Damage Literature Reviews Samples For Students

Abstract

Microscopic analysis of materials is generally complex; hence engineers always look for alternative methods of analysis, by appropriate modelling. In specific, studying the damage of materials is important in almost every discipline of science/engineering/technology. Material damage includes the beginning, advancement and fracture of materials. The most important tool so far, used to analyze this damage, is called damage mechanics which relies heavily on continuum mechanics. It encompasses useful theories for the representation, modelling, and analysis of material damage. Broadly speaking, damage mechanics utilizes state variables to show the effects of damage. For instance, the variations in stiffness, and the ...

Perhaps the most important advance in using new building materials is the development of concrete which is more durable. New- age concrete is flexible and endows all kinds of structures, buildings, roads, sewers and bridges which last for a very long time. The construction industry in the world is becoming modern and advance, however, there is still the problem of building defects which need to be addressed.
Defects to concrete facades of different buildings pose safety danger to the public; hence there is a need and formidable challenge to rethink on the issue. Successful remediation requires an adequate understanding of ...

Introduction

Radiation detectors are widely applied in numerous fields for early detection and mitigation of radiation effects within premises. The advantages associated with the application of radiation detectors are tremendous not only in the medical field but also other professional fields where radiation detectors are employed. Owing to these positive benefits of radiation detectors, their application for various functions across different fields has grown at an alarming rate ever since their inception. Radiation detectors come in numerous types and shapes (Owens and Peacock, 2004).
Nuclear medicine is notorious for the application of radiation detectors as compared to other professional fields. ...

Introduction

One of the byproducts of urban growth and development is the waste production. As per the report of the World Bank (2013), OECD countries produce almost half of the world's waste, while South Asia and Africa are listed as the regions producing the least amount of waste. The Basel Convention defines 'wastes' as substances or objects that need to be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of national law. European Waste Catalogue shows 850 types of wastes out of which 420 types of wastes have been classified as hazardous waste. Hazardous wastes are those wastes considered to be ...

ABSTRACT

Human beings deal with the reality of a world with a plethora of conditions, illnesses and diseases that threaten the health and livelihood of the population on a day-to-say basis. One such persistent disease that many Americans, both young and old, are suffering from is Crohn’s Disease. Crohn’s disease is commonly diagnosed on a regular basis all across the United States, however the reality is that medical realm does not specifically known what causes Crohn’s disease or why it has become so prevalent; some believe it is a combination of immune system deficiencies, genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The condition effects ...

Abstract

The analysis of literature review of this research was on the effects of tanning beds to the skin, a topic that is getting news rating because it bans the use of tanning beds in younger populations according to the current Louisiana’s new legislation. This study is predestined to review the augment that artificial tanning, as a comparative background of the skin has impacts.
According to Demko, et. al., 2003, the risks of skin cancer claims, have been brought on board, concerning tanning beds being behind the increased cancer risk, though, through the research conducted, there is support and opposition ...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of mortality in the US. According to American heart association statistics, nearly one million men and women succumb to various complications from CVD. In the US, CVD claims more lives than cancer and AIDS combined (CDC, 2012). It is also one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide (WHO). The economic cost of CVD in 2008 was estimated to be $448.9 billion, which was double the cost estimated for the year 2007, $219 billion.
There are a number of factors to the incidence of CVD. These include non modifiable factors such ...

Mechanical ventilation (MV) causes oxidative stress that is responsible for adverse consequences on organs. In a situation of MV, the excessive pressure impairs the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain leading to oxidative and nitrosative stress (Kavazis, 2009; Hafner et al., 2014). MV is commonly associated with hyperoxia where an excess of oxygen is provided. In such a case an oxidative stress can be induced when the oxygen pressure in the alveolar exceeds that of the normal breathing conditions because the biological system is not able to readily detoxify the environment from components such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) ( ...

The following literature review evaluates scholarly research on the challenges of entrepreneurship, project management and sustainable development in Africa. Based on the discussion meaningful implications and suggestions are mentioned towards the end. Africa is a land of magnificent natural sceneries and resources but even in the 21st century it is still considered the Dark Continent, bearing metaphorical meaning. It is the least developed continent in the world. Despite major efforts in improving the lives of Africans there are many challenges that face the continent.

Sustainable Development in Africa

Africa has immense natural resources and precious minerals. For decades the practice of finding energy ...

Introduction

Dental implants are increasingly becoming popular because a large section of clinicians believe that natural tooth restoration techniques are inferior to dental implants as implants have a longer life than natural tooth and are less susceptible to biological changes. There are various types of dental implants that support crown, bridges, and dentures, and act as orthodontic anchors and facial prosthesis. The basis of the modern dental implant is a biological process in which titanium forms a bond with bone. Dental fixture is first implanted and then a prosthetic is added.
Over the years, various implant impression techniques, such as ...

List of Figures

Figure 3.0.1 Feature extraction. VIII
Figure 3.0.2 Event processing. VIII
Figure 3.8.1 Basic Architecture of Bayesian Enabled Network XI

The Problem

Cloud Network security is very significant when it comes to online data and transactions. Attackers often examine vulnerabilities within the cloud system. There are malwares and viruses that can be easily detected and those that cannot be detected easily. With advance technology and increase in computing knowledge, network attackers use sophisticated software that can beat most antiviruses and firewalls hence accessing the system without anyone noticing them (Kumar, 2015). Malicious code also referred to as (malware) often grow ...

Abstinence

Abstinence
Sex or Sexual Intercourse is the essential process of the human civilization that has let the world reach the quality of life it has now. Of course, without sex humans can’t even have offspring to continue their civilization. It is also amusing that our Creator has perfectly matched the timing for each human to mate. It is from the time when humans reach adolescence. The human sex organ development happens at this time. The female starts to have a mature egg as well as the menstrual cycle. For the male the process of exploring their gonads is ...

The population of deer in the Midwest is tremendously on the decline, a situation that raises efforts of conservation agencies in addressing the situation. The deer represent a class of wild animals that require maintaining their numbers in order to increase the reproductive ability of future generations. More specifically, the deer population in the United States of America in 2014 was 32.1million where 28.5million represented the numbers of whitetails, and only 3.6 million accounted for the black tails, mules and others (America's Department of Natural Resources: --the U.S. Department of the Interior 15). Notably, the numbers had dropped from 33.5 million ...

Alcohol is the world’s oldest known drug that is abused by people. Alcohol has been used by many people for several years and its abuse has become a major societal health problem. The consequences of excessive alcohol intake vary from a mild hang-over to mass destruction, diseases, and death at its worst. When consumed in moderation, it has no or little effects for the drinkers and the people around them. Nonetheless, its misuse has become very dangerous to the drinker and the society. We all agree that, occasional taking of alcohol does not hurt, nonetheless it can lead to addiction ...

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Introduction

Cyberbullying is a recurrent reason of emotional distress among children and adolescents. This situation becomes further complex by interpersonal safety issues. These safety issues come through the peer group of adolescents and are difficult to control and monitor. This paper will give an account of cyber bullying, some common responses of adolescents to cyberbullying and the ways to fight it. There exist a lot of technological tools to combat cyberbullying. But it is an interpersonal issue in the social situation. It is, therefore, necessary to build a foundation ...

Applied behaviour analysis and animal behaviour

According to (Bekoff, 2013), behaviour analysis refers to a scientific approach that helps an individual to understand why animal and people do and behave the way they do. After studying behaviour analysis an individual develops the capacity to understand how both human beings as well as animal’s behaviours are affected by the various events that take place. This includes the event that are there in their physical and their social environments. Teacher’s researchers and parents make use of behaviour analysis to tell how the physical and social environment impacts on behaviour change.
The study of behaviour analysis ...

Vitamins are essential organic nutrients required in minute amounts for the body's optimal functioning. They could be water soluble or fat soluble. Water soluble vitamins include; vitamins Band C, while the fat soluble vitamins are; Vitamins A, D,E,K. Vitamin A was the first fat soluble Vitamin to be discovered in 1913.

Vitamin A's structure is depicted to the right. Retinol is the precursor of of retinal and retinoic acid. Both are active metabolites of retinol. Retinal plays an important role in vision while retinoic acid is the intracellular messenger which affects the transcription of some gene( Bates ...

‘Author’s name’

‘Institution’
Introduction
Diabetes mellitus is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a chronic disease characterized by the lack of insulin production by the pancreas or when the insulin produced by the body is not effectively utilized. Uncontrolled diabetes can result to hyperglycemia and may lead to severe damage to different body systems over time. Diabetes can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. (WHO, 2016)
Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin. Common symptoms of Type 1 diabetes include polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (thirst), and polyphagia (constant hunger). Other symptoms are ...

Literature Review

Impact Mitigation

Intelligent locomotive bumper designs have been touted as possible life-savers for pedestrians. Paden, Kelly, Hines, Botham and Simms explored the feasibility of a life-saving locomotive bumper (103). There were several motivations behind their paper. Perhaps the most important one was the high number of pedestrians that were killed every year in train impacts. Between the years 2007 and 2012, about 10,950 non-suicide deaths were attributed to train impact on humans. Including suicide deaths on railroads, 28,800 pedestrians were killed during that 6-year period. Also, Paden et al., noted that passenger trains served densely populated areas ( ...

Hypertension in children is becoming a growing healthcare concern in America. It is quite common to see reports of hypertension in children. Most cases of hypertension in children remains undiagnosed and therefore the present prevalence is an underestimation of the real scenario. Unlike adults, the normal blood pressure values in children can vary based on their age and height, and thus borderline cases of hypertension, escape diagnosis. Sedentary lifestyle and obesity are important risk factors for hypertension in children. Through proper lifestyle practices and diet, hypertension can be prevented in children. Preventing hypertension in children is important as hypertension ...

Overview: Overview: Antigen-antibody reactions are commonly used in immunological assays. In a traditional agglutination assay, the end product is a visible antibody-antigen complex that settles as visible particulate matter in the solution. In other cases, the reaction is invisible and wants the use of a specific enzyme or isotopic probes that can amplify the signal created by the antigen-antibody reaction, so that they can be detected with the naked eye or an ELISA/RIA reader1. Hemagglutination is a visible antigen -antibody assay in which soluble antibodies react with antigen on the surface of (red blood cell) RBC to form a ...

1.0 The Company and Its Products
Royal Dutch Shell PLC (Shell) is a public limited company, founded in 1907 as the Royal Dutch/Shell Group and registered in England and Wales with headquarters in The Hague, the Netherlands (Shell, 2014a, p. 9). After it was renamed in 2005, Shell became the single parent company of two publicly-traded subsidiaries: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company (RDPC) and The “Shell” Transport and Trading Company (TSTTC) (later renamed as The Shell Transport and Trading Company Limited). RDPC handles upstream and downstream production activities, while TSTTC handles transportation and trading.
In the upstream segment, the ...

In the beginning of his first topic of discussion Inner Values in an Age of Science, he is expressing how you do not solely need to rely on the blessings of something there is also the action that is needed to be taken. Although he does still value blessings and prayers, they are just psychological benefits for everyone religious or not. He continues to compare prayer to modern science. Prayer does not come close to the success stories from modern medicine, for instance, he explains how you can pray for all kinds of things but medicine advances are what ...

LITERATURE REVIEW: LOGISTICS AND LINEAR METHODS

Overview
Dystonia is a condition that affects the brain and the nervous condition of the patient (Jankovic 2005, 45). It causes some movement disorders whereby the patients’ muscles contracts without the patient ability to control it. This contraction of the muscles results in twisting of the body part which has been affected causing the patient to have an abnormal posture or repetitive movements. Women are more likely to get this condition as compared to men and it affects approximately one percent of the total population.

Symptoms of Dystonia

The symptoms can be mild or very severe and it can affect various body ...

Literature Review

A pressure ulcer or a hospital acquired ulcer is one of the rising concern in healthcare. It is a condition characterized by damage in the skin or the underlying tissue due to unwanted pressure, friction, or moisture applied on the skin. More commonly, patients get this health condition when they are unable to move, when they have delicate and brittle skin while hospitalized, or when certain equipment is used on them making them more susceptible to pressure ulcer . A hospital acquired pressure ulcer is sometimes referred as bedsore in layman’s term. Pressure ulcer became a major concern in ...

Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder wherein an immune response targets the insulin-producing beta-cells of the pancreas leading to cellular damage sufficient enough to significantly reduce, and later on eliminate, the synthesis of insulin (Van Belle et al., 2011). It typically manifests in people below 30 years of age. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2016) estimates that 29.1 million or 9.3% of Americans are diabetics but of this number, only 1.25 million or around 5% have type 1 diabetes. The purpose of this paper is to describe the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and management, and ...

Abstract

Radiotherapy is a treatment method that involves the use of a high energy radiation, and mostly used in the treatment of cancer. The method can also be used in the treatment of non-cancerous begin, tumour, thyroid diseases, as well as other blood disorders. In the process of the treatment of breast cancer, there are several automated tools or equipment required for the success of treatment. For instance, computers are used in performing automated medical tasks such as radiology systems, bibliography retrieval, and patient-monitoring in the process of treatment.

Introduction

Radiotherapy is a treatment method that involves the use of a ...

Different people have different opinions about vehicles. The views depend on the time and experience with different cars. There has been a continuous evolution of vehicles from the earlier horse ridden carts to the current smart and automated vehicles. Thanks to the ever advancing technology that has marked significant moments to innovators and the engineers. The evolution began with the 1908- Model T that was released by Ford Motors. In general, a car is any wheeled vehicle carrying its motor and has the capability to transport people. However, when selecting the type of vehicle to use, there are various factors that ...

Comparison of Honey Treatment and Traditional Ointments in the Treatment of Pressure Ulcer: A Literature Review

As a natural remedy, honey has been used historically as a wound dressing globally. In addition to the low cost, clinical observations are suggesting that honey promotes sloughing of necrotic tissue, acceleration of wound healing, stimulation of cell growth, reduction of other inflammation, and addition healing properties. Studies are also showing antimicrobial actions. In this paper, a literature review of five articles published in reputable journals compares the use of honey-based ointments with traditional ointments in the effectiveness in the treatment of pressure ulcers.
Yapucu Güneş & Eşer (2007) approaches the problem of wound management for pressure ulcers by assisting ...

Article review: Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: an update Robert Cooper, Fernando Naclerio, Judith Allgrove, and Alfonso Jimenez

Currently, a lot of research exists on creatine supplementation, the protocols involved administering it, forms in which it exists and its potential side effects. In spite of these, there is uncertainty concerning the mechanisms through which creatine acts while in the human body to improve cognitive and physical performance. This review had a main objective of analyzing some of the more recent findings on the various effects and the mechanisms applied in creatine supplementation in health and sports. A secondary ...

Abstract

The Piper Alpha disaster is well known for it resulted in the highest number of casualties who lost their lives in the history of off shore oil and gas rigging. This paper reviews literature on the Piper Alpha disaster presenting an overview of the circumstances that led to the occurrence of the tragedy. Further, it examines the role that different parties played with regard to their contributions to the situation. Subsequently, an analysis of the course of action taken with regard to the management of the disaster as it happened and in its aftermath is as well evaluated. The ...

Abstract

This article offers an insight into the study of neurolinguistics as a subject of neurology. It also offers a theory of language that is developmental in nature and an insight into the neural systems that lead to linguistic capabilities. Language develops in four stages, as suggested by early perceptual experience. These four phases take place in an independent and fixed sequence. A different ontogenetic function is arrived at in every phase of language. The functions in question have neural systems, proprietary in kind, that differs in their respective degree of specialization.
Under evaluation is an analytical mechanism largely responsible for ...

The term biological marker or biomarker refers to a quantified characteristic which may act as a key indicator of a biological condition or a biological state. It can also allude to a substance whose existence indicates the presence of living organisms. In medicine the term can be used for a traceable substance introduced into the system of an organism as a way to examine aspects of health for example organ function. Clinical trials often employ the use of biochemical biomarkers chiefly by deriving them directly from bodily fluids. In genetics biological markers play quite a pivotal role as they are a sequence of DNA associated with disease causation ...

Introduction

Waste management refers to the process of collecting, transporting and disposing trash, sewage and other waste materials. There are different sources of waste including residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal, agriculture and manufacturing and all these waste products whether solid, gaseous, liquid or radioactive come under the realm of waste management. Due to the rapid growth and fast development in Australia, the country has produced waste on humongous amount. As per the data provided by Australian Bureau of Statistics, the growth of average annual rate of waste production in Australia is about 5.4% between 1996-97 and 2006-07. ...

Book Review – “Monster of Florence: A True Story”

Book Review – “Monster of Florence: A True Story”

Introduction

Review of the book, "The Monster of Florence: A True Story by Douglas Preston with Mario Spezi published in its first edition 2008 shows the publisher as New York: Grand Central Publishing. The author presents the story over 36 chapters divided in two parts – the first about the background of the decades- long mystery and the second focusing on the current investigation. This review includes comments about the author, a summary, and discussion about the material presented.
According to MacLeod-Johnson (2013) the author of “Monster of Florence: A True Story” Douglas ...

- Fitzroy River Turtle (R Leukops)
- The Biology
Fitzroy River Turtle, Rheodytes leukops is also called the white eyed river diver referring to its Latin name. Locally, it is sometimes called the “bum breathing turtle referring to its ability to utilize cloacal ventilating. This method of breathing improves its breath-holding capacity and enabling it to colonize riffle zones and take advantage of the associated greater densities of food resources during the wet season and early dry season. . “R. leukops was first described as a new genus and species in 1980 (Legler and Cann,1980) and most publications ...

Abstract

Methamphetamine, known to the world in various names such as “crank” or simply “meth”, is notable for having severe effects similar to that of marijuana. While it is reported and proven to be capable of treating several psychological and physical disorders, the known stimulant is capable of producing heavy complications in terms of a users’ physical, neurological, psychological and social nature that may be difficult to heal. In terms of its effects to children, parents and pregnant women; the effects of methamphetamine vary. However, heavy physical, behavioral and social disorders would be visible to these groups since methamphetamine can cause ...

Literature Review:

Emergency Hazards
Comparison and contrast

Comfort, Hauskrecht, and Lin (2008) presented a dynamic networking modelling system to guide the process of assessing and managing susceptible risks. In their approach, they viewed the entire strategy as involving a multiplicity of diverse but adaptive process to guide the management of the emergency issue. They believed that the responsibility to protect life and property among other operations in a metropolitan region lies in the idea of managing the interactions between resilience and risk. On the other hand, the ‘all hazards approach” presented by Von Lubits, Beakley, and Patricelli (2008) argues that effective ...

Abstract / Summary

This Literature Review is formulated with the intention to assess the dangers surrounding the detection of tar and nicotine content, specifically utilizing High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Also other methods to measure and evaluate the importance of these substances from a researcher's viewpoint. Attention will be primarily focused on HPLC as an important method to be utilized. Focus will also be directed at other methods used, such as taking blood samples to measure the effects of tar and nicotine. This Literature Review acknowledges the limitations of research as there are many risks regarding cigarette smoking that are relatively unknown. Moreover, ...

Arguably, as computer technology develops, so does the criminal offences that come as a result of using computers and internet. The 21st century marks the peak season of various cyber crimes and cyber terrorism. As a matter of fact, human beings should learn and adopt to live with criminal activities associated with technology. Therefore, as a result of accepting reality, utilization of computer networks as well as development of cyberspace society, various strategies have been developed to perpetrate these crimes. The history of legislation to deal with cyber crimes began in 1970s. Generally, since the existence of computer technology, various crimes related ...

SEXUAL ABUSE TRAUMA

Abstract

Children who are victims of sexual abuse will often face secondary trauma regarding their crisis of discovery. Their respective attempts of reconciling their private experiences with the realities of the outer world are downplayed by non-belief, rejection, and blame they might end up experiencing from adults. The normal behavior of the children regarding their respective coping due to the experiences is contradicted by the entrenched expectations and beliefs often held by adults. As a result, the child is overly stigmatized backed by various claims and charges directed to them by adults. The issues of lying, manipulation, or imagination as ...