Vascular Research Papers Samples For Students

Peripheral vascular disease is a term to describe the phenomenon of narrowed veins or arteries outside of those that supply the heart, brain, or lungs (Gardner, 2012). The most common form of peripheral vascular disease occurs in the legs and feet, and can be a side-effect of diabetes. The main symptoms of peripheral vascular disease are blue skin, the development of skin ulcers, cold skin, and poor growth of hair and nails in the affected area (Gardner, 2012). Although peripheral vascular disease is treatable, particularly if caught early, complications include infections and tissue death that can require amputation (Lockhart ...

With

Peripheral Vascular Disease
Effects of Physical Therapy on Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease
The term Peripheral Vascular Disease stands for systemic manifestations of atherosclerosis leading to narrowing of the arteries lying distal to the arch of aorta. The commonest manifestation of Peripheral Vascular Disease is the intermittent claudication of the affected organ. At times, this disease condition may lead to acute or critical ischaemia of the affected limb. Intermittent claudication can be explained as the pain of the limbs on exercise or exertion, this symptom is commonly seen in the lower limbs. The prevalence of such intermittent claudication is ...

Abstract

The literature defines hypertension as a medical condition experienced when the systolic blood pressure (BP) is equal or greater than 140 mm Hg or when the diastolic blood pressure is equal or greater than 90 mm Hg. Additionally, it offers a description of systematic, cellular, as well as molecular causes of hypertension. High blood pressure within the arteries is referred to as systemic hypertension (SH). The primary role of the systemic arteries is the transportation of oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. The constriction of the arterioles (small arteries) is responsible for the high ...

Discussion

Periostin, an ECM protein, was named because of its expression in the periodontal ligament and periosteum of adult mice.30 PN is expressed in tissue growth and remodeling, as in cardiac and valvular development and disease, wound repair, tumor tissues, and inflammation.31-37 PN is also widely expressed in various atherosclerotic vascular lesions: it could be located in the intima, preatheroma regions, and the extracellular matrix of advanced lesions with calcification. PN variants are associated with extent of atherosclerosis in young persons, which suggest the importance of PN in the development of atherosclerosis in the arterial wall.38,39 This study used ...

Dementia is a condition caused by brain disease. It is typically chronic or unremitting in nature. It disturbs several functions including memory, thinking, calculation, judgment, language as well as learning capacity. However, consciousness is still clear. The function abnormality comes with worsening in social manners, inspiration or emotional direction. Dementia happens in a great number of disturbing the brain (WHO, 7).
The most common form of dementia is the Alzheimer’s disease that comprises the sixty to seventy percent of dementia cases. Other forms of dementia are vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Dementia also occurs in mixed forms ...

Blood Pressure, Hypertension and the Nervous System

Cardiovascular activities within the human body are generally facilitated by the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Blood pressure is the relationship between the vascular resistance and the amount of blood that the heart pumps per minute (i.e. cardiac output). Cardiac output is affected by the following factors: end-diastolic volume, cardiac muscle contraction, and heart rate. While the sympathetic nervous system controls the blood volume and the tone of venous smooth muscle (determinants of end-diastolic volume) alone, the myocardial contraction and heart rate is controlled by both sympathetic and parasympathetic regions of the autonomic ...

Data collection and analysis grid

“Predictors of vascular complications post diagnostic cardiac catheterization (CC) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI)” is an article by Cheryl et al (2006) detailing the abstract, introduction, literature review, study design, methodology, findings, discussions and conclusions of a quantitative study. On the other hand, “Living with unexplained chest pain” by Jerlock et al. (2005) is an article detailing the same aspects but of a qualitative instead of a quantitative research study.

Data for all patients who had undergone CC or PCI at the University of Virginia Heart and Vascular center from 2001-2003 was retrieved from a secondary source that is the Clinical Automated Office ...

Abstract

Continuing Professional Education (CPE) or Continuing Professional Development (CPD) enhanced the management, professionalism, team building, technology, interpersonal communication, accountability, and teaching. In the medical world, the knowledge, skills, attitude, and its concept has incorporated CPD in a wide range of competencies needed to practice the highest quality medical services, socially, ethically, and personally. The Diagnostic Medical Sonographer’s role is highly important to the treatment team such as the doctors, nurses, and other clinical health providers and the patients. The diagnostic medical Sonographer is a well-trained individual who operated the computers and machines to administer an image scan of ...

Introduction

The purpose of this study is to review the effectiveness of lifestyle on the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease for at risk populations. The study considers quantitative study which involve the use of control and experimental groups in which the control group is motivated on the effects of lifestyle particularly lack of inactivity (exercise) and healthy eating in groups of individuals who are at a greater risk of developing Alzheimer's. An observation of the pretest and post test of the control and experimental group will clearly indicate the contribution and its magnitude of exercise and healthy eating in ...

Proteus syndrome

Proteus syndrome
Today Proteus syndrome is considered a very rare genetic disease that is accompanied by an unnatural growth of bones, muscles and connective tissues. It is often accompanied by tumors of individual body parts. Unfortunately, diagnosis and treatment of such disease is very difficult and not always a possible process. Modern medicine knows only that Proteus syndrome is a hereditary disease and is associated with a mutation of genes. However, the mechanism of occurrence of such changes is not yet fully understood. This disease was first described in 1979. It was that time when Michael Cohen found about 200 cases of ...

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Introduction
The National Stroke Association (2009) defines stroke as an ‘attack’ to the brain cells and tissues that often cuts off perfusion. Hemorrhagic strokes results when a blood vessel that supplies a certain area of the brain breaks or ruptures causing blood leakage into the brain tissue (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013).
Prevalence of stroke in the United States (US) is estimated at 800,000 per year and mortality rate is about 160,000 people per year (National Stroke Association, 2009). In Canada, stroke accounts for more than 14,000 deaths per year (Magistris, Bazak, and Martin, 2013). However, ...

According to Typep-1 Siegenthaler & Aeschlimann, (2007) the neme diabetes wass derived from a greek word, diabeinein which implies “to siphon”. There are two main types id diabetes (type 1, type 2) even though some researchers often contend that there is a third type called gestational diabetes. Ideally,type 1 diabetes is autoimmune conditions that occurs when the beta cells of the pancreas have been spifflicated (Siegenthaler & Aeschlimann, 2007; News medical, 2013). The leads to loss of glucose that becomes visible in the urine if it is above the renal threshold that is 190 to 200 mg/dl on average. This condition of ...

Hypertension, the chronic elevation of blood pressure, results in enhanced morbidity and mortality in the long run. However, researchers are not unanimous about the pathophysiology of hypertension. Studies over the years reveal that between 2 to 5 percent patients face elevated blood pressures because of underlying adrenal or renal disease. Rest of the patients, nonetheless, do not exhibit any clear and identifiable reason for the malady.
This statistics has well persuaded medical practitioners and researchers to acknowledge the role of multiple factors that might play varying roles in different patients of hypertension. Some of the most researched factors include ...

Headache is a common complaint that afflicts most of the adult population at some point in their lives (Hainer & Matheson, 2013). Headaches are by and large a subjective phenomenon with few objectively measurable factors (McMurtray & Saito, 2014). Most headaches will be the benign, but a small percentage will indicate an underlying neurologic or systemic pathology (Hainer & Matheson, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the chief complaint, “I have headaches or a headache.” The paper will discuss the objective and subjective data that needs to be collected, headache triggers and drug treatments, and the health promotion strategies ...

Introduction

It is critical to understand that mechanical interventions and thrombolytic therapy are the commonly used approaches to treat both venous and arterial thrombotic complications. However, this approaches offer several limitations that are hard to ignore. First and foremost, there is a possibility of excessive bleeding and damage to the walls of the blood vessel. Secondly, the approach may fail to reach reperfusion. Thus, the use and application of ultra-sound accelerated thrombosis offer an entire revolution in vascular medicine. Again, the technologyis meant to withstand the test of time. Cleary, the technology has reduced the body dosage that would be ...

Introduction

The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis involves a series of complex events that can be likened to that of a chronic inflammatory process, which results in the development of an atherosclerotic plaque. The first step in the process involves injury to the endothelial cells of the artery that results in endothelial cell dysfunction. The activated endothelial cells attract vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and leukocytes, which proliferate and accumulate in the walls of the artery (Seidman, Mitchell, & Stone, 2014). These cellular components lead to the formation of a large amount of connective tissue matrix. This is the ultimate end point in ...

Introduction

Over the years, research has been uncovering more and more rare diseases, especially genetic disorders. Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) is one of such rare disorders of the blood that causes a disfiguring swelling of a part of the body, particularly the face, larynx, extremities, abdomen, and genitalia. It may range from a simple painful swelling of an extremity to asphyxiation from laryngeal involvement. Diagnosis and prognosis of this condition depends on a heightened sense of awareness of the symptoms of the disease by the managing clinician and the availability of effective interventions.
HAE is known to occur in people with a deficiency of a particular ...

[First Last Name]

English [Number]

[Date Month Year]

Introduction
Originally, 3D printing technologies were designed for nonbiological materials, such as metals, ceramics and thermoplastic polymers (Murphy and Atala 6). However, recent advances have enabled 3D printing of biocompatible materials, cells, and supporting components into complex 3D functional living tissues, giving rise to a new technology referred to as ‘3D Bioprinting.’ However, unlike non-biological 3D printing, it involves important complexities, such as choice of materials, cell types, growth and differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the construction of tissues (Murphy and Atala 1). Overall, 3D ...

{Author Name [first-name middle-name-initials last-name]}
{Institution Affiliation [name of Author’s institute]}

Introduction

Radiographic treatments are based on the novel concepts of three-dimensional anatomy along with cross-sectional anatomy. The advancement in the art of computer science proposes the enhanced knowledge about the human body organized in a stronger and conceptual way. This is a computer’s era where dealing with plain text has become outdated. Knowledge engineering facilitates the designing and creation of symbolic information in a much more steady and supple manner. Computer graphics crafts the realistic interactive three-dimensional (3D) models of human anatomy and physiology. CT and MR provided information ...

Available empirical evidence and facts points to the direction that potassium is a critical component in the human body as a regulator of blood pressure. The above stems from surveys and data recorded over a cross-sectional spectrum of the human population to the effect that areas and regions that take less of potassium have a likelihood of suffering blood pressure-related complications. It is to say that people who take less of potassium have a higher prevalence and prospects of getting hypertension. This logic is true and possible since the ion present in Potassium are unique and provide some functions that aid in the regulation ...

Introduction

Cells are independent units of life. However, when a cell becomes part of an organism, it becomes part of a tissue and organ system. Cells in a tissue are joined to each other and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cell junctions. There are three kinds of cell junctions: Occluding junctions, anchoring junctions and communication junctions. Occluding junctions occur in the epithelium where the adjacent cells are so tightly sealed together that even small molecules cannot pass. Communicating junctions allow the exchange of chemical and electrical signals between cells. Anchoring junctions are the ones which attach a cell either to its neighbor or ...

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant cancer that originates from cancerous cells in the pancreas. It has been estimated that 90-95% of pancreatic cancers are adenocarcinomas that originate from the exocrine part of the pancreatic tissue. Adenocarcinomas (ductal pancreatic cancer) are tumors that exhibit glandular architecture when observed under a light microscope. Pancreatic carcinoma accounts for fourth highest occurrence of cancer related deaths in the United States. The prognosis for the various stages of pancreatic cancer is poor with an estimated 25% survival rate for a person diagnosed with stage 1, while only 5-6% survival rate estimated for a stage 5 diagnosis according ...

Abstract

The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence rates of arterial hypertension among adults in urban and rural environments of Malta. Logistic regression is used to obtain (OR) the odds ratio as a useful measure of association between outcome and variables. The prevalence of arterial hypertension among the Maltese population was 21.9% (or 1.14), (Nicita, 2008, p. 14). The World Health Organization (WHO) website was used to gather information in this study regarding arterial hypertension prevalence among the Maltese population. The likelihood of reporting arterial hypertension increased with women and age, migrants and individuals with morbidities, former smokers, ...

Introduction

As people grow old, they are highly likely to develop conditions which predispose them to intermittent acute pain or importunate pain states. In reference to Cunningham et al. (2010) the impact of dementia on processing of pain is different in different types of pain and the stage of dementia. Cunningham et al. (2010) conclude that there is a high possibility of under-detection of pain among individuals with dementia more so to those who have limited verbal communication. The assessment of cognitive status of individuals with dementia is critical in determining the pain assessment to use. The paper intends to illustrate ...

A condition affecting the system of veins in legs with venous hypertension resulting in different pathologies that involve swelling, ulcerations, pain, skin changes, and edema is called chronic venous insufficiency (Eberhardt and Raffetto, 2005).
It is necessary to understand normal venous function and anatomy to analyze the venous insufficiencies pathology. The peripheral venous system serves as a conduit returns blood into the heart and as a reservoir where blood is stored. Appropriate operation of the peripheral venous system is dependent on a series of muscle pumps and valves (Eberhardt and Raffetto, 2005). Blood entering the venous system of lower extremities has ...

Introduction

Smoking causes around 40000 premature deaths yearly in USA and 4.9 million deaths per year world or 8.8 percent of all global deaths (burns 2013). 4000 teens try to smoke for the first time each day. 1000 teen become daily smokers. Smoking is equivalent to poisoning. Tobacco is a deadly mix of more than 7000 chemicals (burns 2013). Death due to smoking is highly preventable. The causes and impacts of smoking are known and avoidable. Smoking is not illegal in most countries around the world. However, its effects are even worse than some illegal substances. Given these alarming statistics, researches ...

The transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitat no doubt posed some challenges to plants. They have had to overcome challenges in order to adapt completely to life on land. Some of the challenges that that plants faced by moving from water to land was the problem of water loss. They also had to overcome the challenge of reproduction. Also, terrestrial plants have had to evolve new ways of feeding. Some of these are presented below.
The evolution of plants to terrestrial habitat took place from their ancestors which were algae. Algae had to adapt to living in shallow ...

Introduction

Platelets comprise of a very important component in the blood. They prevent blood loss in the body. This is enhanced by formation of an entangled mesh made of fibrinogen which is activated by calcium ions and the von Willbrand factor. A complex physiology ensues within the first few minutes of exposure of the tissue underlying the epithelial tissue in the skin (Hoffman 2009, p.123). Platelets also play a very important role in ensuring the pathogenic organisms are prevented from entering the body through the exposed tissue on the skin. This paper comprise of various components which are intended to illustrate the ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Introduction
Cirrhosis is caused by liver injury that results in fibrogenesis and inflammation. These problems result in collapse of liver structures and significant distortion of hepatic vascular structure. This distortion leads to elevated resistance to portal blood flow as well as portal hypertension. Moreover, hepatic synthetic dysfunction is also caused as a result of these problems. Clinically, liver cirrhosis is considered as an end-stage disease that could result in death until liver transplantation is performed (Tsochatzis, Bosch, & Burroughs, 2014).
Liver cirrhosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in most of the developed countries. In ...

Abstract

Regretfully, diagnosis of diabetes is very common nowadays. Diabetes has become a worldwide epidemic and one of the leading causes of premature morbidity and mortality because it often leads to amputation of limbs, loss of sight, kidney failure and provokes cardiovascular disease. However, it is not that hard to suspect a high risk of developing diabetes or the disease itself before the analysis of blood sugar levels. Many of the signs of diabetes are visible to the naked eye. Paying attention to them in timely manner can avoid the severe consequences of the disease. Patients with diabetes can lead ...

Information can be represented through various ways; scientists have undertaken research studies and experiments and published their findings in different scientific journals or databases. Similarly, individuals with little or no scientific knowledge have developed an interest in research. They have increasingly adapted and interpreted scientific research articles so as to meet the demands of the layman. In this paper, a comparative analysis of a scientific research article and its adaptation is presented so as to determine the difference in the ways in which information is presented in each. The scientific article Cashew apple juice supplementation enhanced fat utilization during ...

Abstract

The progressive loss of structure and function of neurons together with their death is called neurodegeneration. This process often causes such an illness as Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the main causes of dementia that has different symptoms, among them, are language problems, disorientation, rapid mood changes, indifference to life, loss of short memory, strange behavior and inability to manage self-care. Scientists have not discovered the exact factors of the disease yet. Genes, obesity, head injuries and depression can be the ground. Unfortunately, there is no any cure of Alzheimer and elderly of 65 and ...

Introduction

Stroke is among the key healthcare problems that is associated with severe long-term disabilities, increased morbidity. In addition, stroke is associated with higher incidences of death in the United States as well as the world in its entirety. In the recent years, incidences of stroke especially among the high risk middle age adults have escalated raising serious concerns among the healthcare professionals as well as the entire public. According to CDC, stroke is among the key causes of adult disabilities and is associated with higher incidences of death as well as increased morbidity among this population (Centers for Disease ...

NURSING – PURNELL’S 12 DOMAINS OF CULTURAL ASSESSMENT

Cultural Group -African American –
Nursing – Purnell’s 12 Domains of Cultural Assessment
Introduction
Applying Purnell’s 12 Domains of Cultural Assessment Model to an African American cultural health issue provides a means for gathering data and formulating a culturally competent prevention strategy linked to the group’s common health risk aligned to cardio vascular disease (CVD). The following provides the profile according to Purnell’s model and the suggested application for creating a competent primary prevention strategy for CVD.

Purnell’s 12 Doman of Cultural Assessment Model

According to the National Association of School Nurses (2013) the model creates a circle made of 12 cultural domains. Global ...

Pathophysiology

Any long-term rise in blood pressure above the upper limit of normal vibrations (hypertension) may be the cause of diseases and pathological conditions of the heart and blood vessels. It is known that the probability of developing coronary heart disease, latent or overt cardiac and renal failure, and cerebrovascular events in adults with diastolic blood pressure (BP) greater than 90 mm Hg. two times higher than in diastolic blood pressure below 80 mm Hg. Hypertension is a pathological condition of the body's adult due to prolonged elevation of systolic blood pressure above 140 mm Hg. and diastolic blood pressure above ...

Crohn's Disease (CD): A Historical Background

Crohn’s disease is a persistent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may impact any part of the gastrointestinal path, however, normally impacts the ileum (Yamada, 2009). It usually occurs to individuals of age 21 or under (Wilson et al., 2010). The CD may affect the quality of life (Baumgart & Sandborn, 2007; Morrison et al., 2009). It may need surgery (Pihl-Lesnovska et al., 2010).
There is a steady global rise in the occurrence of Crohn’s Disease and it represents an increased hospitalization (Gibson, 2009; Morrison et al., 2009; Wilson et al., 2010). In 2009, the CD cases in Australia were ...

Aging affects episodic memory, which is memory pertaining to the specific events and experiences occurring with time. Even though most older adults hold he belief that such memories regarding remote occurrences are good as compared to their memories (recent events), it is possible that the older memories become semantic. This results to retaining the integral information even though it lacks finer details, precisely temporal and spatial contexts. The older memories in this case join the scope of things, which people ‘know’. The problematic issues of older adults include the remembrance of contexts and subsequent source information. In cases of ...

Immunology Disorders

The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from various parasites, bacteria, virus etc. that try to destabilize the homeostasis. Naturally, the immune system is considered one of the most important mechanisms that help us recuperate from diseases. When the immune system malfunctions and starts destroying self-cells, it leads to certain disorders. In other circumstances, the immune system may be suppressed and fail to kill disease causing cells. Here we will discuss a few disorders of the immune system.

HYPERSENSITIVITY TYPE I

Allergy or hypersensitivity type I is also known as allergic reaction or intolerance, in this scenario the immune system creates a ...

Abstract

Through the ages, exercising and body fitness have been promoted as factors necessary for improving body health and health maintenance. Every person that indulges in exercises and maintains proper nutrition can reap the benefits of a healthy body and mind. Regular exercises keeps the body functioning in optimal condition and ready for any contingencies. But the question arises as to when to begin, so that one can reap all the benefits of regular exercising. Although the best answer to this question is “here and now, “that is beginning exercises right away. However, childhood is the considered the best age to ...

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by an abnormal formation of the atrial septum. Genetic and hemodynamic mechanisms are considered responsible for the onset of the disorder. For example, the increased blood flow from inferior vena cava during fetal development causes the septum primum valve to become deficient, but the perturbation of the transcription factors regulating the atrial septal development, such as Shh, Gata4, Tbx5, and Nkx2-5 (Kendall, Karamichalis, Karamlou, Teitel, & Cohen, 2014). ASD is the second most common congenital cardiac anomaly, and it is estimated that approximately 568 cases of ASD occur during childbirth (Kendall ...

RESEARCH PAPER ON EXERCIES ADHERENCE

Introduction
Exercise adherence among various individuals is always different depending on the commitment and the zeal to maintain a healthy exercise program for a prolonged period of time. The need to maintain an exercise program for a longer period of time varies from one individual to another as revealed by a group of different people at different age groups in the world today. Issues of sedentary diseases have increased the need to maintain a proper exercise program which is coupled with a healthy eating habit among different individuals. This research paper seeks to find out the level of exercise adherence among different people and ...

How Fossil Fuels Shaped America and Its Environment

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the United States in mid 18th century, large amounts of fossil fuels were used to provide energy to the industries in the economy and ultimately influenced the wealth of numerous individuals in America. During the American industrial revolutions, fossil fuels were the ideal source of energy that drove the rapid growth of industries in America. Steam locomotives, that were the archetypal machine invention of the industrial revolution, utilized coal energy for the lack of sustainability while using charcoal and firewood energy. Since the beginnings of the industrialization in 19th century, petroleum ...

The regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis in the body occurs thorough an endocrine pathway called the renin angiotensin (RAS) pathway. This is a multistep pathway in which two step conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I by rennin and subsequent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) occurs (Fig 1a). The RAS involves a number of peptides, receptors and enzymes partake in this highly regulated system. The angiotensin II, however, is the key biological player of this pathway. Uncontrolled activation and improper regulation of the RAS pathway leads to hypertension, organ failure and eventually death. ...

The adult stem cells refer to the undifferentiated cells that are found all through the body after the body has undergone development (Jurukovski, 2012). The adult stem cells multiply through division in order to replenish the cells that are dying as well as regenerating the tissues that have been damaged. These cells are also referred to as somatic stem cells and are found in juvenile and adult animals as well as human bodies. The ability of the adult stem cells to divide or have an indefinite self–renewal has gathers great interest in science. The cells have been suggested ...

Renal artery stenosis is “a narrowing of arteries that carry blood to one or both of the kidneys”. The organs affected by the disease are the renal arteries and the kidneys. The renal arteries which branch from the aorta carry the blood from the heart to the kidney. If the renal arteries become narrow, the blood flow to the kidneys will be restricted which may impair the kidneys’ function.
The major cause of renal artery stenosis is atherosclerosis which is when the plaque made up of fats and cholesterols builds up on the walls of the blood vessel. Another ...

Placenta Accreta

Introduction
During pregnancy, the placenta is normally supposed to attach on the surface of uterine wall. There are instances when the placenta attaches itself so deeply on the uterine. Placenta accreta is an abnormal attachment of the placental villi to the uterine in which the placenta is attached unusually deeply into the uterine wall. In placenta accreta, the placenta is attached directly on the myometrium unlike in other variant accounts when it gets attached into the myometrium (hence the name placenta increta) or goes through the myometrium (hence the name placenta percreta). Apparently placenta accreta is the most ...

INTRODUCTION

Arteriovenous vascular malformation is a collection of poorly formed and abnormal arteries and veins. Though the cause is unknown, they are thought to occur due to developmental anomalies of blood vessels in utero. Compared to other blood vessels, they have an increased tendency to bleed which could be deleterious to the brain and the individual involved. Since they are poorly formed, they are not as strong as the normal vessels, hence their propensity to bleed easily.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

The prevalence and incidence is not really known, the only available data are from autopsy reports which suggests around 4% incidence in the population. Autopsy ...

Introduction

This paper discusses Lassa fever, an infectious disease with regard to its causality organism, transmission, epidemiology, and factors causing the illness, clinical manifestation and diagnosis and the role of the nurse in controlling the illness. Lassa fever is a severe viral hemorrhagic infection caused by Lassa virus, which is affiliated to arenavidae virus family. Sierra Leone comprises of approximately 90% Africans of various tribal groups. The Temne people occupies approximately 30% of the total population in Sierra Leone and reside in the Northern part of the country. The current prevalence rate of the infection in the entire west Africa is ...

Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to identify what factors of life quality influence depression severity in patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. In order to meet this aim, it is necessary to answer the following research questions:
1. Does depression lower the quality of life of the patients?
2. What factors influence depression severity particularly in elderly patients?
3. What factors are not associated with depression severity in elderly patients?
For this study the null hypothesis is that major indicators of life quality don’t influence depression in patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. This problem ...

Living with unexplained chest pain

The instrument used was not pilot-tested for accuracy and reliability since There is no reliability when asking open-ended questions; you will get different answers from every person, giving only the person answering the reliability. Depending on the way the questions were asked, the answers could have been different from one patient to another, for example a question like “Can you tell me what it is like to have chest pain and can you tell me how chest pain influences your everyday life?” (Jerlock, Johansson, & Danielson, 2005). However, the unstructured interview sheets used for this study are reliable because they ...