Organism Research Papers Samples For Students

Fossils are used to refer to the traces or remnants of the past life. They are the remains of the animals, plants, organisms, or things that existed on the earth in the past. The activities of such beings can also be categorized as fossils. The term fossils means something which is obtained by the process of digging. Since fossils provide the remnants of the creatures that existed in the past, they are a good reflection of the life and life forms in the past, and much about the conditions and creatures of the past can be determined by examining the ...

Globally, there sit eh concern about food security. This has been propagated by the current changes in climate and the environmental degradation which has been propagated by the global warming issues. The rainfall patterns have changed and the production patterns in different parts of the world have been negatively affected. As such, there has been the need to come up with ways of curbing the food insecurity and ensuring that the people are food secure. Scientists, agriculturalists and basically everyone else has taken a step towards ensuring that there is food security in the world. Various interventions have been suggested, ...

We see these days restaurants like Chipotle and grocery stores claiming to serve non-genetically modified foods. Are we eating artificial food? Is that good for our bodies? Is that good for the food that is being modified? These questions raise awareness for people who are oblivious of what GMOs are and how they are affecting our daily lives. GMOs may be more common in our diets than we know. GMO stands for Genetically modified organism and is a term that stems from biotechnology. It is the alteration of the genetic code of an organism to either enhance its properties, ...

Embryonic stem cell is a crucial factor in the developmental process of a multicellular organism. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived at early stages during development and eventually give rise to all type of tissues and organs in an animal. The ES cell lines have three properties consisting of self-renewal, primary chimera formation and pluripotency [1]. Pluripotency, a key feature of ESCs, refers to the capacity of a cell to differentiate into several different types of tissues [2]. An array of cellular factors play important role in maintaining pluripotency and determining cell fate in the developmental pathway. Negative effects on these factors may ...

The age of the earth is something that a lot of scientists, particularly geologists, archaeologists, and paleontologists, have continuously theorized. According to a recent geologic time scale, the earth is estimated to be around four point fifty four billion years old `. There are numerous theories that are currently being studied as to what is the most accurate means of knowing the chronological age of the earth. It is also important to mention that because of the number of theories surrounding the true age of the earth, literatures have been filled with different values. For the purpose of uniformity, however, the rough ...

Immunizations in Children

According to World Health Organization (WHO), “Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine” (World Health Organization). This definition of WHO can be further elaborated by saying that the concept of immunization works by stimulation of the immune system. The immune system performs the function of protecting the body against disease causing agents.
In its healthy condition, the body’s immune system has the ability to recognize any invading microbe. The leucocytes identify the microbes and produce antibodies against them. These antibodies are capable ...

Description

A genetically modified organism refers to organism whose genetic makeup has been intentionally altered (Jumba, 2010). They involve both plants and animals. Genetically modified plants are referred to as transgenic plants whereas genetically modified animals are referred to as transgenic animals. According to Starr, Evers and Starr (2011), the most commonly used genetically modified organisms include yeast and bacteria. This is attributed to the metabolic ability of the cells of these organisms to make complex organic molecules.

Science behind Genetically Modified Organisms

Genetic modification is normally carried out in the laboratory. According to Keefer, two procedures are normally applied in the transformation of the ...

Abstract

The research paper deals with the problem of Merkel cell carcinoma, chief peculiarities, and the possibility of medical treatment. Disease signs and symptoms are highlighted in the opening and subsequent paragraphs of the paper. The pathophysiology, etiology, manifestations, possible complications, and disease treatment are the focal point of the research paper. The research is based on the opinions of the finest subject-field experts, such as professors, doctors, and scientists.
Keywords: Merkel cell carcinoma, medical treatment, disease, complication, cure
Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive skin cancer usually caused by polyomavirus. Scientists and doctors have not managed to ...

Moral and ethical implications

Genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism in which a genetic material is altered by a process called genetic engineering. It is done on micro-organisms including bacteria, yeast, fish, mammals, plants and fish. This GMO in the modern world is a source of genetically modified foods. They are widely used in research and in the production of food. Simply put, modification in the organism means inserting of genes from a different species in a process called horizontal gene transfer or deleting some genes from the organism.
The process will lead to changing the organism to have different characteristic when growth from the normal ...

Analysis of GMOs Effects on Human Health

Introduction
The study of genetically modified organisms has grown to be a topic of concern in the contemporary world. In particular, there exist regulatory procedures that guide the process of approval of the genetically modified crops and foodstuffs (DeFrancesco 796). The only technique that enables the assessment of such issues is the introduction of the mechanisms like the toxicological tests, for example, in mammals, through the performance of such a process over longer time intervals incorporating detailed blood as well as organ system analysis (Séralini et al. 1).
However, it has been challenging to carry out such initiatives ...

Homeostasis refers to any self-regulating process by which biological systems attempt to maintain stability despite changes in the external and internal environment (Sturmberg & Martin, 2013). Biological systems interact with each other to maintain a suitable condition of the internal environment for the survival of the living organism. The biological systems of the living organism are in a state of constant change.
The regulation of the systems within a given range of various conditions helps to keep the living organisms alive and healthy. The systems also interact with the external environment in different ways. The conditions of the external environment ...

Introduction

Many thinkers and scientists have proposed models and theories about how people learn; they are called learning theories. The learning theories are classified as behaviourism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism and design-based. Behaviorism is based on the supposition that learning occurs for an organism through interactions with the environment. Behaviouristic school assumes that an organism always responds to a stimulus and the ‘responses’ are depends on the nature of the stimulus, i.e. rewarding or pain giving. Here, the learner is considered as a system that has the capability to respond to a stimulus and the learner is passive. The definition that emerged from the ...

In 1997, the public have been shocked about the announcement of the successful mammal cloning. Dolly, the sheep, is the first to be cloned by Ian Wilmut and his co-workers by the process of transferring nuclear genome (Brock 1). There are issues that arise from the public about the morality and ethics of the research method and objective. They are afraid of what should the next thing that could happen after this technological advancement. On the other side, the scientific world have been fascinated and rejoiced about the announcement of Wilmut. There are many scientists that are excited of ...

Introduction

Engineering has been hand in hand with sports, however, this relationship has been overlooked by many individuals including the engineers as well as athletes themselves, however; the last two decades have shown that people are beginning to recognize the critical role played by engineering in the enhancement of the performance of sportsmen and women (Czyzewski, 2011). Athletic possess a very technical side which has a strong relationship with engineering that is analyzed can reveal a lot of aspects that can be enhanced through engineering. Engineering has made it possible to analyze athletes using computers in order to determine their skills and athleticism using ...

Abstract

Theory of evolution as proposed by Darwin has for long hinged on the fossil records to prove the process of evolution. However, the prevalent gaps in the fossils led way to the development of the punctuated equilibrium theory that was proposed by Eldredge and Gould as an alternative to Darwin’s phyletic gradualism theory. The punctuated equilibrium postulated that speciation occurs in an isolated peripheral subsect of population as a rapid change after a period of stasis. Unlike the anagenetic speciation of phyletic gradualism, punctuated equilibrium promotes the concept of cladogenetic speciation. However, punctuated equilibrium does consider rapid anagenetic speciation as a ...

Science has advanced so much that scientists are now bring extinct animals back to life- they call it de-extinction . De-extinction is done by two methods- cloning and selective breeding. Cloning is a process in which the DNA of an organism that is desired to be cloned is taken out and infused in the cell of another existing organism belonging to the same class. When fertilization takes place in the existing organism, it is able to produce an off-spring that looks exactly like the organism which was desired to be cloned. Selective breeding is the method in which DNA from teeth ...

Cloning and the issues associated with it, like the advantages and disadvantages as well as the ethical and scientific validity of human cloning has been one of the most discussed topics of the last millennia. It is still haunting both who are with the cloning and who are against it. But before choosing your side, check out the curious acts about cloning.

The word ‘cloning’ means copying any organism to the exact genotypic and phenotypic form of it, having the exact characteristic features of the parent organism. The world took notice of this process after the successful creation of a ...

Background

In a recent documentary published by National Geographic about the trails of the DNA, particularly in Africa, a lot of facts and correlations between races were discovered. The documentary focused on three races: the Africans, Europeans and the Asians. The researchers theorized that majority of humans in this planet have African origins, at least by looking at their mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome structures. This paper will focus on the different aspects of DNA; what is a DNA and why its journey is such a good one to follow.

Basic Information about DNAs

DNA is a type of nucleic acid located inside cells of living organisms. It is a ...

Introduction

Radiation is best described as energy which is passing through space or a medium (Khan 2010). There are two categories of radiation; non-ionizing and ionizing radiation. Non-ionizing radiation is important in the life systems and can be exemplified by heat, visible light, or radio waves; however, overexposure may be toxic. Ionizing radiation is the one commonly implied whenever the term radiation is used. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to change atoms which may result in changes in cell molecules leading to alterations within the cells and thus cell damage. Radiation is measured by the unit, rem, which is ‘roentgen equivalent ...

The principles of a Healthy Lifestyle are the Basics of Fitness

The principles of a healthy lifestyle lie in the basis of fitness. A proper nutrition, body care and personal hygiene, the regime of the day, giving up smoking and alcohol, positive attitude to the world and the manifestation of activity in everything - this is fitness in the broadest sense of this word. Maintaining a good shape requires a good sleep, balanced nutrition and physical workouts. Life in the style of fitness is impossible without a positive outlook. Without it, it is very difficult to give up lying on a sofa and other destructive habits (BistroMD).

Why Fitness is Important?

The aspiration to ...

The environment is everything that surrounds us. It involves not only the natural elements that the word “environment” entails but also people and the man-made components of the world. Nor is the environment restricted to the outside, it also involves the indoor sections in which we live and work. The environment, therefore, is much more than simply the ozone layer and the ocean. It is the soil, air, water, lands, animals, houses, restaurants factories and all that they contain. Anyone who uses pesticides indoors or outdoors, in a city or a country, needs to consider the way that pesticide ...

Abstract

The research paper discusses the origin and nature of methadone, including the historical aspect of its development and further commercial and scientific use. The paper also describes the pharmacology of methadone, including the route of administration of the drug, its metabolism and its mechanism of action. Next section of the paper explains the experience in medical use of methadone, as it`s a great alternative to the painkillers based on the opiates, it plays a major role in the therapy of maintaining and replacement and treating the withdrawals syndromes. The positive effects on the pregnant patients are also described here with a ...

Canine Micro Biomes Affected by their Diet

Canines Micro Biomes Affected by their Diet
Abstract
Dogs and other cats alike suffer from similar maladies faced by humans. The similarity in the maladies between the two groups of organisms stems from the ability to suffer infections from microbiomes of the gut. However, most of the research and knowledge on canine microbiome is not comprehensive to enable the deduction of accurate and precise conclusions. Recently, the molecular studies conducted on the cat family indicated that there are complex microbiomes in the gastrointestinal tract of then organism. The family of microbiomes includes archaeal, fungal, bacterial, and viral ...

Introduction

The process of aging has always intrigued people. The conundrum related to the reasons for aging, the timing for aging, the aging marker, and whether or not there is a limit for people to grow old has created a mystery that has been dwelt upon by the mankind for hundreds of years. Despite the advancement made in the study of genetics and molecular biology, the mysteries surrounding the aging body are yet to be unfolded. There are several theories of aging, which try to explain why the body organs, skin and sensory capabilities degrade with age. However, all theories have some ...

Electronic devices may be deemed the crowning achievement of decades-long scientific efforts in their own right, signifying the human quest for ultimate comfort. People are so used to utilizing electronic devices in their everyday activities that they seem to have become inseparable from their life. Of course, there is no denying they do a lot to facilitate human lives by connecting people, updating on the latest news, revealing weather broadcast, allowing watching movies, to name only a number of benefits. While used by many, electronic gadgets do not necessarily mean they pose no threat to human health. One should not disregard ...

Cloning has been a subject of great speculation for decades now, with the major breakthrough coming in 1997 after scientist successfully cloned the first mammal, the Dolly sheep. It refers to the process used in the creation of an exact genetic copy of a cell, organism or tissue of an organism. The material, which is genetically a copy of the original cell or tissue, is called a clone. The types of cloning are divided into three; 1) gene cloning in which copies of genes of cell or its DNA are made; 2) reproductive cloning in which a copy of a whole organism is made, and ...

Behavior Therapy

Behavior therapy is the use of learning procedures to eliminate maladaptive behaviors such as schizophrenia, phobias, and anxiety (Myers, 2010, p. 652; Passer & Smith, 2010, p. 592). Behavior therapy is based on the thinking that observable behavior is the problem, rather than a symptom of some invisible, underlying issue (Passer & Smith, 2010, p. 592). Behavior therapy helps people to unlearn some behaviors such as fear of public speaking or anxiety. It can also help in arresting other conditions such as autism.
The major approaches used in behavior therapy are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is a type of ...

Introduction

Current research demonstrates that over seventy percent of the protein coding genes in humans are related to those found in zebra fish. In addition, about 84 percent of the genes that are commonly linked to human disease have a counterpart in the zebra fish. The research therefore highlights the huge importance of the zebra fish species as a human disease research model organism. The zebra fish is a tiny tropical fish that is commonly found in the tropical rivers of South Asia and India (see graphic at the end of essay). Ostensibly, a zebra fish may appear to be a bizarre comparator to humans. ...

Immunology

In biomedical science, immunology the study of the response or reaction of any organism to antigenic challenge(s) and the organism’s ability to recognize what is self and what is foreign. It fundamentally covers all the defense mechanisms of an organism, comprising chemical, biological and physical characteristics that aid the organism to fight predisposition to foreign material, organisms, etc.
The most common immunology test is the allergy test for individuals who are suspected to be allergic or have allergic reactions to certain elements. The Blood tests for allergen specific IgE (RAST) is mostly used. The blood tests ...

Addiction is a dangerous chronic disease which comes in many forms such as drug use, gambling habits, sexual behaviors, the addiction to food and the desire to have an abundance of money that is obtained by any means. Addiction has created destruction in many families, crumbled prosperous lives and has even ended in the death of the addict, Is there a cure for an addict. The answer is no however it can be managed by empowering the addict with knowledge of the disease, taking actions to control the addiction and treating the disease.
2.The difference between addiction and dependency.
...

Cloning

1.0 Historical Background
During mammalian reproduction, the sperm fuses with the egg. During this process, both the egg and the sperm contribute half of the genetic material resulting into a genetically unique individual. On the other hand, cloning involves the development of an organism or cell that has identical genetic materials to the parent. Thus cloning can be defined as producing a copy of DNA, cell or organism asexually. This definition is not a clear reflection of what people considers cloning to be thus raising perennial and heated debate on the ethics and morals of cloning. However, it worth noting that ...

Trophic levels

What are the leading primary producers and top consumers in the ecosystem you researched?
The top consumers in the food chain include Swanson’s hawk, coyote, grey fox, kit fox, and great horned owl. These organisms are the top consumers since they feed on tertiary consumers. They are not consumed by any organism in the food chain. The top consumers in the food web are omnivores, which feed mainly on other organism. They complete the food web by feeding on other organism that feed on primary consumers. Termites are also primary leading producers since they feed on litter ...

Critical period is a hypothesis in linguistics on whether language acquisition is linked to age. According to Davutoglu (152), this hypothesis states that there is an ideal window of acquiring language in an environment that is linguistically rich. Hence, from the hypothesis, after this period, language acquisition becomes hard, and it requires a lot of effort to learn. The crucial time to acquire language is before a person reaches adolescent so long as sufficient stimuli are provided. Therefore, after the critical period, an individual never acquires full competency in learning a second language.

However, evidence of this is limited, and people rely on ...

Introduction

Until recently, genetic foods have become popular for their ability to address many production and quality issues faced by natural/organic farming methods. Genetically modified crops are those whose genetic makeup has been improved to enhance the level of nutrients, resistance to diseases, increase yields, adaptability to climatic factors, and reduce the time of production (Ronald & Adamchak, 2008). It is different from the conventional breeding because genetic modification allows introduction of genes from any organism (animal and plants) in altering crops whereas breeding allows transfer of genes across related species only.
On the other hand, organic farming is a natural ...

Osteomyelitis is a serious bone infection, occurring rarely, that metastasizes to the bone through the bloodstream. Additionally, surgery or open fracture can also cause the bone infection. Normally, bones do have enough resistance power to evade the infection, but the introduction of microorganisms hematogenously from surrounding structures or direct immunization concerning a surgery can trigger the disease. The persistence of infection for a long time span is referred to as chronic osteomyelitis.
Studies over the years have put forward some important factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. These include immunity level of the host, type and location of ...

In generic sense of the term, a "genetically modified organism" is a living organism whose genome has been altered artificially. This understanding includes all the possible ways of modifying the genetic information, from crosses method for genetic engineering tools. From a legislative point of view, a large number of countries and organizations use a more restrictive definition in reference to that specified in the Cartagena Protocol, which means "living modified organism" "any organization living with a novel combination of genetic material. " However, this definition is not universally recognized. Some countries, including the United States, do not make this use ...

Introduction

The cloning is one of the contemporary controversial topics. The development in this area has been made through the history and there are various positive and also negative effects connected with it. Public opinion is not crystallized on the cloning topic where some are in favor and others against. The paper will provide information that cloning can have both negative and positive impacts, and that the knowledge in the public about the issue is insufficient which results in negative attitudes towards it. The thesis of the paper is that despite its therapeutic uses, cloning for the purpose of reproduction ...

Introduction

Environmental adaptation is essential to the survival of any animal. In fact, this attribute helps organisms obtain nutrients, build homes, withstand extreme weather conditions, attach mates and enhance their safety (Nelson et al. 2008). With this in mind, it is worth appreciating the fact that polar and grizzly bears have different physical and behavioral characteristics due to environmental adaptation in spite of their species similarities. The polar bear is specially adapted to survive in the cold pole regions. Its body structure and genetic composition have substantially evolved to accommodate the low temperatures and harsh environmental conditions. Its behavioral attributes ...

Science has permeated several aspects of people’s lives. Every little thing uses one scientific principle or the other. Therefore, science does not exist in a vacuum. This paper focuses on Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology as one area of science. Apart from exploring how DNA got discovered and how this technology can be applied in the real world, the paper also focuses on the influence philosophy has had on the contextual development of DNA technology. It will be worth noting that DNA technology is quickly taking center stage in various aspects of our lives. As with other modern advances, DNA ...

Introduction

Most of the world’s chronic diseases are preventable by long term dietary behavior. Out of the ten major causes of deaths for Americans, diet is a contributing factor to at least five of them. These diseases are such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes. A report by the Joint World Health Organization on diet made in 2003 revealed that, most of the world’s chronic diseases can be prevented by regular physical exercise and maintenance of a healthy weight. This finding is valid up to date. According to this report, a person’s genome determined their susceptibility to disease while external ...

- Introduction
Motivation is a behavioral concept used to illustrate momentary effects of administration of a conditional operation. A motivating operation was initially developed in order to show the results of changing the normal conditions of an organism by either increasing or reducing the operant can either increase or reduce its effectiveness. Motivation can therefore be defined as a measure of effectiveness on change of amount of a reinforcer. This operation affect whether an organism wants or does not want a stimulus. Motivating operations that result increase of effectiveness of a stimuli are referred to as establishing operations (EO). On the other hand, those ...

In the studying how the human species evolved, a lot of astonishing discoveries, great public interest as well as a great level of controversy have always been involved. Since the early twentieth century the discovery of new hominid fossils has altered the widespread perceptions held concerning how our species evolved. Piltdown Man and Ramapithecus are examples of these new discoveries (Szpak, 2014). The objective of this discussion is to address Australopithecus with regard to migration and subsistence habits.
With its first appearance being in Africa about 4.2 million years ago and later diversifying into various forms, australopithecines is a broad group ...

The Los Angeles Zoo has a number of primate species. Background information indicates that there are a number of species of monkeys and apes in the zoo. The New World Monkeys are located in the South American section of the zoo and include the Black-handed spider monkey, the crested capuchin monkey, the black-howler monkey and the squirrel monkey. Of the four species of great apes, three that are exhibited at the Zoo include chimpanzees, orangutans, and gorillas. In the “Red Ape Rain Forest”, the orangutans are divided into a couple of groups. An in-depth observation shows that each group centers on a male. ...

Abstract

Different physical and ecological events along the Gulf of Mexico allows the toxic phytoplankton – red algae to become dominant. The phosphorus-rich nutrient supply encourages phytoplankton succession. The objective of the paper is to study the background of red algae, and why the downstream red tides have only increased over the last couple of decades. The toxic red tides are seen in similar coastal habitats of the western boundary currents China, New Zealand, Japan, and South Africa.

Introduction

The Gulf of Mexico is looked at as a marginal sea as it is linked to the major oceans and the procedures that occur ...

4 April,2014

Pollination can simply be described as a mechanism that involves the transfer of pollen contribute to the process of reproduction of plants. this process in plants reproduction entails ferterlization and reproduction (Barret). In scientific terms or biological terms, pollination can be described as the movement or transfer of pollen from one flower's anther to the stigma of same or other flower. This process or step is a pre-requisite for the ferterlization because it allows the fusion of the nuclei from one pollen grain with the nuclei of the ovule of the flower of other plant. The whole essence ...

Over the past 10, 000 years, human race has developed under impetuous of applied genetics. Humankind is gaining increasing understanding in heredity variation among living things, the science of genetics. This raises various issues in terms of science and technology that spring from genetics, and potential impacts advancing from such inventions. These are the most progressing areas of the knowledge of humankind in today’s world. There has been genetic modification of plants to make them resilient, profitable and nutritious. This is achieved through genetic engineering, where organisms are manipulated to produce desired trait like drought tolerance or higher ...

Dissolved oxygen is believed to be the volume of oxygen in water. Dissolved Oxygen is believed to be part of the microscopic bubbles of oxygen which are normally mingled water and then appears to occur among water molecules. This component is a vital index of the water body's power to back aquatic life. Aquatic animals and other species like fish "breathe" by absorbing the available dissolved oxygen by means of their gills.
The gaseous oxygen comes in the water by absorption straight from the air or by aquatic plant and algae photosynthesis. The dissolved oxygen is believed to be ...

The World Health Organization defines genetically modified foods (GMO) as “organisms in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally”. It involves technology often referred to as gene technology, modern biotechnology or genetic engineering. The process allows for selective transfer of genes from one organism to another. The transfer of genes can be done between organisms of the same species or of different species. Genetic engineering has been practiced for many years. We often hear of cases where a specific gene is selected from an animal or plant and introduced into a different organism ...

The advancement of technology has precipitated a revolution in scientific understanding over the last several decades. Advancements in research tools has led to new insights into every facet of scientific discovery within the realms of chemistry, physics, and biology and all the sub-disciplines forming their constitution. Increased discovery has brought with it opportunities for cross discipline cooperation which has resulted in the formation of new disciplines and has galvanized scientists to press the boundaries of research and application as has never been seen in human history. One such field testing those limits is genetics. Today’s geneticists have expanded beyond ...

Skeletal muscles are complex and highly specialized group of cells that are not isomorphic but can be categorized in a heterogeneous group with different qualities. This heterogeneity of the skeletal muscles is important because ensures different sets of functions that skeletal muscles perform in the human body. This heterogeneity also enables a significant ability of the human organism to adapt to different conditions in life (Pette and Staron 2000). In addition of this heterogeneity, skeletal muscles also posses the ability of plasticity. This means that muscle cells can evolve and adapt to different stimuli and change their characteristics (Tavi and Westerblad ...

History Questions

The council of Trent was the most important councils in the history of Roman Catholic Church. It took place between the years 1545 to 1563 (Jedin, 2008). It was on and off three times between these periods. It created new rules for the church and eliminated vices that pulled the church down for example the sale of excesses and corruption. Other changes that took place included the holy mass, holy orders and clergy education, the marriage sacrament, and other decrees regarding the church. The council involved Jesuits, papal supporters, delegates of Italia, and even protestant representatives (Jedin, 2008). These ...

This technology has been in existence for some time in science. Genetic engineering is the alteration of the genes of an organism to obtain an offspring whose genetic make-up is more superior to that of the parent organisms. In its crude form, it comprises of selective breeding that resulted in more productive cattle breeds, in the recent past. Genetic engineering utilizes modern techniques to improve an organism’s characteristics. These include deletion or change of the genes within an organism, transfer of genes, and construction of new genes. In crops and animals, genetic engineering is aimed at improving the ...

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Introduction
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a species of bacteria that is pathogenic( Herchline, 2012). It is one of the members of the Mycobacterium genus. It was first discovered by Robert Koch in 1882. It is described as being an acid-fast organism because it has a waxy coat composed of mycotic acid. This coat, which does not allow gram, stains to take. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an aerobic organism that requires high level of oxygen to survive.
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is an acid-fast bacterium that forms stable complexes with aryl methane dyes. Mycobacterium has peptidoglycan structures, which confers on them the acid-fast properties ...

The idea of genetically modified foods is one of the most controversial issues of the twenty first century. There are several advantages as well as disadvantages that are associated with genetically modified foods and organisms. The controversy revolves around the safety of genetically engineered (GE) foods, the impact of this engineered processes on human health, natural ecosystem and gene flow of such genetically organisms on non-GE food crops. Thus these disputes revolve governments, biotechnological research companies, multinational corporate bodies and non-governmental organizations. While governments have the responsibility of taking care of the environment and safety of its people, responsible ...

Syphilis is the sexually transmitted disease chosen for this research. It is caused by a spirochete bacterium known as treponema palladium. Other species of treponema palladium are subspecies pertenue which causes yaws. Also, there are caretenum and endomicum. These two organisms are responsible for the associating complications. When the organism enters the body it goes through four stages of development. They are primary, secondary, latent and finally tertiary. The final stage is when death is eminent (Radolf & Lukehart, 2008)
In relation to the United States of America statistics reveal that in 2010; 36,000 cases were discovered. 9,756 ...

Aging Theories

Aging can be defined as the accumulation of changes in a person. There are two main categories of modern aging theories: programmed and error aging theories. Programmed theories bring out the concept that the aging process follows a certain biological timetable (Bengston, Gans, Putney, & Silverstein, 2008, p. 12). These theories are dependent on how genes express themselves as they affect the different systems of the body. The theories under the category of damage or error aging theories state that the environment and anything that affects it contribute to the aging process of a person.

These two categories are subdivided further. The programmed ...

Telomerase also known as telomere terminal transferase is a type enzyme in all vertebrates that extends Die ribonucleic acid sequence by repeating TTAGGG to the Die ribonucleic acid terminal strands in the region known as the telomere. It is found in adult germ cells, fetal tissues, and tumor cells. Telomere is the region of repeated nucleotide, which is made up of non-coding Die ribonucleic acid material. The region prevents loss of vital Die ribonucleic acid from chromosome terminals. This results to only a hundred to two hundred nucleotides being lost each interval the chromosome is duplicates, thus no damage is caused ...

Deoxyribonucleic acid plays a significant role in living organisms by carrying hereditary material that determines the characteristics of the organism. Cells of the organism contain similar DNA material located in the cell nucleus and the mitochondrion often referred to as nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA respectively (RAstogi, 2006). The DNA also contains instruction that will determine the characteristics of a future generation of offspring. Genetic material differs from one specie to another and the DNA is responsible for all the differences. The DNA has a shape of a double helix that appears like a coiled ladder when viewed under the microscope. It contains sugars ...

Annotated Bibliography4

Introduction5
Literature Review..6
Conclusion....11
References..12
Abstract
Negative (opposing or intimidating) events arouse robust and speedy physiological, rational, emotive, and social reactions. This organization of the organism is accompanied by physical, cognitive, and interactive results that diminish, lessen, and even wipe out the influence of that incident. This array of mobilization-minimization seems to be bigger for undesirable events than for unbiased or positive happenings. Hypothetical explanations of this response form are reviewed in this paper. Further, it will give a verdict on whether negative bias has been helpful or harmful to the process of human evolution. It is established that ...

The paper differentiates endocarditis from meningitis. Besides, it offers a description of transmission, signs, symptoms, at risk groups, treatments, as well as prognosis of these two diseases. Endocarditis denotes a disease of the heart’s valves or chambers inner lining (Chan, & Embil, 2006). On the contrary, meningitis denotes meninges’ inflammation (Shmaefsky & Babcock, 2010). Meninges is a collective term for pia mater, dura mater, as well as arachnoid mater, which are membranes covering the brain as well as spinal cord (Shmaefsky & Babcock, 2010).

Transmission of Endocarditis and Meningitis

Endocarditis results when fungi, bacteria, or other pathogens invade the bloodstream and infect abnormal regions of the ...