Viruses Case Studies Samples For Students

A 10 year old boy with a fever of 39C, severe pain and tenderness in left leg was brought to doctor. The history of his leg injury was unknown. Symptoms have been ongoing for alomst week. His mother was using tylenol in the treatment. A series of tests were performed. X-Ray result of the knee was negative. Fluid aspiation of the knee resulted 3000 leekocytes/mm with 84% netrophill. There was a bone scan done that showed a hot spot in the distal tibea of the left leg. Bacteria cultures from the boy's knee joint fluid, blood, and tibial aspirate were ordered. ...

1. What microorganism do you believe is to blame for this illness (be specific)? Provide background information on this organism, history, morphology, virulence factors, toxins

Hemophilus Influenza is a cocobacillus that is small, pleomorphic and is gram-negative. It is non-motile and does not form spores. It is also a facultative anaerobe. Some strains of Hemophilus influenza have a capsule composed of polysaccharide (Deverajan, 2012), (CDC, 2013). There are 6 different stereotypes of the virus, labeled a-f. This division is based on the biochemical differences in the capsules (Deverajan, 2012). Some strains of Hemophilus Influenza do not possess capsules and are therefore referred to as nonencapsulated Hemophilus Influenza. They are also sometimes called nontypeable Hemophilus influenza. Identification of the different strains is done by slide agglutination for stereotyping ( ...

Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is an infection that affects the meninges, the cerebrospinal fluid and the spinal cord that causes death and disability in a number of people worldwide. This is a highly contagious airborne disease that is spread through the transmission of three organisms present in the respiratory secretions: Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The onset or origins of the disease varies among different age groups and geographic locations. According to estimates, 200,000 people die annually of meningitis. Case fatality rates vary with age at time of illness and also depend on the particular bacterial strain causing the infection ( ...

Question 1

Computers have been embraced by most people due to their benefits like speed of work, a complex storage area hence space saving, and the accuracy of the data and information. Nevertheless, laptops are prone to some failures which can have adverse effects on the organizations and individuals who solely rely on it (Liu, Ashok 165). The failure mode of laptops and the effects they have are all diverse in nature since they are different and affect different soft wares and hard wares in the laptop.

Failure mode

The power supply failure is the most common modes of failures in laptops especially if ...

(Author’s Full Name)

Within the ambit of information systems security, Social Engineering refers to the act of manipulating individuals to give up or leak confidential information. It usually involves tricking people (through human interaction) to break into regular security SOPs. Social engineering has become the most widely used and easiest techniques for attacking an information system as it relies on the victim’s innate ability to trust people and naturally, be helpful towards them.
Social Engineering is divided into two broad categories: Human-based and Computer-based. The former involves face-to-face interactions with the victim to retrieve the intended ...

(Institution Name)

Introduction

A virus is a program capable of self-replication. Most viruses tend to be parasitic by nature. It can attach itself to any file or object and can be transmitted to another computer. The virus, once activated, looks for another suitable carrier to attach itself to transfer. By nature, viruses and worms are similar, in the sense that they both can replicate. Unlike a virus, a worm does not need a host to latch on to and can be transmitted by initiating telecommunications. . However, there are several intermediate forms that resemble both viruses and worms, and these terminologies can be used interchangeably ...

Personal Computer Security

Personal Computer Security
Computers have made lives better and complex tasks easier to perform. Internet services on computers make one connected virtually to the almost any part of the world. Along with the convenience, efficiency and ease of information available through the computer networks, the exposure to security threats has tremendously increased. Cyber criminals popularly known as hackers are persistently trying to devise new ways to breach user privacy so as to gain access to sensitive information such as credit/debit card details and personal information .

Virus
A virus is a program with the ability to replicate itself inside ...

Klebsiella Ozaenae Bacteria

A brief background of Klebsiella ozaenae bacteria; the generic name of Klebsiella is a member of the family of Enterobacteriaceae. Klebsiellae take the shape of the rod and are non-motile but have a polysaccharide capsule. What is the primary work of the encrypting capsule? Firstly, the capsule is responsible for the large appearance for the orgasm. It also provides resistance and immunity to the bacteria against the immune system and the defense mechanism of the host’s body (Goldstein, Lewis, Martin & Edelstein, 1978, p. 415). Members of the genus of Klebsiella typically express types of antigens on their cell surfaces. The ...

The patient has been experiencing symptoms of gastritis including loss of appetite and substernal pain which worsens in the morning. The fact that he has been experiencing the pain for about five months suggests that this is a case of chronic gastritis. The clinical definition of gastritis is inflammation of gastric mucosa (Rugge, & Garaham, 2010). The long term alcohol consumption of 12-16 cans of beer per day has been causing inflammatory degeneration in the gastric mucosa of the patient (Bienia, Sodolski, &Luchowska, 2002). However many studies have demonstrated that alcohol is associated with acute, not chronic gastritis. It is possible ...

This case study entitled “Airborne Infection Control Case Study: Bay Oaks” (n.d.) describes a rare success story in the fight against Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) or “superbugs” as they are sometimes called. This Miami assisted-living facility has virtually eliminated HAIs, using a system called Novaerus HAI Eradication Technology that filters and processes all the air within the building, including all common areas and the rooms occupied by the home’s residents. A typical resident in Bay Oaks is 84 years old and female, and the oldest resident is 102. A spokesperson noted that if a resident becomes ill and needs hospitalizing, they ...

The concept of Epidemiology is derived from Greek words which mean study upon populations.epi- means upon,-demos mean people and -elogy means study. This study deals with diseases and their impact on health. It analyzes data on how diseases spread among the population of a certain section and the findings are used to determine control measures and the causes of diseases, their relationship with other diseases and find a common measure to curb the effects. It has been widely accepted in the health sector across all concerned organizations including NGOs, hospitals Government health sector. It helps in providing basic information on ...

Question 1: Explain the pathophysiologic defect of Cystic Fibrosis.

A mutation of a single gene, on chromosome 7, leads to the disease, cystic fibrosis. The gene is responsible for encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The normal CFTR is a regulator of chloride channels, which can lead to the regulation of chloride and sodium channels on the surface of the cell. The most common mutation leading to an abnormal CFTR is a mutation is delta F508. The disease can have different phenotypic manifestations depending on the extent of the mutation. The differences in chloride transduction leads to abnormal secretions in various organs, such as the lungs leading to ...

Computer security has now become an issue of global concern. It refers to the protection of the computer system and the stored data. The development of technologies in the information system has made it possible for people to come up with ideas to infiltrate into individual computer systems to make unwarranted alterations. As a result of the increasing cyber insecurity, many people have lost their personal or private information as a result of attacks by viruses, worms or unauthorized persons. This is so disturbing because the problems caused can be extremely difficult to control. Because of this, there is need for ...

Influenza is a disease caused by a virus that is passed from person to person through exposure to fluid droplets that contain the virus. Thus, the majority of transmission is caused by physically being coughed or sneezed upon or coming in contact with a surface shortly after it had been coughed or sneezed upon (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2008). Symptoms of influenza infection include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle aches, headaches, and fatigue. The one universal symptom of influenza is the fever (CDC, 2011). The primary approach for combating influenza is prevention, through vaccination.
...

Abstract

In this essay, a description is made about the SARS virus and of the characteristics that most make this pathogen a feared one, in what regards its spread and severity of the disease.
On SARS cases that have been studied, the characteristics that make this pathogen a feared one are the fact that it is a highly infectious pathogenic agent that is easily transmitted, both by person-to-person contact, in everyday situations like coughing or sneezing, and by contact with infected surfaces, and also the fact that it can be easily confused with common cold situations in its early onset stage and, consequently, ...

Abstract

In this essay, it is done a description of the Bacteria species Lactobacillus casei and Clostridium botulinum about what regards their common features and similarities about their roles in the ecological niches they are found in.
They have similar pH levels to be able to grow; they both are found in various ecological niches and also have therapeutic uses. In opposition to such, as for the characteristics in terms of oxygen levels of their environments, Clostridium botulinum is more demanding, requiring always low-oxygen levels to be present in the bacteria form and to be able to grow, while Lactobacillus ...

Environmental and Nutritional Requirements of Lactobacillus casei

Lactobacillus species have attracted considerable attention during the past few years due to the health benefits to the gastrointestinal tract when they are added as probiotics to food products such as yogurt and other fermented milk drinks (Broadbent, Larsen, Deibel, & Steele, 2010). In general, Lactobacillus species exhibit very complex nutritional and environmental requirements for optimal growth. Particularly, Lactobacillus casei is a rod shaped, aciduric (prefers acidic environments), facultative (capable of living in aerobic or anaerobic conditions) and mesophilic (temperature range between 15-40°C) lactic acid bacterium. These characteristics allow its isolation from different environments including fermented milk, meat or vegetable ...

Helicobacter pylori, which was formerly known as Campylobacter pyloridis, is a microaerophilic, Gram-negative bacterium present in the stomach. In 1982, Robin Warren and Barry Marshall discovered that it was found in persons who were suffering from chronic gastric ulcers and gastritis, diseases that were not formerly thought to have been caused by microbes. It is also associated with the development of duodenal ulcers and stomach cancer. Nevertheless, more than 80 percent of persons infected with the bacterium show no symptoms, and it has been contended that it may have a crucial role in the natural ecology of the stomach (Blaser, 2006).
...

Abstract

In this essay, a description is done of the Bacteria species Lactobacillus casei and Clostridium botulinum. Their common ground and similarities are presented, being a part of the Low G+C Bacteria, or Firmicutes: Gram-Positive, rod-shaped and fermenters. Additionally, it is also discussed what are their contrasting traits, that keep them distinguished, together with what are the factors used for the various strains’ differentiation, within each species.
Keywords: Lactobacillus casei, Clostridium botulinum, characteristics, similarities, differences, phenotype, structure, phylogenetics.

Low G+C Bacteria – Firmicutes
The Bacteria regarded for this essay are part of the Low G+C Bacteria, or Firmicutes. ...

Abstract

In this essay, a description of a non-pathogenic and of a pathogenic microorganism is made. As microbiology aims the study of the microscopic organism that inhabit the ecosystems, the understanding of what are the species present in the biosphere, what are the condition in which they live, what are their metabolic processes and products, and of how can these influence, positively and/or negatively other living forms, including humans, it is essential to study them to know how their caused illnesses be prevented, treated and, furthermore, how can possibly help the health welfare. As examples, the Lactobacillus casei and Clostridium botulinum species of ...

Introduction to Microbiology

The history of microbiology dates its origin back to 1674 when a Dutch merchant, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was able to see, for the first time, microbial organisms. The invention of the microscope was, however, the most important step towards the development of microbiology. Microscopic observations made it possible to study and understand bacteria and other microscopic organisms. The discovery of the use of cowpox in the vaccination against smallpox, by Edward Jenner, was a major development in immunity. However, it represented only a small area in the field of microbiology. Therefore, the description of Jenner as the “greatest microbiologist of all time” ...

The procedure identified for evaluation in this discussion is shaving a patient for preoperative surgery

Preoperative shaving is described as removal of hair from the site in which an incision is to be made during a surgical procedure. A bath is usually taken first. The area is cleaned thoroughly after a bat

h, and then utilizing a hair removal device hair is taken from the skin. The mostly used device in the facility was a razor. If patients were allergic to this instrument then a shaving power/ cream was the alternative.

Determination of practice

In many institutions shaving a preoperative site prior to surgery is a routine nursing intervention. However, with emerging speculations regarding whether it is necessary the surgeon has ...

Colony collapse disorder refers to a phenomenon which entails a sharp, unusual decline in the number of bees in a colony. This phenomenon has raised great concerns in the USA in the recent past given that honey bees are a significant part of the US economy. Honey bees are involved in pollination therefore contributing to about one third of the US diet. Several causes have been identified as triggers of the phenomenon; most of which are under investigation. Among the causes identified are: genetically modified foods, pathogens, pesticides and antibiotics. Pesticides in particular are deemed to be a leading cause since pesticides such as ...

Edwin’s symptoms of high fever, a stiff neck, and severe headaches indicate that he suffers from meningitis. Although Edwin does not report any other sick students that live with him, meningitis is not as contagious as the flu (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2011), so it is possible that there will be no outbreak among the residents in his fraternity house. While meningitis is associated with high leukocyte counts, that piece of information is not relevant for distinguishing the type of meningitis. Further diagnostic tests are required to identify other factors that will allow a clear distinction between ...

Fungal endophthalmitis (FE) is endophthalmitis caused by any of a wide variety of fungal pathogens. Generally, endophthalmitis is an inflammation of the anterior chamber and vitreous (the substance that composes most of the posterior chamber) of the eye and can spread to the retina (the layer of the eye contiguous to the vitreous) and the choroid (the layer behind the retina) (Wu).

Causes

In FE, the fungal infection may be either endogenous, i.e., spread from some other site of fungal infection in the body) or, more commonly, exogenous (acquired directly from outside the body, such as by trauma or at the ...

Customer Inserts His/ Her Name

Customer Inserts Tutor’s Name
(28.1.2012)

a) Among the major signs of pneumonia are persistent coughs with sputum, fever and chest pains during inhalation, shortness of breath and headaches (Schiffman, 2012). In the case provided, Evelyn had the exact signs and symptoms as the ones that cause pneumonia and is therefore, suffering from pneumonia.
b) The history of the patient in the case study and the tests done indicate that the pneumonia Evelyn is suffering from is viral pneumonia. The history of the disease, over a month of experiencing symptoms of fever, headache and persistent cough indicate the patient is ...

Cavernous Sinus is a large collection of thin walled veins creating a cavity bordered by sphenoid bone and the temporal bone of the skull (Andersson, Kahnberg, and Pogrel 555). It lies within the skull, found behind each orbit, and contains cranial nerve III, cranial nerve IV, ophthalmic and maxillary nerves. The core function of the Cavernous Sinus is to drain blood from the brain, back to the heart (Andersson, Kahnberg, and Pogrel 555). In light with this, Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis (CST) is a thrombophlebitis cavernous sinus, caused by the blockage of a large vein within the Cavernous Sinus due to the formation of a ...

The red streaks on the other hand are an indicator that the infection which resulted from the bite had affected the movement of blood within its veins, and this it the reason red streaks could be seen on the shoulder. Pus on the other hand is a white thick liquid that exudes from wound. Its presence in the bite was a clear indicator that the antibodies in Richard’s blood were fighting the pathogens that had been introduced into the wound by the bite and the reaction between the antibodies and the pathogens result to pus. The reason IV antibiotics were ...

A critical concern related to the change of linen is reported by one of the patients at the hospital. Mr. Fitzgerald informs the hospital management and raises his concern related to hygiene factor, due to the delay in change of line in by the gastroenterology department of his hospital. The concern raised is seriously administered by the management and considering the fact that it is a part of hygiene concern, it comes under the human rights and hence IRB needs to be involved in order to investigate and take an action on the same. Ideally according to hygiene maintenance guidelines ...

Introduction

Hepatitis is a major health threat to our environment because of the associated effects on liver and the mode of transmission. Hepatitis C which is one of the types of hepatitis that has become a major challenge since the discovery. Different factors have contributed to these challenges. One of those major challenges is the inability of researchers to discover suitable vaccine for the infection. The prolonged inactive period of the causative organism in the body before clinical manifestation is another factor (Department of health). The infectious course usually leads to enlargement of the liver and this in turn affects the functions ...

Introduction

The network administrator has given instructions that there is a port no. 25rc1 from which a user has raised a ticket, complaining about the slow down of a machine and there is a certain message which is being received that highlights some issue with the hard disk. This case study is about the solution provided to the user and the steps taken to analyze the complaint and the necessary steps followed during the eradication of the issue.
During the analysis of the problem it was observed that this machine has windows XP installed and has proportional other hardware which includes a Pentium IV, Celeron ...

Dear All,

It has come to our notice that several unsolicited emails that may be carrying viruses are being received by members of the staff. In order to protect the company’s equipment and data from virtual threats, we have formed a new policy regarding the receiving and opening of such emails.

As per the Unsolicited and Ambiguous Email (UAE) policy, employees are strictly restricted from opening any email that they have received from unknown sources. Employees are requested to exercise extreme caution when opening emails with suspicious subject lines too. Unsolicited emails often carry electronic viruses that may infect ...

Introduction

The situation is getting out of control at Good Health Hospital (Tampa Bay) since the outbreak of Escherichia coli, a specie of bacteria that can be found in many daily items. The incident involved Ward 10, which is located in the second floor. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that the investigation of the bacterial source must begin with the hospital kitchen as the bacterium can be transmitted through contaminated vegetables and delicatessen meats (e.g. salami and other cold cuts). The Epidemiological Summary provides a brief description of the data obtained.
Environmental review ...

Haley is a 5-month old Caucasian female of Dr. Smith who is a direct admit from her pediatrician’s office for dehydration. Upon admission, her parents reported that her oral intake has decreased over the past few days. Haley’s medical history includes an uneventful pregnancy. She was born at 38 weeks with no complications. Health care providers should ask Haley’s parents how many wet diapers she has produced since they noticed her becoming ill, how Haley’s activity level has been, and if they have noticed any struggle breathing. It should also be assessed if Haley has ...

Biology of Disease

Mode of action of;-
Dexamethasone
The Glucocorticoid receptors are discovered intracellularly in all tissues. They enter cells through inactive dispersion and structure a complex with a receptor protein (Rhodes & Hartnoll, 2002, P.10). This intricate then experiences an irreversible enactment and enters the cell core, where it ties to the DNA, hence prompting organic impacts instigated by these hormones, which include expanded hepatic gluconeogenesis, as well as expanded lipolysis (Ahmed, 2007, P.13).
Dexamethasone is utilized to treat numerous provocative and immune system conditions, for example, rheumatoid joint pain and bronchospasm. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, an abatement in quantities of ...

KU Version March 2011

At the end of the case study, the scholar will be able to:
Identify the steps of the investigation of an outbreak;
Describe the characteristics of an outbreak in terms of time, place and person;
Use descriptive epidemiological data to generate hypotheses;
Use analytical epidemiological data to test hypotheses;
Formulate recommendations for the control of an outbreak.
Part A cluster of acute hepatitis in Provo, Utah
Provo is a large municipality located in the North of Utah, close from the border with Wyoming and Idaho. The population of Provo was 6,185 in ...

Introduction

HIV is one of the most deadly viruses affecting the human immune system. Scientists across the globe work day and night to search for the cure of the HIV bit to date no solution has ever worked. Despite there no cure for HIV, scientists have developed various treatments to assist the victim live longer and fight opportunistic infections. The paper discusses the case of a young female who had other symptoms diagnosed with HIV.

Common modes of HIV transmission in the developed countries and the populations at a greater risk of acquiring HIV

The HIV infection is transmitted through open cuts and breaks in the skin. It is also transmitted through mucous membranes, such as the ones inside ...

Pediatric Case Study

Part I. Cultural and Family Assessment

Culture and family are oftentimes neglected during patient assessment, especially when the person is viewed only in terms of disease, causes and treatment. However, providing holistic care that encompasses all aspects of the patient’s life has the potential to improve patient outcomes. In nursing theory, Callista Roy and Madeleine Leininger refer to culture as a belief system, a worldview through which the patient perceives health, care, nursing and the world in general (George, 2011). It is transmitted from one generation to the next through interaction in social institutions such as the family, school and ...

Presentation: 52 year old male presents with complaint of wet cough and intermittent fevers for one week. Symptoms have progressively worsened with onset of back pain over the last two days.
Previous Medical History: No health insurance and has not seen provider for five years. History of Hypertension, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Diabetes Mellitus-2 controlled with diet.

Allergies: Penicillin and Erthyromycin
History of Present Illness: Onset/duration: one week. Pattern: cough worse at night. Associated Symptoms: fever and back pain worsens with coughing. Relieving factors: sitting up and drinking fluids. Aggravating factors: smoking and lying down. Effect ...

[Author Name]
[Author Affiliation]
[Author’s notes with more information about affiliations, financial obligations, conflicts of interest and how to contact]
At any given time, we are in contact with millions of bacteria; some of these bacteria are beneficial to us, while others are not. On occasion, the harmful bacteria are allowed access to our bodies and begin to replicate. Subsequently, we become sick and visit the doctor who prescribes an antibiotic. The antibiotic enters our system and destroys all of the bacteria it comes in contact with, including the good bacteria that helps the body fight off disease. ...

When people die from an unknown cause, the mind will be triggered for an investigation on the disease. It will start from gathering information about the disease. The information will come from symptoms, the medical history of the infections, the laboratory findings and any recent case and treatment attempted for the disease. Surveillance entails the investigation time by the epidemiologists (Bls.gov, 1). It will have the demographic information, the way in which the symptoms come and the health care consciousness. It will go further to reviewing the autopsy reports of any unexplained death.
As a physician handling a delicate ...

Introduction

Sub- capital fracture of the femoral neck is a common injury among the ageing population and is regarded as “unsolvable fractures”. This is a growing health concern in every country as the healthcare expenditure is very high. The surgical options, especially for elderly population, highly depend on the patient’s profile, their preference and the experience of the surgeon . Mrs. Pollard, 75- year- old, sustained a left sub- capital fractured neck of femur. Due to her age and her other complications such as hypertension and Type- 2 diabetes, a total hip replacement might be a better surgical option as ...

Part A:

Choose a manual handling task common to community services work, and based upon this, complete a risk assessment using the same questions as in the example.
1b. Briefly explain why you should record hazard identification according to workplace procedures.
(Matrix Source: Govt. South Australia, Department of Education and Children's Services, Health and Safety Services.)
2b. Explain why you chose that category. (20-50 words)
3. Describe the negative impact upon the muscles of the body for the pictures with poor posture. (50-100 words)
4. Identify how the way we move our bodies when performing a manual handling task can reduce ...

The Targeted Group

Hepatitis A description
Hepatitis A is a disease of a liver caused by a virus known as Hepatitis A. some reported cases shows that the illness is caused by consumption of either food or water contaminated with fecal that has the virus (Gossner & Severi, 2014). Therefore, the most common causes includes:

Consumption of raw or else undercooked shellfish sourced from sewage polluted water

Not washing hands clean after diaper exchange
Poor individual hygiene by persons who prepares the meals.
Diagnosing of Hepatitis A
The most fundamental diagnosis is through the blood test. Thus, if a person thinks that he or she has Hepatitis A, it is advisable to seek the diagnosis ...

Introduction

Bronchiolitis is an infection in the lower tract of the respiratory system common amongst children. “The major cause of the infection is RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) accounting for over 90% of infections in Australian children and infants” (Lenney 2009, p. 36). Globally, it is a leading cause of infant hospitalization being associated with increasing morbidity rates and costs in recent decades. For instance, it was reported that 21% of infants in North America developed the disease in the first year of their life, with an annual cost of $390 million annually (Checchia 2008). In the UK, the infant death rate ...

Initial Patient Assessment

Overview
The patient is 67-year-old Mrs. Finch.

She lives with her husband in their marital home.

Recently, she suffered a CVA and had been in the hospital’s rehabilitation ward recovering from her latest episode.
Before her CVA, Mrs. Finch had a healthy and active lifestyle.

However, her condition has brought with it numerous other complications including a chest infection.

She is also having difficulty staying mobile due to residual weakness on her left side.
She has had a dark wound on her heel for about a week now. This wound keeps deteriorating into the present wound.
A series of CVA specific issues such as limited mobility, the risk for infection and reduced nutrition hinders Mrs. Finch’s capacity to heal.
Wound ...

Subjective Data:

Patient’s demographic and social information
Jnr. is a 10 year old African American Male patient brought into clinic by his mother who reports that Jnr. was recently discharged from hospital for acute asthma exacerbation. The boy presented with cough and difficulty in breathing combined with a running nose and elevated temperature which has now been resolved with over the counter Tylenol. The mother also says that her son has a history of multiple admissions to the hospital for acute asthma exacerbation. His mother reports child repeatedly loses inhalers. She also states that she does not check for inhaler ...

Meadowbank TAFE

HLTAP501A/B/C Analyze Health Information
HLTCOM510B Provide Services to Clients with Chronic Disease or Conditions
PATHOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
–ASTHMA–
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic problem that influences lung function. Clinically asthma is identified by the variation in expiratory airflow and abnormal respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, chest congestion, cough, and shortness of breath. The aetiology of asthma is linked to a mixture of genetic and environmental factors, though; heredity or atopy also plays a role in asthma. Asthma is categorized into two types: extrinsic (allergic) and intrinsic (nonallergic). Allergic asthma is an outcome of the reaction of an antibody ...

For this patient, there are two possibilities; on one hand she may be having tonsillitis and secondly there is the probability of pharyngitis. With tonsillitis, the primary infection is within the tonsils while with pharyngitis, the primarily within the throat. In this case, the patient’s subjective data implies that she developed a sore throat and is the primary reasons she has presented at the clinic as the symptoms have progressed from the sore throat to chilling and fever. Further, she admits to having had strep sore throat before and denies contact with any one with strep.
Evidently, owing ...

A nurse in a nursing home care facility observed that there is an increasing incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) among its elderly residents. Most of those who got infected happened to be using catheters. Thinking that the UTI may be caused by catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), the nurse looked up the Internet to see if there are ways to minimize the incidence of CAUTI among the residents. The nurse discovered that CAUTI is one of the types of infections in long-term health care facilities that are most common (Nicolle, 2014; Matthews & Lancaster, 2011).
Fortunately, the nurse saw ...

What is the response to the parent’s request? What’s your rationale?

One thing that is important to realize is that febrile diseases pose a lot of challenge to the physician. This means that it is difficult for the physician to be able to address the root cause of the health complication unless there is a thorough evaluation. However, it is essential to know that most of the febrile related complications are brought about by infection resulting of virus. Therefore, the first important thing that any clinical practitioner needs to at this stage is to identify whether the patient is under low or high risk of contracting bacterial infection (Barnes, 2003, p.63). The ...

It was interesting to read your response about Helicobacter Pylori (H-Pylori). I found another book (Boyanova, Mitov & Vladimirov, 2011), which describes the morphology of the bacteria as spiral-shaped. It is a gram-negative bacteria that inhabits the human gastric system. The structure of its lipopolysaccharide layer along with its Krebs cycle pathway indicate that the bacteria is highly adapted to the cell lining of the gastric system. Its discovery was made by two scientists in an Australian hospital. The scientists cultured the bacteria and infected themselves with it leading to gastritis. Other scientists over the years have made significant progress ...

T.A. is at increased risk of infections due to several factors. To start with, He admits smoking one pack of cigarettes per day. As a result, he is at risk of developing lung cancer and cancer of the mouth, throat, lips, kidney, stomach, and other organs. Furthermore, smoking leads to increased risk of the following conditions: heart attack, cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis. These conditions are likely to weaken his immune system. As a result, his is prone to infections. T.A.’s laboratory results also show hemoglobin A1C level of 7.9% and serum glucose level ...

Asthma is a chronic airway disease that is difficult to manage because of numerous risk factors and complicated by poor self-management. This is a case study of acute severe asthma triggered by viral respiratory infection and exercise in an Aboriginal female with chronic asthma. The discussion will include the diagnostic tests, patient assessment, care and interventions, medications, and nursing care performed or should have been performed. The expected outcomes will also be described.

An arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis was performed showing respiratory acidosis and mild hypoxaemia. Above normal PaCO2 and below normal pH meant the lungs could not eliminate carbon ...

Abstract

Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of all time. It was considered as a disease that cannot be remedied except for the medical breakthroughs in the past half century. So deep is cancer’s fear that it instills depression in its sufferers as soon as its name is mentioned. However, thanks to medical breakthroughs it is curable and the media emphasizes on this night and day. What is cancer and how does it spread, what are its kinds and how it influences the society? An attempt has been made answer these questions in the following article.
Keywords: ...

[Supervisor Name]

Introduction and Background

In the past 60 years, India has crossed major milestones in healthcare such as greater life expectancy, decrease in infant death rate, wiping out leprosy and eliminating small pox. Regardless of the progress, India’s healthcare demonstrates crude inequalities. At one end of the spectrum is the rise in medical tourism, pulling in more than 2 lac global patients in 2006. At the other end, curable diseases like diarrhoea and malnutrition, particularly of children below 3 years, are continually predominant. Likewise, in comparison to South Asian countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia and China, vaccinations in India are still ...

Introduction

Osteoarthritis of the knee also known as the degenerative arthritis is a major and growing problem for the elder population all over the globe. Approximately, 27 million individuals have been reported to suffer from osteoarthritis by the Arthritis Foundation in United States (US). Women have been more commonly reported to suffer from osteoarthritis as compared to men. The prevalence of developing arthritis has been found to increase after the age of 45 . Although, mostly elderly population are most affected yet there are few evidences of young people suffering from it. Osteoarthritis is also commonly defined as wear- and- tear ...

The 2-year child has complaints of the ear that have deprived him of sleep due to the associated pain. There are two possible diagnosis in this case; on one hand the patient could be having a swimmer’s ear condition also known as the acute otitis externa which usually a condition that causes, inflammation, irritation as well as infection on the ear canal that runs from the eardrum to the external region of the ear (Burns, Dunn, Brady, Starr & Blosser, 2013). The condition is characterized by the production of an odorless clear discharge from the ear which can advance ...

Identify the client:

The client identified from the case is Mr. Arnold Kallestad. He is the hay farmer accused by Peter and Tanya Rothing of breach of implied warranty of merchantability.

Identify the client’s problem:

This is in line with the expectations that he sells good hay. It would also be safe to assume that prior to the case being taken to court that Mr. kallestad would have been approached by the Rothing’s in the instance that they realized that their animals were expressing symptoms of poisoning after diagnosis from their veterinary. Mr. kallestad then instead of taking cognizance of the situation and conducting investigations ...

I. General pathology information

A. Other Names

1. Urinary tract infection
2. Inflammatory disease of the kidney

B. Causes

1. Vesicoureteral reflux
2. Altered bladder function
3. Congenital urinary tract anomalies
4. Renal calculi
C. Incidence rates
1. In females, annual rates for outpatient treatment are 12-13 cases per 10,000.
2. In females, annual rates for inpatient treatments are 3-4 cases per 10,000.
3. Among males, outpatient annual rates are 2-3 cases per 10,000.
4. Among males, inpatient annual rates are 1-2 cases per 10,000.
5. Incidences are highest among young women, followed by infants and the
elderly.
D. Signs ...