Hypothesis Literature Reviews Samples For Students

Article review: Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: an update Robert Cooper, Fernando Naclerio, Judith Allgrove, and Alfonso Jimenez

Currently, a lot of research exists on creatine supplementation, the protocols involved administering it, forms in which it exists and its potential side effects. In spite of these, there is uncertainty concerning the mechanisms through which creatine acts while in the human body to improve cognitive and physical performance. This review had a main objective of analyzing some of the more recent findings on the various effects and the mechanisms applied in creatine supplementation in health and sports. A secondary ...

‘Bayes Theorem’ was originally stated by Thomas Bayes and is also known as ‘Bayes Law’ or ‘Bayes Rule.’ It is used in the mathematical manipulation of conditional probabilities to clarify the relationship between theory and evidence. A number of probability interpretations may be generated from the probabilities involved in Bayes theorem. Bayes theorem can be applied in a variety of statistical calculations involving probabilities. The Bayesian interpretation of probability expresses how a subjective degree of belief should logically change to account for the evidence.
Mathematically, Bayes theorem is the relationship between probabilities and conditional probabilities. For example, if P(A) ...

Literature Critique

The association between viewing television shows at an early age and decline in quality of attention span among children has found formidable support from cross-sectional research design. The research under review, however, takes into consideration the importance of conducting a longitudinal study on the subject matter via use of data involving the age of children at the time of exposure to television watching and subsequent effects in later age. Data on children at the time when they were aged one and three (with separate sample sets per age) and detection of subsequent attention span problem signs at age seven has found gauging ...

According to beauty oriented studies, averageness refers to the average phenotypic characteristics evident in a person. This is the facial outward appearance and one’s general appearance. They communicate about one’s fertility and health. A bigger proportion of the studies were based on photographic overlays in which the images are morphed together. Factors like youthfulness, similarity and symmetry are also considered when attractiveness is concerned.
There is a possibility of beauty not being in the eyes of the beholder. Beauty can be less arbitrarily considered as a cultural whims’ slave. Views on attractiveness do not vary across many races hence ...

In addition to the fact that Tiebout's assumptions are unrealistic, as mentioned before, even with these assumptions he did not provide a mathematical proof of the equilibrium in his article. Some scholars tried to formalize the model and suggest that the model does not work as we would expect from a pareto optimal general equilibrium model. Bewley (1981) showed that Tiebout equilibrium does not have a Pareto optimal solution unless we add some other restrictive assumptions to the model. He provided a series of examples which highlights the inefficiency of Tiebout model. Moreover, as the reviewed literature shows, relaxing Tiebout’s assumption does ...

Acknowledgement

Chapter 1
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Statement of Purpose
Research Questions
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms:
Chapter 11
History of pay inequality
Chapter 111
Laws
Chapter 1V
Women in leadership roles
Chapter V
Research Methodology
Conclusion

Bibliography

Abstract
Gender Differences as a Predictor of Salaries in Leadership Roles.
Salaries have increased drastically in the past 50 years but still there is a salary disparity between men and women. In today’s workplace, leadership roles are very competitive. Applicants must have many qualifications to be considered for leadership positions. Workforce found that women needed a Ph.D. to equal the ...

The aim of this paper is to critically assess the research studies, formulate the hypothesis as well as the research methodology concerning the false memories.
Benjamin, A.S. (2001) in the article ‘On the dual effects of repetition on false recognition’ presented findings of the impact of study list repetition on false recognition using two factor including aging and time pressure. The experiment reveals dual bases for the decision regarding recognition of words including semantic similarity and decision criteria. Both were affected due to time constraints and old age of participants.
The article named “How are false memory ...

The present description is concerned with critiquing an article entitled “Psychological distress and delusional memories after critical care: a literature review” The problem of the study is that there is a limited data with regard to the existence of a psychological distress known as delusional memories ,experienced by individuals who have been admitted in intensive care unit (ICU). The main purpose of the article was to perform to perform a literature review in order to find out and build the available empirical evidence with regard to the psychological distress linked with delusional memories in adult critically ill individuals following an ICU discharge. The ...

Introduction

There have been cases of corporate scandals in the recent past including the Enron, Tyco, WorldCom, and Global Crossing to name a few. These scandals fueled concerns regarding the financial reporting standards not only in the USA but also in economies where the financial markets tumbled as a consequence of the news of such scandals becoming public. These scandals arose because of weaknesses in internal controls and lack of independence by external auditors. For instance in the Enron, case, the external audit firm known as Arthur Andersen was criticized for lack of independence both in fact and appearance. The ...

A Socio-Linguistic Study

Literature Review
A Socio-Linguistic Study

Abstract

The enduring widespread political and public engagements in the Arab world have actually empowered many segments of the public in those regions. The debate on the impact of social media on various aspects of the Arab world as well as globally continues among the Arab policy makers. The incessant strong progress, acceptance and diversity of the usage of social media platforms across the entire Arab world in the recent years, specifically in 2012points to the fact that many well-known movements like the Arab Spring and extensive social media usage are sweeping the Arab world. ...

Introduction

Love resembles a vortex that charms us to its depth. People fall in love and none is forced to do so. Different people have different life experiences that they can testify to one another. The experiences can either be painful or sweet in memories. The truth is that once you are in love with a person and you happen to break up, the affection will remain in your heart for sometime ready to be replenished at any moment. Once the pain is gone you may find yourself feeling like you need to get back as friends and it is not surprising ...

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Abstract

In 2013, the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (DSM-5) grouped all subcategories of autism-related disorders in one umbrella, and it is called autism spectrum disorder or ASD. Characterized by repetitive behaviors and communication and social skills deficits, many children from all around the world are afflicted with this disorder. Throughout the years since its discovery, researchers and mental health experts have been interested in completely understanding the nature, etiology, and possible treatments for ASD. Through continuous research efforts and studies, several perspectives have been established to explain the causes of ...

Overview

The English Premier League is among the most popular football leagues in Europe and across the world. Different teams in the Premier League have many fans in England and across the world. In addition to the attractive football, the other element that is characteristic of English football is the high turnover of managers. Despite the cost associated with dismissing managers before the completion of the term, teams in the English Premier League have a history of dismissing managers for various reasons despite the cost implications. For instance, Liverpool Football Club had to part with six million pounds sterling to ...

Visitors’ Perception on Westminster London as a Sustainable, Responsible, and Environmental Friendly Destination

Referencesp.41
List of Figures
Figure 1. Findings from the questionnaires
Figure 2. Finding for three sections of sustainability, responsibility and environmental friendliness
Figure 1.1. Sustainability
Figure 1.2. Responsibility
Figure 1.3. Environmental friendliness
Abstract
Sustainable tourism is one of the rising trends in the tourism industry. More and more stakeholder groups are starting to realize the importance of their assets. One of the best ways to preserve tourist destinations (i.e. the assets) is to promote sustainable, responsible, and environmental friendly tourism management. Unfortunately, engaging in those kinds of practices and operations can be costly. Most tourism industry firms are still ...

I. Title
At a word count of 17 words, the title is rather long for an average title length. Moreover, it skipped on important information that will let the readers know the jurisdictional or geographical limit of the study by not mentioning “North Carolina” in the main title. However, it does encapsulate the main variable (“brain health knowledge”) and the principal aim “establish baseline information” and rationale (“interventions to promote adaptation and successful aging”) of the study. Although, the part of the rationale (“promote adaptation and successful aging”) provides a clear declaration of the content of the study, it increased ...

Introduction

The physiological and emotional impacts of stress have been widely discussed in the fields of social and health psychology. It is no longer a secret that exposure to stress carries a bevy of physiological and psychological detriments, yet the existing research on the best ways to mitigate the detrimental effects of stress is not as conclusive. While stress is frequently studied, the wide variety of operational definitions of stress, as well as the wide variety of stressors in existence make it difficult to create conclusive research. While there is no “one size fits all” approach to stress mitigation, there are some ...

The pivotal role that research plays in healthcare delivery cannot be understated. In this regard, it is apposite that health care professionals are equipped with knowledge of how to scrutinize research articles in a bid to ensure that researches are done accurately and properly. This statement emphasizes the need for decently carried out researches; a decency that can only be ascertained if information presented by researchers after carrying our researches are carefully critiqued. The paper presents a critique of an article by Eley, Eley, and Roger-Clark (n.d) through careful analysis of the sections of the article

Title of article

The essence of a research paper ...

Background and Significance of the Problem

Over the last two decades, lifestyle related illnesses have become a problematic issue for the healthcare sector. The calls for primary prevention mechanisms have achieved remarkable progress in minimizing the incidences. However, with an increasing population and the strain on the available resources to support health living, the prevalence rates have remained stagnant. Diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses that has been diagnosed substantially within the healthcare facilities (Chan & Woo, 2010). However, the emphasis on people to assume proactive roles in the management of health has also taken a significant stride (U.S. National Library of Medicine, ...

INSTAGRAM

Introduction
Communication is a vital part of every human being. For there to be any form of communication, established ways and mechanisms are is required .Language is one of the mechanism through which people pass messages. People create new words in order to satisfy their need of expression which comes as; thoughts, feelings, ideas among others. This paper examines language and communication with regard to how people communicate with each other with review of how language interacts with culture in the socialization and learning processes. The main focus of the paper is the social media as mode of commutation ...

Abstract

Ginkgo Biloba extract is widely used by older adults as a cognitive enhancer although efficacy studies show inconsistent results. A review was done of three quantitative studies with the hypothesis that once-daily use of Ginkgo Biloba does not help improve the memory of adults aged 50 years or older. One article was a clinical trial on the differences in electrical activity in the brain when Ginkgo Biloba or placebo is used during a working memory test. The second article is also a clinical trial that determined the efficacy of Ginkgo Biloba in reducing cognitive and therefore memory decline in patients with early-stage dementia. ...

The theory of human evolution says that the humanity evolved from primates, or ape, as their ancestors. According to scientific research, all mammals evolved from protomorphic reptiles in the Triassic Period, about 200 - 245 million years ago. When the dinosaurs had undergone extinction during the terminal Cretaceous, the mammals remained as the surviving groups, adapted accordingly in the Tertiary Period. The majority of mammals evolved in this very period, including the Primates, relative to humans.
There are two hypotheses, concerning the origins and evolution of today’s humans, Homo sapiens, both based on the assumption that our ...

Introduction

Multiple researches suggest that dinosaurs are among the most successful groups of animals to have ever lived on earth. Their body physique and adaptability enhanced their survival thereby extending their life longevity. In the course of time, these species evolved into diverse shapes and sizes. As a result, the different types of evolved organisms embraced various modes of living. According to Xu (2006), nearly 150 years after the discovery of the first fossils of the dinosaur, this species was believed be a reptile. In fact, when Richard Owen found the first remains of this organism, the paleontologists used the ...

This assignment question is the issue of the production process, its harmful impact on the environment and ways to reduce this problem through the modernization of production process and the introduction of innovations in this area. The research was made ​​because the problem of the negative impact of the production process in the state of the nowadays environment is very acute and it will require the immediate solutions to decrease the stern impact and to reduce it in the near future. The topicality of this research is that it can help to find strategies to reduce the problem and ...

It is understood in Christian tradition and theology that the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead lies at the heart of Christian practice and theology. The gospel texts are read in Christian tradition as epiphanies while the following texts like Galatians reveal the workings and mechanisms of the early church. This paper explores the history and message of the book of Galatians, paying particular attention to its authorship, its underlying message and its influence in the growth of the early Christian Church and the Christian movement of today.
As Young observes, Jesus did not teach ...

Abstract

This proposal presents a plan for the study of how inter-ethnic conflicts develop in newly decolonized countries around the world. The preliminary literature review shows that these states have volatile constitutions and the poor or non-existent separation of powers causes the country to marginalize its minority ethnic groups. This leads to failed policies on integration and the homogeneity of the military. The poor and unresponsive intervention of the Executive arm of government in a bad situation causes minorities to pick up arms and seek their right.
This paper proposes that the findings of the preliminary literature review be tested on ...

Abstract

Business environment is increasingly changing pushing firms to adapt strategies that seek to enhance not only their competiveness but also sustainability. One such strategy is the M&A that is becoming a crucial tool for growing in both local and international markets. In that respect, this literature review sought to identify the reasons for M&A, their advantages as well as disadvantages. To achieve the objective, the review used past studies and researches on the subject seeking various authors’ views on the reasons, benefits and disadvantages. In the review, it has been identified that M&As have various benefits for all participating firms. ...

‘Marijuana Legalization: What Everyone Needs to Know’ is a well written book that discusses on use of marijuana. The Authors Jonathan P. Caulkins, Mark A.R. Kleiman and Angela Hawken probes a much debated issue whether marijuana should be legalized or not (Caulkins et al., 2012). These authors present a detailed survey report wherein more than half of American population suggests that use of marijuana should be legalized. These authors also take a view about national as well as international opinion on the use of marijuana. Currently marijuana is not permitted in several countries and its use is banned in almost every country across ...

Introduction

Texting is the act of crafting instant messages and short messages on mobile phones using abbreviations and other techniques. The standard body of rules in the English language, i.e. English grammar, and the usual word spellings are not always followed in texting. Texting has spread so widely throughout the world that it is now even being regarded as an emergent language some believe deserves to be registered in its own right. This is largely because of the widespread of Internet-based instant messaging (IM) and mobile phones.
For numerous years, parents have blamed texting for several ills, such as ...

Discussion and Comparison of Laparoscopic and Open Surgical Inguinal Hernia Repair in Adults.

Abstract
There is an ever increasing number of hernia repair surgeries required likely due to decreasing levels of physical activity amongst young adults and concurrent muscle wastage in the abdomen. Time off from work, staffing issues at hospitals, and cost of hospital bed space are some of the issues associated with the high cost of open surgical methods. Wound infection, decreased mobility, and recurrence of the hernia are problems associated with all surgeries. The last thirty years has seen the advent of laparoscopy and minimally invasive techniques of surgical repair. These methods offer the promises of decreased surgical ...

ABSTRACT.

Poverty is in its own a culture and a socio-economic class, which traps individuals in a vicious cycle that are hard to break. Education plays a crucial role in breaking this cycle, but under normal circumstances achieving while faced with this calamity is a challenge. Teachers working with students from low economic backgrounds face the consequences of the culture of poverty, which goes to the extent of failing their state tests. Working with such students needs an understanding of poverty, and what they can do to address their literacy needs. This study provides a review on education achievements and poverty in order to examine the ...

Qualitative Research Critique

Discussion
Article Citation
(Place in the column to right and include in your reference list for this assignment. This is APA related, so no points are assigned, but can be lost for this.)
Burkhart, P. V., Rayens, M. K., &Oakley, M. G. (2012). Effect of Peak Flow Monitoring on Child Asthma Quality of Life. Journal Of Pediatric Nursing, 27(1), 18-25.

Introductory Materials: number each question below separately in your answers to the right.

1. Introduction to problem
2. Research problems/hypotheses
3. Significance of the problem
4. Theoretical concept/framework
5. Literature review
1. Did the researcher(s) introduce the problem and how was it ...

Results & Discussions Lin Critique Part 3

When percentages are reported, are the underlying numbers of cases also reported?
This is article focuses on the use of Forgiveness Therapy (FT) to control anger and resentment as well as depression and anxiety among alcoholic and other substance abuse patients who have been attacked by different people (Enright & Fitzgibbons, 2000). The study is carefully designed as it gives accurate percentages and figures. All the underlying number of cases are reported before giving any percentages. As a matter of fact, the percentages are derived from the reported cases. In the FT study conducted, the percentages of those who went ...

Chapter 2: Literature review

Introduction
This chapter presents the literature review appraisal that exists and is linked to work contentment and inspiration subjects and how these issues are closely related to industrial performance. The chapter discusses the concept of motivation, job satisfaction, and project management and employee satisfaction. Organizational performance as well as its continuity largely depends on critical assets, employees and the managers' capabilities to create and sustain motivating environments of the employees and other human assets. The primary challenge that managers are faced with today is keeping their human capital such as the employees satisfied and motivated. Therefore, all managers must ...

The article, “The Effect of Training and Development on Employee Attitude as it Relates to Training and Work Proficiency” by Debra L. Truitt looks into the impact that development efforts directed towards workers have to organizations. The study is built on the realization that an informational gap exists in the concept of employee development in small and mid-sized companies (Truitt, 2011). The study seeks to find out whether there is a relationship between employee training and the development of positive attitudes to training and proficiency in a given job.
The study takes an experimental approach since it involves the ...

Article Review

Article Review

Graphical analysis provides a visual presentation of data (Terpening, 2011). The authors use boxplot for the graphical analysis. Box plots are used to show differences in the means as well as the dispersion for different groups (Rubin, 2012). In the study, the boxplots show the concentration of various mineral across the different location as well as the dispersion of the concentration for each group. The important features are the dispersion measures and central tendency measures. Dispersion is shown by range while the central tendency is shown by mean (Jackson, 2012). The graphs clearly show the means and ...

Explication of a Central Passage

“But whereas Seth sets up a hypothesis about both the content of the text and its source [] and reads on to confirm his hypothesis, Kara’s reading proceeds as a series of content paraphrases []. She continues to interpret the text a chunk at a time, paraphrasing linearly with little attempt to integrate or connect the parts. She reacts positively to the text [] and, despite her initial confusion with ‘glibness,’ she seems satisfied with her simple reading []” (Haas & Flower 128).
In this passage, one can see the author establishing differences between the ways that people read the text in question. ...

The natural selection theory is also referred to as the Darwinian Theory and is found in his book the Origin of Species which was published for the first time in 1859 . The Darwinian Theory has always been considered controversial due to the lack of background material to offer inheritance. Darwin makes the theory based on his personal observations of the fauna and the flora. Darwin’s ideas tend to focus on the end product and not on the process that leads to the existence of the end product. The theory was first introduced by Darwin in the 1850’s ...

Persistent intimidation of others through strength or influence is an age-old social phenomenon, but school bullying has reached disturbing heights in recent years. Negative repercussions of decreased self-worth, depression, loss of concentration, and other serious emotional and mental issues may result from the practices (Chapell et al.). As a reaction to the seriousness of the situation, there are 43 states in America with legislation addressing various forms of bullying (Kueny and Zirkel 23). Educators at all levels have a responsibility to be aware of the signs of different types of bullying in order to take steps to offer remedies. ...

Introduction

This literature seeks to explore the correlation between class issues and schooling based on an Australian model of study. Most of the authors in this review agree that there is a correlation between class issues and the way schools are perceived and operated. The rise of neoliberalism has led way to an induction of creating a greater divide between the haves and have nots. Australian schools have shifted from the dynamics of the 1970s and 1980’s where the idea of a more balanced school system was part of educational reform. However, as of 2009 this has shifted and ...

Method Description

A quasi-experimental research design will be employed. The nature of the treatment variable (gender) cannot be manipulated by the researcher. However, from the nature of the study, we can deduce a naturally occurring control group (adult-sibling pairs with different gender) and a treatment group (adult-sibling pairs with the same gender). Therefore, a non-equivalent posttest cross-sectional design will be used.
A survey method will be implemented by the use of a questionnaire. Data will be collected using a questionnaire because it is time-saving as the data collection will go on concurrently. It is also cheaper than conducting interviews both in ...

Literature Review: The Impact of Globalization on Organizational Development and Change.

For the purpose of this literature review, the following Problem Statement will be deliberated upon: What is the Impact of Globalization on organizational development and change?
In this regard, two sub-problems and their respective hypotheses have been identified. An examination of related resources has brought to light a number of theoretical perspectives and research findings which have been evaluated, described and synthesized hereunder.

HYPOTHESIS 1: Better relations between countries.
The effects of globalization on the world been the subject of innumerable studies, quantitative as well as qualitative and while earlier academic discourse focused on its political ramifications, recent studies ...

Young individuals experience a couple of changes that affect their behaviors and the way they interact with other people around them. During their adolescent period over 20% of young individuals experience depression disorders, which ends up influencing their mood, makes them pull away from joyful activities that individuals their age should engage in and have a negative attitude towards other people, events, and objects. According to Milne and Lancaster (2001), depression hails from various things such as failure of individuals to distinguish themselves from other people, distrustful relationships, and lack of proper parental care among others. This paper explains ...

Literature Review

Forensic accounting is currently being applied to tackle issues of fraud in the entire world. Various empirical studies have been performed on the use of forensic accounting methods in fraud investigation. For instance, Dube, Njanke and Mashayanye (2009) in their study regarding the effectiveness of forensic auditing in preventing, detecting and investigating bank frauds, wanted to establish the extent to which the forensic auditors can fulfill their mandate using the forensic accounting techniques. Their study used personal interviews, questionnaires and document review as the data collection instruments. Applying a sample of twenty forensic auditors from ten commercial banks, three ...

Abstract

Speech impediment is among the many disabilities that affect performance of children in the United States. The verbal communication of individuals is interfered with thereby implying that the impaired fail to communicate effectively with their teachers, fellow students as well as their close relatives. The result is a drop in the school performance if they are not subjected to the proper treatments which makes them improve their situation. This means that with proper interventions, they are able to significantly acquire higher scores in subjects such as English and Mathematics that are among the core fields in testing students’ competence. ...

Q1: For the chi-square test, independent t-test, ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, and correlation, describe the inferential statistics and what levels of measurement are needed.

Chi-square test: This inferential statistic can be used both as a baseline measure in determining the success of the randomization procedure in the sample assignment and in analyzing the sample attrition level during the study implementation between the baseline point and the study endpoint, which, in the Jemmott, Jemmott, and Fong (1998) study, experienced a small (below 10%) attrition over the period of 3 to 12 months. The level of measurement for the independent and dependent ...

Introduction

Every year, new records on different sports are broken by athletes. That is, they set new records on the previous limits of human performance in their respective sports. For example, a previous lap record in a sprint may easily get broken by another individual who can simply run faster and complete the same lap in a significantly shorter length of time. This is, in fact, one of the reasons why most people and experts in the field of sports ask if there is ever a limit to human performance. Some would answer yes and some would answer the opposite.
This also raises ...

Part – 1 (Assignment Worksheet Quantitative)

The title of the quantitative research study systematically attempts to explore the variables determining the performance of nursing students in NCLEX-PN licensure examination. The study variables including the test scores of nurses, their theory grades, nursing education, selective admission practices, cumulative GPA (grade point average), SAT/ACT/NLN scores and grades obtained in pre-nursing courses prove to be the preliminary factors in determining the success of nurses in NCLEX - PN examination. The evidence based research literature contends the significance of previous academic performance and examination preparation of nurses on their prospective performance in various professional evaluations (McKenzie, 2008, p. 30). ...

The Role of the Teacher in Fostering a Positive Impact through Warm Demanding versus the Academic Performance of Students in Public School Setting: A Correlational Study
This part of the research is a review of literature and related studies on the role of the teachers in using warm demanding or not and how it influences the academic performance of public school students. Warm demandingness is not just about caring to students, but also include insisting them to meet expected and actual academic standards of learning. In view of the previous literature on the subject, many authors (e.g., Holland, 2012; Sullivan, ...

Thesis statement

Learning various languages expands the boundaries for people and provides the different opportunities to cross-cultural dialogue, business development and employment. About 60% of the World population speak more than one language. Acquiring correct and intellible pronunciation, according to general observation, is one of the hardest tasks for all language learners.
Most of the additional language learners develop an accent, that allows other people to distinguish non-native speaker and to make suggestions about her origin and native language. Presence of an accent commonly does not change intelligibility of the speech (perceived phonological constancy, Mulak et al., 2013), that is ...

Summary

An academic area of examination may be deduced to exist when a logical body of knowledge is built to define topic of inquiry. Acknowledged levels come to be used to certify and train specialists; full-time job opportunities become obtainable in university research and teaching; learned societies are established to promote study and dialogue; and publishing sites become available to aid disseminate new ideologies and analysis. In a nutshell, an institutionalized system of scholars comes into being, a distinct study community with its own limitations, rewards.
The International political economy (IPE) is less than 50 years old since its inception. According to ...

Death is the expression of life. It has a double sense and a double meaning in Shakespeare’s “Hamlet”. The funeral ceremony, mourning, revenging, talking with ghosts or committing suicidal acts represent passages in the circularity of life, based on various cultural or religious beliefs.
The Christian tradition implies a funeral ceremony for the dead people. Hamlet’s father did not benefit of such a ceremony after he was murdered by his brother, Claudius, who later took his throne and his wife. Nevertheless, prince Hamlet is permanently mourning him through his acts, through his perceived madness, illusory estate, and mixed thoughts: revenging ...

Discrepancy Index and treatment time

Introduction
During the past many decades, considerable efforts have been made to develop reliable and standardized measurement tools in orthodontics. Quantitative indices like the peer assessment rating (PAR) and the objective grading system (OGS) have been successfully used so far to assess outcomes of an orthodontic treatment, but these are limited to occlusal aspects only (Cangialosi, 2004).

ABO’s DI

The American Board of Orthodontics’ (ABO’s) main goal is clinical excellence as it aims to deliver high quality orthodontics. With this goal in mind, it has devised a tool, the Discrepancy Index (DI) with an intention of providing an objective evaluation ...

Hodkinson and Macleod argue that there are three important methods of research learning. These two authors divide research learning into four categories. These categories include the use of life history, the conduction of panel surveys, cross-sectional surveys, and the use of the mini-ethnography method. Both Hodkinson and Macleod agree that the learning processes involved in these research methodologies are different. For instance, history requires the theoretical construction of paradigms to shape up the research process. Surveys require the acquisition of ideas and creating a hypothesis to ascertain its correctness. Mini-ethnographies to a large extent require the active participation of the research ...

Nursing

Lack of sleep can affect performance in the paramedics industry (Taheri et.al, 2004). As such, techniques to reduce the impact of this irregularity ought to be developed. Clients’ lives become at risk when functions cannot be executed efficiently due to lack of sleep. This literature review explains the importance/significance of the lack of sleep; describes current state of knowledge available on the issue; offers a critical appraisal of key papers; submits a theoretical or conceptual frame that is useful to guide data collection and/or interpret findings and identifies gaps in current knowledge leading logically to the research question and hypotheses.

Importance/significance of the lack of sleep

Lesley ...