Mixture Reports Samples For Students

Abstract

The most widely used fossil fuel around the world is coal. This is a component that carries both organic and inorganic components and hence its combustion over the years has led to environmental problems such as acid rain and sulfur dioxide emission. To combat this eco-system problem several combustion methods have been introduced and one of the most efficient means that has come to the attention over the years as a significant way is the Oxy alkalinolysis.
In the past, there have been various desulfurization processes, which have been introduced. However, most of them have not given excellent results are ...

Abstract

Concrete acts as one of the most essential and cost-effective construction material made from a mixture of sand, cement, aggregates, and water. Cement acts as a binder for holding all the components together. Engineers working in the construction site must understand the purpose of the construction because different structures require different concrete strengths. The strength of cement paste used controls the overall strength of concrete that depends on the water-cement ratio. The following experiment was conducted to investigate different mechanical and physical properties of concrete.

Objective: To determine mechanical properties of concrete.

Materials used: Aggregate (coarse and fine), sand, cement, water, compressive machine, cylindrical and rectangular molds, timer, ...

Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1.
Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist ...

Introduction

The pressure swing adsorption principle and technology will be used in an experiment to separate the two gases in the lab. The technology is a technique used to separate two or more gases from a collection of various gases using pressure and the gases molecular attributes as well as an affinity for an absorbent material (Alonso-Vicario et al., 2010). The experiment will utilize the principle of pressure swing adsorption to separate active carbon and oxygen using hydrogen and nitrogen as catalysts. Pressure swing adsorption using two main factors in the separation of gases under pressure: the molecular attributes of ...

Introduction

Extraction, crystallization and melting point can be used as methods of separating mixtures. Extraction and melting points are employed on separating liquid-liquid mixtures whereas purification of elements utilizes crystallization as their method of separation with impurities. Separation of mixtures involves the distinction of the constituent elements of the mixture into their constituent elements. Separation of mixtures is based on characteristics of the constituent elements of the mixture. Chemical affinity and density are the most utilized properties in organic compound mixtures.

Discussion

Methods of preparing the substance include the use of extraction from a mixture which is based on the principle of ...

Introduction

Reduction reactions are very important in chemistry as they are effective processes for synthesizing new compounds from existing ones. In organic chemistry, a compound is said to be reduced if it acquires new hydrogen. There are diverse reagents for carrying our reduction reactions. Two of these are sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) - the latter is a more powerful reducing agent compared to the former.
In this experiment, NaBH4 was used to reduce p-Nitrobenzaldehyde to form p-Nitrobenzyl alcohol. NaBH4was used over LiAlH4 in this experiment, because LiAlH4 would also reduce the nitro group of the aldehyde.

Experimental:

...

Introduction

Initially there were beliefs that, MMPs are jointly able to degenerate all constituents making up the extracellular matrix (ECM) together with basement membrane that confines their operations to tissue reconstruction as well as the preservation. Nonetheless, the contemporary studies also signify that MMP-1 is responsible for controlling the production or else the activation of the chemokines. At this point, it is critical to understand that MMP-1 is among other MMPs.
Similarly, the knowledge holds it that MMP- 1 cleaves a peptide bond beforehand a residue comprising of a hydrophobic adjacent chain, for instance Met and Leu. The other sideways chains cleaved ...

The rocks beneath have rich deposits of oil and gases that can be purified to supplement the energy requirements. Several researches are done to establish the sites with considerable quantities of oil or gas and sometimes the presence of both. Once this is established, a number of factors are considered in the underground environment to establish the safety precautions and the nature of the extraction procedure to be used. The principle behind oil and gas extraction relies on the accumulation of pressure in the underlying rocks. The processes are divided into three basic extraction levels, primary, secondary and enhanced recovery ...

Abstract

In this experiment, 5 mL of toluene solution was transferred in a 25 mL round bottom flask and then 0.40 g maleic anhydride and 0.4 g E, E-2, 4-hexadien-1-l added. Ethyl acetate was used as a solvent to carry out a TLC analysis on the mixture produced after reaction completion mainly to determine the presence of any starting material in the mixture. The reaction mixture was then slowly cooled to room temperature. There was crystallization taking place as the reaction cooled, white crystals were formed.
The mixture was further cooled in for 10 minutes in a water bath to promote crystallization to ...

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Introduction
The invention and eventual development of internal combustion engines marked a significant stage in the evolution of engines since it provided a way for industrialists and engineers to build an engine that would suit various applications. Unlike the bulky and messy steam engines, internal combustion engines opened the possibilities of creating smaller, but more efficient engines that can be mounted on different types of machineries. The most common applications of which are in transport vehicles such as the engines used in automobiles, trucks, vessels and planes. Moreover, internal combustion engines are also used in non-mobile applications such as ...

Analysis of Culture Cell KU812F with Three Protocols

Abstract
Protein analysis for cancer cell research has been found to be extremely reliable. The culture cell KU812F (chronicle myeloid leukemia cell line) was used for this laboratory. Globin gene switching was observed by evaluating the gene expression in the cells. Gene expression and protein folding were provoked. Gene expression is the process of transcribing DNA to cDNA and then used qPCR to study gene expression. cDNA was translated into mRNA which in turn is translated into a protein. mRNA concentration was analyzed. The three protocols were Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Enzyme-Linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and ...

Introduction

With the help of SFM or Sailfin molly fish as an emerging organism, we can have a better understanding of the theory of evolution. Some specifications such as the environmental impact, population biology and mating behavior can be revealed by studying the Sailfin molly fish. The “Guppy” genome is the closest relative of the sailfin molly since annotated. However the sailfin molly genome has to be annotated and not been done yet. In order to annotate sailfin molly genome we would need to create a proper polymorphic marker and some websites will help us to accomplish our goal.
Creation ...

Introduction

In this experiment, we are interested to determine the heat change of two different reactions using the ice calorimeter. The heat change values are applied together with the given values of the heat transformation of water (∆H(H2O)) and the application of hess law to establish the heat of formation of MgO (∆H(MgO))
A formation reaction has a defined stoichiometry which makes them ideal constructs to be investigated by the Bunsen ice calorimeter. When the heat is released by the reaction, it causes the ice to melt and the volume of the ice-water mixture to contract. From the ...

(City, State)
Lactic acid fermentation refers to a biological process where sugars such as fructose, glucose, and sucrose undergo conversion to form cellular energy lactic acid. The process is an anaerobic kind of fermentation reaction and takes place in a number of bacteria as well as in animal cells like the muscle cells (Campbell & Reece, 2005). The application of lactic acid fermentation is broad especially in the food industry (Tempeh, 2008). Some of the bacteria that are involved in the production of lactic acid include pediococcus cerevisiae, leuconostoc mesenteroides, bifidobacterium bifidus, and streptococcus lactis (Tempeh, 2008). The process is also ...

Sand can be classified into coarse sand and fine sand, based on particle size. The former is usually greater than 4.75 mm (retained in a No. 4 sieve), while the latter is less than 4.75 mm (passing through the No. 4 sieve) (1).The properties, including shape and texture, size gradation, moisture content, specific gravity, reactivity, soundness, and bulk unit weight, of different types of sand,influence concrete strength (2). The shape of sand particlescauses variations in the surface to volume ratio, and a larger surface to volume ratio improves bond characteristics but decreases concrete workability. The surface texture of sand ...

Prof:

Introduction
This is just one of the simple ways of identifying unknown compounds and separate mixtures. It is a separation technique that works based on the compound interactions as those compounds tend to move within a supporting medium. The compounds interact in two phases which are the mobile and stationary phase. The technique helps in analyzing, identifying, purifying and quantifying unknown separable mixtures. The mobile phase is either a liquid or gas which moves the solvent through the stationary phase during the process. The stationary phase is a liquid or solid component that is fixed in a place for the procedure.
Paper ...

Abstract

The experiment conducted is a palladium catalyzed coupling of a terminal alkyne to 4-Iodonitrobenzene. 1.25 mL of 95% ethanol was added along with 93mg of 4-Iodonitrobenzene, 80mg piperazine hexahydrate and 4 mg CuI, in a 5mL clean and dry conical vial plus spinvane. 80 µL (density 0.898 g/mL) of tetrahydro-2-(2-propynyloxy)-2H-pyran was added to the solution through an automatic pipette. To this add 3 mg of Pd(OAc)2, refluxed and stirred under a water cooled condenser for half an hour until it turned dark brown. The reaction mixture was then poured into a clean and dry evaporating dish and heated gently with a ...

Part A

Process, SEQ Water (2016)
The flash tank: The water from the river flows to the flash mixer where it is mixed with caustic soda and alum chemicals. The rate of chemical used depends on some sediments and wastes contained in the water.
Flocculation chamber: In the flocculation chamber, smaller chemical particles undergo a gentle mixing process allowing them to mix and form large particles known as floccules made up of clay and silt. Floccules enter the sedimentation tank and settle at the bottom of the tank where they are separated and pumped out of the sedimentation tank through a ...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution to yield 4-Bromoacetanilide

Introduction
Halogenation is a common process in organic synthesis. It is used in industrial and research synthesis as halogenated compounds are used for numerous widely used goods, including plastics. The lab aimed to perform monohalogenation of acetanilide. The reaction is specific since it is performed without catalyst. The typical halogenation is realized in presence of Lewis acid. Halogens molecules are electrophilic, and do not actively react. In presence of Lewis acid, the interaction is rather active.2
The lab used catalyst-free halogenation. The acetanilide molecule contains the acylated amine. As a result, the electronic density is shifted towards the amine ...

Identification of Codeine by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Group Members:
Aim
The present practical exercise aims at examining a commercial Panadeine tablet for the presence of codeine and paracetamol using GC-MS.
Introduction
Methyl morphine, codeine, occurs in opium at low concentrations. Codeine is a pro-drug because it undergoes metabolism or demethylation, in vivo, to form the active analgesic morphine. The experiment 3 involves a pH dependent extraction technique. The process separates the active constituents of Panadeine. Before extracting Panadeine, however, Eosin B undergoes extraction in order to demonstrate the effect of pH on the solubility of the compound. The GC-MC allows for the separation of a mixture ...

Purpose

The experiment aims to identify two unknown amino acids using paper chromatography. To be specific, the retention factor or Rf values of standard amino acids was used to see which one matched that of the unknowns.

Introduction

Chromatography can be defined as the separation of a mixture into various fractions by distribution between a mobile phase, which can be a gas or a liquid, and a stationary phase, a liquid or solid. Different substances have different affinities for the stationary and mobile phases. A substance that has no affinity for the stationary phase will remain in the mobile phase and move rapidly through the chromatographic system. ...

Introduction

The purpose of this experiment is to assist one to learn how different equipment in the laboratory is being use when carrying out the experiment. It tests the level of accuracy required when using different apparatus for measuring the volume. For very approximate result of volume, a beaker or conical flask is preferred when measuring volumes of liquids.

Accurate methods of measurement

This is done by the use of burette, conical flask and pipette. These measuring apparatus are discussed below.
When a much more accurate measurement is required, always measuring cylinders are preferred Measuring cylinders, which are much more accurate than beakers and conical.

Also volumetric pipettes and volumetric flask the mostly used apparatus used when measuring accurate volume.

...

Question 1: Separation of mixtures

1. Extraction

This is a method of separation of two immiscible solvent phases. It is the best method for the separation of a mixture of Cyclohexanone and Acetone (miscible)

Reason:

Cyclohexanone is insoluble in water while Acetone is miscible with water. A mixture of the two compounds forms two distinct layers in water. Distillation cannot be used because the two compounds are highly flammable.

Procedure:

In this method of separation, water is added to the mixture. Acetone completely mixes with water while cyclohexanone does not. A funnel is then used to separate the two.

(Note: the colouration is ...

Introduction

The objective of this experiment is to study the effect of a solute on the freezing point of a solvent. When a solute is added to a pure solvent, the freezing point of the solvent is lowered as compared to its pure form. This decrease in freezing point of the solvent is known as “Freezing Point Depression”. A similar phenomenon occurs in the boiling of such solvents, but instead of decreasing, the boiling point is increased due to the addition of the solute. This phenomenon is known as “Boiling Point Elevation”. Such phenomena, including others, are known as colligative ...

Aims and Objectives of the Experiment

The aim of this experiment is to study the separation of an extract of a non-prescription analgesic tablet containing acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and caffeine. The separation is achieved through a well-known process called liquid chromatography. The quantities of the aforementioned substances also need to be determined in the experiment (“High Performance Liquid Chromatography,” n.d.).

Theory and Principles

Chromatography is a technique used for the separation of the components, or solutes, in a mixture. The separation is based on the amounts of the relevant solute in the moving, or fluid, stream. There are two phases in chromatography, the mobile phase, and the stationary ...

In the first part of the experiment, approximately 2 g of zinc and 2 g of iodine were weighed into two separate weighing boats. In the actual weighing, the accurate masses of the zinc and the iodine were 1 8885 g and 2.399 g, respectively. Next, a clean and dry 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask was weighed. When the flask was empty, it weighed 95.9610 g. Afterwards, when the initially weighed zinc and iodine were added, the flask and its contents weighed 100.120 g. Five mL of vinegar (an acid) was then added into the same flask for the desired ...

Introduction

Alternative renewable energy continues to grow popularity because of the upsetting climate change caused by greenhouse gases, exhaustion of non-renewable energy resources and rising global demand for energy. Renewable resources of electricity production are vital progress and are fundamentally motivated by cost.
Solar energy is clean and profuse that is why it is the best among the available substitutes. The modern solid-state photovoltaic (PV) technology began in 1954 upon the discovery of silicon (Si) diodes photovoltaic effect . Crystalline Si and a wide range of thin film solar cells, which are inorganic, are the prevailing photovoltaic technologies employed nowadays .
...

Introduction

During manufacture of food products, manufacturers must put different factors into consideration. The health of consumers becomes a paramount factor of consideration during food manufacturing processes .Consumers present a very sensitive and complex group. People have different medical conditions and as such, manufacturers have to put this into consideration. One common health condition that has been on the rise among consumers is diabetes .Diabetes is caused by foods with high glucose levels. Therefore, this is an aspect that food manufacturers have devised techniques to deal with during food preparation, storage and packaging. Foods with high glucose levels pose a health challenge to ...

Executive Summary

The motive for starting this kind of business is based on the fact that many people in the recent times are facing health problems resulting from body unfitness. These health problems include obesity and problems associated with being overweight. The objective of the business is to provide advice and instruction from professional trainers regarding proper exercises and healthy living. The market for the company is segmented in terms of demography. The demography segmentation consists of gender, income, age, language and social classes. The business will offer services that are categorized either as being private or public. The services that ...

Brief Background to the Case

The current case about Medical Temps Inc. revolves around the issue of capital structure. Basically, the owners and the financial advisors are having an argument about the future capital restructuring plans for the Medical Temps Inc. Tiffany Radcliff, the owner of the company, believes that the company will experience not zero, but slowed growth in the upcoming years, due to external factors, such as a significant decrease in demand for temporary nursing workers which is what the firm is all about; a significant increase in firms offering similar services at competitive price ranges; and other indirect factors leading to two factors ...

ABSTRACT

This is a scientific lab report prepared after an empirical observation. The main experiment is the synthesis of 1,4-Dihydropyridine. A simple dihydropyridine from a simple reactant (formaldehyde, ammonium acetate and 2,4-pentanedione ), is synthesized. The final part of this work deals with the determination of reasonable mechanisms for this synthesis.

INTRODUCTION

1,4-Dihydropyridine is an equivalent of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) coenzymes. It exhibits a wide range of biological activities such as calcium channel blocking. This explains their wide use today in pharmacology.

Objective

The aim of this experiment is to synthesize a sample of dihydropyridine and determine the mechanisms for ...

Abstract

In this experiment, benzene was treated with hydrogen in the presence of Pt/SiO2 as an example that can be applied on industrial operations to show that the most recently modernized methods of neutron total scattering that cover a wide Q-range allow the use of appropriate catalytic chemistry that can be measured on time domain to probe directly on site the hydrogenation of benzene within the catalyst pore. Based on this method, it is possible to study the rates of reaction on length scales that can provide measurements equivalent to the size of an atom or a nanometre. Furthermore, the ...

Uses of Hydrogen in the Industry

Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, flammable, non-toxic and flammable gas at atmospheric temperature. Due to its properties, hydrogen is one of the main starting factors used substance in chemical industries. It is the basic building block in manufacturing of ammonia (Ramachandran, & Raghu, 5).
Hydrogen is used mainly in the manufacturing of two chemical components, which are ammonia and methanol. These chemical components are made industrially. The manufactured ammonia is used in fertilizer manufacturing industries while methanol is used in the manufacturing of polymers. Hydrogen is also used in oil refining industries for reforming oils to obtain a high-quality grade ...

Introduction

The inorganic salts that dissolve in water form ions. Thus, the dissolved salts exist in the solution in ionic form. For example, lead chloride exists in the form of Pb2+ and Cl-; sodium sulphate in the form of Na2+ and SO42-. When the solutions of two salts are mixed, the reaction takes place only if precipitate, water or gas forms (Jespersen and Jespersen, 2010). In other case, the ions exist in the solution in equilibrium. The insoluble salts typically remain in the solution as the precipitate. However, even in case of the insoluble salts, there are still small concentration ...

Analysis of Plant Pigments with Liquid Chromatography and Spectrometric Detection

The experiment is aimed at coming up with a solution of knowing on how to separate color pigments in a mixture of some solvent. An appropriate solvent is put into use and then some conclusion is drawn from the observations made. The following could be the

- The extract becomes darker progressively due to the fact that the spinach solution becomes more concentrated with the subsequent extractions of the acetone solution. It is observed that the extracts starts at around 10ml of the organic solvent, but as the experiment proceeds, the volume becomes 2.0ml which was almost as the same volume ...

Abstract

This experiment involved alkene preparation by alcohol dehydration (water elimination) in the presence of an acid catalyst. Elimination, combination, rearrangement and substitution are the basic types of chemical reactions known in organic chemistry. Alcohol dehydration is an important transformation that leads to the yield of alkene and it is an example of an elimination reaction. Dehydration is a process that involves the elimination reaction of an alcohol. There is a loss of H from one carbon and OH from adjacent carbon, hence, resulting in a water molecule removal that results in the formation of alkyne or alkene. When an alcohol loses its ...

Abstract

A polymerase chain reaction also known as PCR refers to a technique that is used in the amplification of a DNA fragment making huge numbers of the original fragment. The process uses an enzyme known as DNA polymerase to multiply the DNA fragment. Other components that are necessary for a PCR reaction are the DNA template that is provided by the sample being multiplied, the primers, and nucleotides. The experiment aimed to examine a number of human DNA polymorphisms, the PV92 Alu polymorphism and the mitochondrial control region using human DNA. This was achieved by isolating the mitochondrial DNA from the mouth cells ...

Introduction

The object of the paper is to analyze the above relationship over a range of pressures extending above and below atmospheric pressure.
Data were obtained for the pressure and temperature of a saturated steam-water mixture in equilibrium over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. The “raw” experimental data are given at the end of this document and the apparatus used are described below.

The object of this exercise is to:

a) Use the raw data to produce a table of absolute pressure .v. absolute (thermodynamic) saturation temperature over the whole range of the data provided.
b) Compare this data to equivalent data taken from steam tables.
c) Use ...

Abstract. Oxidation of ethanol is carried out by the oxidizing agent, potassium dichromate. The oxidizing agent undergoes a color change followed by the completion of the reaction. This change of color is utilized to measure the absorbance of the solution. The concentration of the unknown ethanol sample is calculated by plotting an absorbance vs concentration graph of the standard solutions.

Module and group

Lab class completed
- Introduction
The aim of the experiment is to determine the concentration of ethanol by calorimetric determination method. The concentration of ethanol is measured following its oxidation with potassium dichromate. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) undergoes reduction, ...

I visited Nizi Sushi Japanese Bar and Restaurant in Newark. The intention of this visit was to identify the Japanese culture food culture abroad. While a number of reviews about Japanese Restaurants in Japan show that they tend to specialize of a particular variety of food, I realized that the restaurant had a lot of foodstuffs to offer. Some critics assert that Japanese Restaurants abroad tend to serve a wide range of food, but maintains the Japanese culture (Ashkenazi, Jacob & Ashkenazi, 2013). Additionally, I needed to know the source of Japanese food here in Newark and the major population visiting these joints. Clearly, ...

- Introduction
The subject of this study concerns some of the most serious pavement deficiencies: alligator cracking, bleeding, and potholes. Alligator cracking and potholes can often shorten the pavement’s lifespan. Bleeding more often impacts road safety; bleeding causes reduced friction which, in turn, can cause skidding for drivers. The case study focuses on alligator cracking, potholes, and bleeding in an effort to explain their impact on pavement, as well as how they are remedied. In an effort to better understand the detriment these issues cause, a local two-lane road was studied for evidence of distress and damage.
...

Trend could be defined as a general direction in which a particular item, subject or object tends to move. It could also be used to mean a style of doing things that would be currently acceptable as new and attracts everybody. That is, trend is a style that everybody would wish to be associated to. Trend prediction would, therefore, imply the ability of a person to be able to forecast a specific line in which a chosen field would likely to move in the foreseeable future. Burning fabric was a specific textile line whose trendy nature could also be predictable.
The choice of color palettes could ...

Microbiology laboratory report

Abstract
Bacteriophages are intracellular parasitic viruses that infect bacteria to carry out their multiplication. During the lytic infection cycles, phages lyse the host cells forming a clear zone called plaque on the agar media. The experiment is aimed to measure the number of plaques created when the virus T4 infects the host bacteria and their genetic material integrates into the genetic material of the host cell. This happens because the E.coli becomes resistant to T4 bacteriophage. The T4 phage was diluted in a test tube and then E.coli bacteria was added in the tubes. The mixture was poured with soft ...

Introduction

Biological reactions are those reactions that are involved in various activities, in the body including energy production. Reactions that produce energy are called exergonic reactions while those that use energy are called endergonic reactions. Enzymes enable chemical reactions to take place within a living system most of which are under a homeostatic constraint. In these reactions, enzymes function as a catalyst by lowering the activation energy necessary in a reaction (Cooper, 2000). Enzymes bring the reactants involved in a reaction closer together weakening the chemical bonds and this enable the reactions to occur faster compared to reactions that have no enzyme (Farabee, 2010).
...

Abstract

The purpose for this experiment was to explore the properties of Strawberry DNA. It was hypothesized that the DNA of a strawberry is red in color and soluble in ethanol. A Strawberry was placed in a self-sealing Zip Lock freezer bag from which air was removed. The bagged strawberry was mashed gently and 10 ml of extraction buffer was added. After further mashing of the bagged strawberry, the content of the bag was removed and filtered through cheesecloth into a test tube before adding alcohol. White clouds that resemble threads were seen floating on the surface of alcohol. These were the DNA. ...

- Using OSHA Definitions:
1-Flammable Liquids: flammable liquid is described as any liquid that has a flash point below 37.8oC (1000F). However, this does not include any mixture that has elements with flashpoints of below 37.8oC (1000F), whose total form about 99% of the entire volume of the mixture.
2-Combustible Liquids: a liquid is any liquid which has a flash point of or above 37.8oC (1000F) (OSHA, 2013).

Differences between Flammable and Combustible:

The main difference between flammable liquids’ vapor can be kindled at relatively lower temperatures as compared to combustible liquids. Therefore, it is easy for a flammable liquid to catch fire as compared to ...

UNKNOWN #16

SUMMER 2013
INTRODUCTION
Purpose
The purpose of the lab is to separate characterize and identify microbes from unknown mixed culture using the morphological and biochemical methods.

Theory

The process of identifying bacteria is a systematic and careful process which uses various techniques to narrow down the bacteria types which are present in an unknown culture of bacteria. This process produces advantages for many factors of research of microorganisms and assists in the proper treatment of patients (Aneja 10). Several tests were performed to give the fermentation abilities, availability of specific enzymes and specific biochemical reactions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment started ...

The Metabolism of (PABA) Para-Amino benzoic Acid

Introduction
PABA or Para amino benzoic acid is a non proteinous amino acid that occurs naturally. The molecular formula of para- amino benzoic acid is C7H7 NO2; the structure of PABA consists of benzene rings substituted with a carboxyl and an amino group. PABA is a white crystalline molecule that is only sparingly soluble in water. PABA is a very essential nutrient for bacteria PABA functions as an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria
The deficiency of PABA does not cause any deficiency diseases in man. Some bacteria in the intestinal tract can synthesise PABA from chorismate. Humans ...

Lab report on Preparation of Aspirin

Lab report on Preparation of Aspirin
Introduction
The chemical name for aspirin is the acetylsalicylic acid and is a drug that is used as an antipyretic. Aspirin reduces fever, relieves the pain and inflammation (Thomson Healthcare, 2012). The compound structure of acetylsalicylic acid has an ester group and is produced through an esterification reaction. Aspirin is synthesized through a reaction of salicylic acid with acetic acid using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The reaction equation occurs as shown below.
The experiment aimed at synthesizing aspirin, providing an opportunity to familiarize with vacuum filtration as well as melting point techniques. ...

Introduction

General Motors Company (GM) designs, builds, and sells cars, trucks and automobile parts globally (SEC, 2011). It also provides automotive financing services through GM Financial. The vehicle development activities are integrated into a single global organization to consolidate and standardize the approach to vehicle development (SEC, 2011). The company purchases wide varieties of raw materials, supplies, parts, freight, energy, and other services from various suppliers, for the manufacture of its products. The raw materials are generally made up of steel, aluminum, copper, lead, resins and platinum group metals. This paper analyses the process of manufacturing automobile parts. In particular, it ...

1. The figure below shows a collection of art work by Lucas Cranach. It shows a feast of Herod whose head is held by a woman. It is from the Ella as well as Mary Sumner fund, 1936.339

This picture gives a representation of a feast that happened in the ancient period, at a time in the Old Testament during the rule of a king by the name Herod (Andrew, 114). The artist, by the name Lucas was did this work of art with the primary reason of illustrating hope in the New Testament since the woman in the drawing is carrying the head of the ...

Purpose of the experiment

The main aim of this experiment was to determine the empirical formula of a sample of hydrous copper sulfate. This was done by first determining the percentage of each component in the hydrous copper sulfate sample.

Experimental procedures

I. Procedure for determination of percentage of water in hydrous copper sulphate
A clean empty crucible was intensely heated for nearly five minutes and then cooled to room temperature. It was weighed and its weight recorded. Approximately 5.0 g of the hydrous copper sulphate sample was added onto the crucible and the weight recorded. The crucible and its content were then gently heated ...

Telecommunications and Networking, Autumn 2011

Realizing the Future of Wireless Data Communications
The Need for Software Radios and programmable radio chipsets

First, there is the need to find the right combination of hardware that can be programmed to provide support to high-performance signals for radios. It is projected that in the next 10 years from now, software radios would be the standard technologies in many commercial and military communication devices (Partridge 2011: 63). The software radios can be programmed to limit their usability to specific functions changeable from the real software that controls the radios. Programmable radio chipsets can also be incorporated with ...

Introduction

Enzymes are protein whose main function is working as a catalyst for different reactions in the body. It only alters the rate of the reaction it being involved in the same reactions. There are several enzymes in the human body each having a specific reaction to catalyze. An example of an enzyme includes salivary Amylase. Salivary Amylase is an enzyme found in the human saliva. It catalyzes the break down of starch into oligosaccharides via the process of hydrolysis. Therefore, its main substrate is starch. Without this enzyme, this metabolism process would be completely slow. Since enzymes are proteins, their functions ...

Abstract

Red Bull GmbH is a global energy drink production company established in 1987. Its headquarter and entire product manufacturing operations are localized in Austria. From there, Red Bull services over 145 countries through the company’s regional distribution hubs in Tokyo, Dubai, Singapore, Paris, and other cities. Since the foundation, the organization has had three shareholders: Chaleo Yoovidha (49%), his son (2%), and chief executive officer Dietrich Mateschitz (the remaining 49%). This report will comprehensively assess key areas of Red Bull’s long-term success, such as the company’s leadership style, organizational structure, internal culture, product lines, corporate and business strategies, and competitors, as well as Human Resources management and performance evaluation criteria adopted within the organization’s framework.

Summary

Red Bull is an Austrian-based energy drink conglomerate with a global presence in over 145 countries. Founded in 1987 by Chaleo Yoovidha, his son, and CEO Dietrich Mateschitz, the company produces and distributes its signature drinks under stringent standards via regional centers in the UK, France, North America, Japan, UAE, and Singapore. The company emphasizes both commonality within markets and individuality at the product level to maintain profitability. The focus on customer experience perpetuates an internal culture that highly values employees – the approach that allowed Red Bull to endure since its inception and top the competitive industry of energy beverages worldwide.

Raichaudhuri (2010) points to Red Bull’s organizational structure as a hybrid, combining both functional and divisional models in order to achieve success through franchising. All four products marketed by Red Bull – the flagship product Red Bull energy drink, Red Bull sugar-free, Red Bull Energy Shots, and Red Bull Cola – are designed with young urban professionals in mind. Despite dominating its market for over two decades, Red Bull lost a market share to several competitors that have gained ground against the company’s monopoly. For instance, since 2000, Red Bulls’ dominates 29% of the market, with Monster Energy Drink being closest at 23% (Cirillo 2009).

The company employs an innovative franchising model with decentralized operations in marketing and manufacturing. To gain a presence in the youth market, they have employed aggressive strategies such as viral marketing to distribute free samples of their energy drinks to universities. Furthermore, they sponsor sports personalities and celebrities, charities and entertainment events, which allows them to relatively easily enter a lucrative youth market. With 6900 employees hired globally, this strategy has been largely successful for the energy drink giant.

By training regional managers at local centers and supplementing the company’s marketing moves with performance teams from headquarters, the brand has managed to establish a strong presence across generations Y and X, as well as in sport-related events, leading to its business success.

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Leadership and Management

Red Bull is a multinational company headquartered in Austria, managed by Dietrich Mateschitz since its licensing in 1987. Its majority ownership (49%) lies with Chaleo Yoovidha (owner of TC Pharmaceuticals, Thailand) and his son (2%), while the remaining 49% belongs to Mateschitz himself. Getting 90% of its capital from two major owners, Red Bull finds the remainder 10% through bank loans. The core values driving Red Bull include identity, authenticity, credibility, masculinity, and perseverance. Following them consistently has etched the company onto popular culture as well as traditional sports media platforms. In turn, this made Red Bull one of the key players that have defined the energy drink industry for the greater part of the last three decades.

Red Bull has built a global empire due to its successful, one-brand distribution network. On the one hand, regional headquarters in Tokyo, Dubai, Singapore, France, the UK, and North America have their own CEOs and marketing teams. On the other hand, all of them adhere to the core principle stated by the Austrian HQ – focusing on marketing the product directly to consumers (Scribd). To complement this platform-agnostic strategy Red Bull owns a company that develops and operates sugar-free variations and non-Red Bull drinks, for example, LunAqua in the USA, a water brand that contributes to even greater market reach.

Under the leadership of Mateschitz, who has established himself as a successful promoter of the German Blendex toothpaste, Red Bull has employed a strategy of aggressive marketing to promote their products. This approach relies on viral campaigns and sports sponsorship as key tactics for successful brand recognition (Gorse et al., 2010). Moreover, an extensive research and development team works to make sure that each product is designed with aesthetic differentiation in mind yet has global appeal. Red Bull’s distribution partners are not part of the company’s payroll but rather independent customers who may receive additional benefits (Scribd). As a result, despite facing some difficulties due to a negative association with the drink’s unhealthy nature, the company has found the solution to retain leadership by tailoring its products for particular countries around the world. In Austria and the USA, they offer one variation of the formula, while in Thailand, a sweeter, less carbonated version is sold.

Company Culture

Red Bull’s quest for a unique and recognizable brand began in 1984. After two years of extensive research and heavy investments, the company created 200 distinct packages to shape its identity. By the time Red Bull was licensed to operate, the company had also developed “Spreading Our Wings Worldwide” – the vision and the foundation of the organization’s culture (Cirillo, 2009; RedBull). Red Bull differentiates itself from its carbonated beverage competitors by presenting a distinctive visual identity with blue and silver colors, as well as taller and slender can dimensions. The company also sets higher prices to maintain the status of premium branding in the eyes of consumers. Additionally, Red Bull’s mission statement further highlights its commitment to maintaining high standards while aiming for global success in an efficient yet profitable manner.

Red Bull’s corporate culture results in a workplace where employees share best practices to maintain the set standards and guidelines. They target an eclectic array of customers, including athletes, live bands, students, professionals, and clubbers at both domestic and global levels. Employees work towards common goals within teams coordinated by managers whose main task is to bring out the best potential in their team members.

Organizational Structure

Red Bull’s organizational structure is a hierarchical hybrid. This means it combines functional and divisional elements to improve adaptability in ever-changing markets. The choice in favor of this model was driven by competition, market dynamics, and technological developments (Daft & Marcic 2009; Raichaudhuri 2010). Led by co-founder and CEO Mateschitz, two major shareholders control the company.

First, Red Bull followed a functional type of organization structure optimized to its franchising strategy. Decisions are centralized under higher-management control at its headquarters in Austria and regional offices worldwide, including Singapore, Tokyo, Dubai, North America (USA and Canada), France, and the UK. Such an approach enables effective operations due to simplified hierarchical decision-making processes (Scribd).

Figure 1: Red Bull’s functional organizational structure

In 2004, the management shifted from a purely functional structure to an amalgamated divisional one in order to foster unified collaboration between employees. By incorporating major departments across divisions of the company – such as R&D and production, marketing, or accounting – personnel was able to draw on their collective knowledge for improved decision-making and product development. This strategy proved particularly beneficial when dealing with customer issues and general crises, such as the incident in 2004 involving an energy drink’s negative effects on human health (Scribd).

Product Lines

Established with the goal of producing and marketing one single product line, Red Bull energy drink has since 2003 diversified its offerings across an additional three distinct ranges. Nowadays, they have diversified to include four different production lines: along with the flagship energy drink, there are Red Bull sugar-free, Red Bull Cola, and Red Bull energy shots. To ensure successful expansion across the board, each new offering was tailored to consumer preferences by taking into account four factors, namely, demographics, psychographics, usage behaviors, and consumption collection (Red Bull). An analysis of all products presented below reveals how adeptly these principles were employed when designing exciting beverages for consumers around the world.

Red Bull Energy Drink

A scientifically-backed beverage, this product offers individuals a revitalizing solution for increased focus and physical performance. Beneficiaries can expect an improved ability to clear their minds and perform better while still having fun, courtesy of the combination of glucose plus taurine, glucuronolactone with sucrose, caffeine, and Vitamin B group (Scribd) – all conveniently integrated into one energy booster.

Red Bull Sugar-Free

This innovative product offers sugar-free energy with additional ingredients like all-natural ingredients, such as acesulfame K, aspartame, and sucralose. It is specifically designed with health-conscious individuals and diabetics in mind, making it an excellent alternative to regular energy drinks on the modern market.

Red Bull Cola

This cola drink is an ambitious challenge to existing industry giants, featuring 100% natural ingredients. Intended to compete with such well-known brands as Coke and Pepsi, this refreshing drink is composed of natural ingredients like kola nut extract and coca leaf extract, which is clearly labeled on each can. Despite its all-organic composition, the product’s launch sparked controversy in Germany with speculation of minute traces of cocaine allegedly found during testing. (Scribd).

Red Bull Energy Shots

This remarkable innovation provides all the power and energy of an original-sized can but in only 60 ml. Red Bull shot became a highly convenient and potent version of their signature energy drink, perfect for individuals on the go, as this portable blend fits easily into bags, glove boxes, jackets, and handbags alike. Moreover, the drink doesn’t need to be chilled.

Competitors

Since 1987, Red Bull has been a dominant force in the energy drink market. Despite two decades of changes in the industry landscape, they remain ahead by maintaining 29% control, while their closest rival, Monster Energy Drink, stands at 23% (Parker, 2005). According to data from 2008 (Scribd), this trend remains true despite shifts within other companies’ respective market shares.

Figure 2: Market share in percentage of different companies

Over the years, a decrease in Monster’s market share has been linked to increased competition from established companies such as Lucozade and Gatorade. Additionally, Kratin Daneng held significant market control in Asia despite their lack of carbonated energy drinks. In 1997, Hansen Beverage Company purchased Monster, which sparked renewed efforts to use marketing tactics similar to Red Bull, like “Unleash the Beast” and “Monster Army” campaigns utilizing events promotions to compete more effectively against Red Bull (Parker, 2005).

As competitors replicate Red Bull’s successful formula and introduce novel energy drinks, Red Bull’s market share has been impacted. Additionally, SHOCK Coffee’s debut in the coffee-energy drink sector reveals a potential new area of competition for Red bull to confront. As these products have no patent protection to protect them, they are able to undercut Red Bull’s pricing power. Consequently, it is expected that more dynamic challengers will arise within the industry setting up challenging circumstances for all players involved – notably including existing frontrunner Red Bull.

Red Bull’s Operations

The company’s production is centralized in a designated facility, where energy drinks are manufactured and canned before being distributed globally. Remarkably, the production process can be tailored to customer requirements. Such an approach leads to creating innovative products that reach the intended market via regional Distribution Partners (DPs). These DPs ensure timely delivery from the parent company to the end consumer, hence contributing to their productive and mutually beneficial relationships with the central office.

Furthermore, such a model lets Red Bull successfully run almost 7000 locations globally, showcasing an example of flexible and adaptive business behavior (Raichaudhuri, 2010). Regional headquarters are based in Dubai, Tokyo, Singapore, the UK, and several locations in the US. Yet, regardless of the location, all Red Bull employees – except for sales representatives – receive their salaries via direct payments from Austria. Also, the Austrian headquarter approves, issues, and controls the budgeting for marketing events and advertising initiatives from local franchise management. As a result, the company’s marketing activity is consistent and well-recognized across the continents, which has become key to Red Bull’s global brand awareness.

Corporate and Business-Level Strategies

The company has adopted an ambitious global marketing approach incorporating a variety of activities, including extreme sports events, art exhibitions, and video gaming. Their objective is to gain the attention of younger customers, as well as sports professionals. For example, they have employed celebrities like Eminem to sponsor their “Red Bull EmSee Battle Rap Championships” contest (Red Bull). Moreover, social media platforms such as Facebook are used to better understand customer needs and preferences, enabling them to create customized products that make the brand’s offering distinctly individualized.

Through sponsorship activities and sports team ownership, Red Bull has extended its presence into American football, ice hockey, motor racing, and soccer. Additionally, their Mobile Energy Team (MET) program provides students with an opportunity to promote the brand by driving specially designed Red Bull racers – cars decorated with a large canister of the product on top – while completing daily missions in businesses or at major sporting events (Red Bull). As part of their responsible marketing strategy for good causes, Red Bull also sponsors charitable initiatives worldwide, for instance, the “Don’t Walk Charity Fashion Show” at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland (Scribd).

HR, Strategies, and Processes

The Red Bull HR team is renowned globally for its strength and efficiency, having achieved this through the implementation of programs at their Austrian headquarters that are then implemented in all franchises around the world. Managers from global branches attend regional HQs to undergo relevant training and development initiatives so they may realize success within their own areas, while performance management teams from Austria offer further aid with employee evaluation (Scribd).

Red Bull has employed a top-down approach to their marketing strategy, utilizing regional sales and marketing teams. The availability of the product is controlled for increased mystique and demand amongst youth who view it as an essential part of Generation X culture or ‘poor man’s cocaine’ (Gorse et al., 2010). Additionally, Red Bull focuses on nightlife advertising to cater to younger generations, a.k.a. Generation Y.

Red Bull’s strategic decision to avoid traditional sports drink competition (with drinks like Gatorade or Lucozade) has yielded successful results; the brand consequently gained an integral foothold in Generation Y and X markets while simultaneously cultivating a strong presence as a sports property. Through creative sponsorships, new ownerships, and innovative properties within the industry itself, Red Bull successfully established their name across all levels of the sport.

Conclusion

Red Bull has thrived in a swirling and highly competitive energy drink market for the past 24 years. The company survived bad press because of the allegedly unhealthy nature of its drinks. Reb Bull has also efficiently dealt with intensifying competition as energy drinks became remarkably popular and similar products flooded the market. In the end, Red Bull’s revolutionary marketing techniques and innovative management approaches have allowed the organization to prosper again. Today, the company’s product line is diverse, and its market share is steadily growing while competitors are forced to adopt their strategies in order to keep up. These facts allow us to suggest that the brand will remain solid in today’s ever-evolving marketplace.

References

Case study analysis at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/17095337/Red-Bull

Cirillo, J. (2009). Running of the Bull. (Cover story). Beverage World, 128(6), 18-22. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Company website at: www.redbull.com

Daft, R. L., & Marcic, D. (2009). Understanding Management. Ohio: Cengage Learning. Pp. 160-173

Gorse, S., Chadwick, S., & Burton, N. (2010). Entrepreneurship through sports marketing: A case analysis of Red Bull in sport. Journal of Sponsorship, 3(4), 348-357. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Parker, P. M. (2005). 2006-2011 World Outlook for Energy Drinks. World Outlook Report 2006-2011: Energy Drinks, 1. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Raichaudhuri, A. (2010). Managing New Ventures: Concepts and cases on entrepreneurship. New Delhi: PHI. Pp. 112-117