of the cell; the process in called Osmosis.

Introduction

In ...

Abstract

The study has been conducted to assess the effect of aerobic exercise on the heart rate and this involves recording of resting, exercise and recovery heart rate of the subjects of the study. A group of students have been selected as subjects and their heart beats were recorded with the help of equipment attached to display pulse rate on screen to test the hypothesis that aerobic exercise reduces the heart rate. Heart rate in resting period, during exercise and in recovery period was recorded for five consecutive weeks. The readings were recorded and analyzed statistically using SPSS and excel. ...

Final Exam Geology

Patterns of Surface Ocean Currents

Surface currents are found in the upper four hundred meters of an ocean body and they form major patterns such as eddies, upwelling, and gyres (Garrishon, 2007). Surface currents result from wind energy that is concentrated in both north and south hemispheres forming trade winds which are easterlies and westerlies (Garrishon, 2007). Waves on the sea surface transfer some of the energy from the moving air to the water by friction. Pulling of wind on the surface of ocean causes an accumulation of water with the water displaced underneath the wind forming the movement.
...

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[Professor’s name appears here]
[Date Appears here]

INTRODUCTION:

Pathologists or microbiologists play a very vital role in the management and diagnosis of any disease. They get immense help by performing certain series of tests which aids them reaching to a conclusion. One such test is called as gram staining which is used widely as the most primitive test for the identification of various bacteria
According to Beveridge, the gram stain essentially delineates bacteria into two broad categories. It does that by giving color to these bacteria and bacteria that attains purple or violet color are ...

Chemistry

2. The nano carrier needs to remain in suspension in H2O, PBS, human serum, etc. What type of polymer do you need to use to decorate the surface of the nanocarrier to achieve this goal?
In order to maintain the nanocarrier in suspension in water, Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS), human serum a suitable solution a polymer is needed on its surface. The polymer used needs to accomplish three goals. The polymer needs to decorate the nanocarrier surface to enhance suspension and secondly, to prevent protein absorption. Another characteristic is that the polymer evades the immune system. PLGA poly(lactic-co-)glycolic ...

Background about the development of a bird

The development of a bird from an egg is the complex and speedy process which takes 21 days from the moment the embryo forms. The developments are facilitated by among other factors the presence of pores (about 7,000 of them) on the egg's surface. The pores allow transfer of gasses (oxygen diffuses in while carbon dioxide and water vapor diffuse out) through the shell (Gilbert). Before the egg is laid, it is fertilized; the living cells divide and grow wile segregating into groups. During incubation, the first sign of an embryo appears at 13 to 16 hours after ...

Organism # 6

Molecular Biosciences 101
Section #
Purpose
Materials and Methods
Gram Staining: Three circles were marked at the bottom of a clean glass slide and they were labeled as gram(+), gram(-) and unknown respectively. The three labeled circles were then inoculated with microorganism 6 using an inoculating loop. The bacterial smears were then air dried and heat fixed over a gentle flame. The slide was then flooded with primary stain, crystal violet for a minute by placing it on a staining rack. Excess crystal violet was washed off with a gentle stream of water. Thereafter, gram iodine was added and ...

Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to characterize aldehydes and ketones using Tollen’s test and Iodoform test. It also aims to identify an unknown substance as well as determine whether glucose is an aldehyde or a ketone using the same tests. In order to achive these purposes, four test tubes where prepared for each type of test. For Tollen’s test, each of the tubes contained 1 drop of the analyte to which 1mL of the Tollen’s reagent was added. For the Idoform test, 4 drops of each substance was used, to which 2 mL of sodium hydroxide ( ...

With the increase in the incidence and prevalence of obesity and all its associated health impacts, and alongside newer discoveries in medicine, there is a renewed drive for the incorporation of physical exercise in therapies1. More and more benefits of exercises are being discovered almost every now and then. This is why many individuals are now being conscious of the need to go through any bodily activity that would enhance and sustain their physical fitness.
Physical exercise refers to activities that are aimed at improving the body’s level of physical fitness and also promote the overall health status ...

Abstract

The most widely used fossil fuel around the world is coal. This is a component that carries both organic and inorganic components and hence its combustion over the years has led to environmental problems such as acid rain and sulfur dioxide emission. To combat this eco-system problem several combustion methods have been introduced and one of the most efficient means that has come to the attention over the years as a significant way is the Oxy alkalinolysis.
In the past, there have been various desulfurization processes, which have been introduced. However, most of them have not given excellent results are ...

Introduction

Fermentation process refers to the conversion of sugars such as glucose to alcohol, carbon dioxide and energy in the form of ATP (Kale and Gokhale). Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen and converts substrates such as glucose into products such as acetate or lactic acid. During fermentation, there is no oxidation phosphorylation and thus the amount of ATP that is produced is low (Pigage, Neilsen and Greeder). One specific example of fermentation is lactic acid fermentation, which is the simplest form of fermentation. In the presence of oxygen in the cells, most organisms bypass fermentation to undergo cellular ...

Introduction

Osmosis refers to the net water movement across a membrane, which is selectively permeable and the movement is driven by a difference in the concentration of the solutes on the opposite sides of the membrane. A selectively permeable membrane allows water to pass through without allowing ions or solute molecules to pass through. Other small molecules that are not charged are also allowed to pass through the membrane. Diffusion, on the other hand, refers to the movement of molecules in a random motion as a result of the kinetic energy and causes the molecules to have a net movement from areas where the particles ...

The history of food preservation begins with the understanding that the spoilage of food

begins from the moment it is harvested and left in open air. The earliest of methods used by man included freezing meat in the winter or drying certain foods under the sun. One of the ways by which man could move from one place to another while carrying an ample supply of food was by preserving it and preventing meats and other food stuff from spoiling. The need to kill and eat foods all at one time was prevented by the idea of food preservation. It is noted that different civilizations used various methods of preservation, mainly those which ...

Introduction

Reduction reactions are very important in chemistry as they are effective processes for synthesizing new compounds from existing ones. In organic chemistry, a compound is said to be reduced if it acquires new hydrogen. There are diverse reagents for carrying our reduction reactions. Two of these are sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) - the latter is a more powerful reducing agent compared to the former.
In this experiment, NaBH4 was used to reduce p-Nitrobenzaldehyde to form p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol. NaBH4was used over LiAlH4 in this experiment, because LiAlH4 would also reduce the nitro group of the aldehyde.

Experimental:

...

The objective of this experiment was to prepare Beer-Lambert calibration curves for different forms of nitrogen and to determine the concentration of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia ions in different water samples from the Biscayne Bay.

Introduction

Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the Earth atmosphere. In is not surprising that it is one of the most crucial elements not only to human life but all life on our planet. The chemistry of nitrogen is rather diverse because it can exist in different oxidation levels – from +3 to -5. Due to its large impact on the biosphere, the circulation of ...

C.

Growth in agar dishes

Air dish
The microbes take different shapes depending on the kind of plate used. The numbers of colonies were less compared to that of water and soil. Ideally, the exposure time and disturbance played a role. The formation of fungi and bacteria depicted different shapes. They are the group in the cluster and have greenish matter. Some take the form of a tennis ball or starfish.

Soil dish

The exhibition of microbes in a soil dish indicated evidence of staining (Invitrogen) dye. The radius of the microbes was at 0.24mm. The colony showed a corresponding growth when exposed to the ...

Global warming is the gradual and continuous increase in the atmospheric temperature. In the nineteenth century, global warming was a mere prediction. Scientist would say that with time, the earth temperature will start to rise at a slow but continuous rate. Today, global warming is a practical experience. Studies indicate that the average atmospheric temperature increases with 0.06o Celsius, (Houghton 2009). This rate is so alarming that if nothing is done about it, the will be adversely affected. Various evidences of global warming are evidenced in the today. Increases in global temperature coupled with melting of the polar ice ...