Exposure Term Papers Samples For Students

Introduction

Pesticides are substances or a mixture of substances whose main aim is to destroy, repel, prevent or inhibit the action of any pest. A pest is any form of an insect, plant pathogens, weeds, birds, mollusks, nematodes (worms), and microbes that destroy human foods while in the field, during transportation or in stores. In addition, a pest can destroy other human properties apart from food or help spread harmful diseases. Pesticides are classified into five categories: a chemical substance, a biological agent, disinfectant, antimicrobial and a device. Since pesticides find use in both our homes and in farms, they have the potential of causing ...

Formaldehyde

Chemical Concerns
According to the National Cancer Institute website, formaldehyde is a colorless, strong-smelling chemical compound used to manufacture building materials and other household products. Exposure of humans to formaldehyde levels exceeding 0.1 ppm may lead to short-term effects such as skin irritation, respiratory problems, nausea, wheezing, and inflammation of the mucus membrane. Formaldehyde is a probable carcinogen and long prolonged exposure to the chemical can lead to certain types of cancer.

Route to Exposure

In most cases, people expose themselves to formaldehyde when using volatile organic compounds such as paints, pesticides, and building materials. When using these products, they emit organic compounds. ...

Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States. CDC has categorized skin cancer as an epidemic (CDC, 2013). It has been reported that more than a million cases are reported each year in the US, with approximately 120,000 cases of melanoma, the deadliest among all forms of skin cancer. The incidence of skin cancer has shown to be rising most rapidly in young adults between the ages of 18-29. It has been hypothesized that this increase in the incidence of skin cancer is due to change in behavior of young adults, including, exposure to ...

The world’s petroleum and oil supply are being depleted at a rapid rate, which has necessitated the need to utilize alternate sources of energy. In 2001, unconventional source of energy contributed to only 1% of the energy needs of the US (Martin, 2015). By 2035, 46% of the energy required by the US is estimated to be provided by alternate sources of energy (Adgate, Goldstein & McKenzie, 2014). Apart from being an alternate source of energy, unconventional energy source such as natural gas extracted from shale beds are one of the cleanest sources of energy (Martin, 2015). One of ...

Ethical behaviors of Syngenta

This report aims at revealing the unethical business practices of Syngenta, the world largest agrochemical corporation. It provides a detailed background of the ethical violation by the company, the ethical concepts that were violated in the agrochemical industry, and gives recommendations on what the company could have done to remedy the situation.

Section 1: Background of the ethics violation

Syngenta is the world’s largest producer of pesticides. The Swizz based company is also the third largest producer of seed in the world. It generates more than 75% of its revenue from pesticides. Some of its common agrochemical products that are sold in various countries across the ...

Introduction

There are environmental chemical processes which require light to react. These processes are called photochemical reactions. Photochemical reaction is commonly initiated due to the absorption of solar energy or light. When molecules absorb energy in the form of light, the atoms are converted in a transient excited state (Larson & Weber, 1994). This transition state or excited has completely different physical and chemical properties with the initial state of the molecule. The excited states also have more tendencies to react since they are considered stronger acids and stronger reductants that the initial state of the molecule. The excited state of ...

Introduction

On the quiet morning of August 6, 1945, the United States shocked the world by dropping an atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima, Japan. Hiroshima was a main industrial city with that had a projected population that was somewhere around 400,000 individuals. On a bright day, A B-29 bomber was loaded with the Atomic Bomb and shipped out of the air base at 2:45 a.m. local time and the next thing people knew, an entire city went up in smoke at exactly 8:15 a.m. This essay will examine the atomic bomb and the devastating effect it had on the Japanese ...

Technology is fast changing and growing on a daily basis. Accordingly, children today grow in environments with various forms of technology including television, DVDs, video games, smartphones, and computers, among others. It is irrefutable fact that children from time to time interact with these forms of modern technology creating contention on whether these devices have significant effects on their cognitive development. Accordingly, there is an emerging topic of concern in education and behavioral sciences seeking to understand the effects of using technology on the brain function among children. As such, psychologists, neurologists, sociologists, and educators among other groups of researchers ...

Abstract

Nepal Airlines DHC-6 Twin Otter lost the radio contact during scheduled flight between Pokhara and Jumla in Nepal on 16th February 2014.The aeroplane was discovered on the following day with the crew members and passengers dead with total fatalities of eighteen. Many incidents that took place in the recent past including Caribbean Airlines, Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 2501, and Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 that was indeed mysterious.Accidents in the aviation industry can occur in various forms, but irrespective of the nature of an accident, it is probably caused due to faulty equipment, pilot error, aviation administration, as well as ...

NURS 6052, Section number here, Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice

Month, Day, Year
Indoor tanning nowadays is so trendy and everyone, particularly the Caucasians are really into it. It started in 1980 with an inspiration of Coco-Chanel, the famous designer with deep brown skin. Soon after this, the indoor tanning increases the number of interested people undergo on the procedure all-year-round. It becomes a “$2.6 billion industry” worth with approximately 28 million people are tanning every year. But on the other hand, many cases of indoor tanning exposure have been encountered at emergency department. According to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), there are approximately 30,000 hospital ERs ...

The US Subprime mortgage crisis was a banking and financial emergency situation that led to a recession not only in the US but spread to many parts of the world. The disastrous effects of a crisis in the domestic subprime market on the rest of the world beg questions about the interconnectability and interdependence of the international economy as well as the financial institutions. The international financial crisis also revealed how vulnerable the global financial system was. Not only did the subprime crisis have a direct effect on global markets and countries that held a huge number of US mortgage backed securities and were ...

Hydrogen cyanide, abbreviated AC by military, is an inorganic compound that is colorless and is extremely poisonous liquid. It has a boiling point (26°C) that is slightly more than the room temperature. The molecule of hydrogen cyanide is linear and has a triple bond that joins the carbon atom and nitrogen atom together. Hydrogen cyanide has a weak acidic mature with a pKa of 9.2 and is partially ionizes in a solution of water giving cyanide anion. A hydrogen cyanide solution in water, is referred to as hydrocyanic acid while the hydrogen cyanide salts are referred to as cyanides. Hydrogen cyanide is mainly ...

Today, the United States is faced by a number of medical conditions that have proved costly both financially and socially. These medical conditions, not only affect the physical conditions of patients, they also have vast psychological effects on the society. Most of such diseases are terminal and may not be curable and thus put patients and affected families under psychological strains. One such disease is cancer. Diagnosis of cancer has been known to put the patient and family members under extreme psychological strains. However, clinical psychologist have argued that lack of public information about these conditions aggravate the situation. Proper ...

Introduction and Brief History of Ibrahim

Childhood trauma is a stressful condition experienced by children and adolescents for being exposed to intensively abusive or very painful events that they cannot cope with on their own. The events threaten the child’s physical and emotional health or that of a loved one (Arnold, & Fisch, 2011). Ibrahim, a ten-year-old boy, lives in a subsidized house in Minneapolis with his mother and siblings. The family emigrated from Somalia when Ibrahim was only four years old, and his father regained his Somalia citizenship and went back to Somalia. In a special summer, Ibrahim and his elder siblings attended a ...

Report on internship as a commodity trading advisor

Introduction
In my term as a commodity trading advisor, I have come to the realization that the position involves managing other people’s money and thus each client should be treated as a new business venture. For every client, a commodity trading advisor should ideally write a comprehensive business plan for that client. A business plan for each client serves the important purpose of identifying the strengths and weaknesses that may be present to a given situation, and it serves as an important point of mitigation against potential losses that may arise as a result of weaknesses that are not dealt with on time.
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Abstract

Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of the most fascinating and well-known poems by the famed English poet, becoming one of the bastions of British Romantic literature through its immense lyricism and use of metaphor. The poem deals with themes of the violation of nature, the encroaching threat of the Orient and its strangeness on European culture, as well as the stifling nature of guilt, all contributing to a multi-faceted and pluralistic tale that deals with the breadth of human experience.

Proposal

Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” is one of ...

ABSTRACT

The ECE 111 is one of the courses that students studying ECE at the Oregon State University will first have to encounter. The course is aimed at introducing the students to the available tools in the university; it also introduces and gets us exposed to ECE.
This paper presents the final reflection report for the electrical engineering class ECE 111. It gives my personal reflection and summary of all that was learnt and all the activities that occurred during the class. The class activities mentioned in this paper include the lab activities, guest speakers, programming assignments, summaries and ...

JetBlue Airways Corporation is an American airline which provides low cost, but high quality services by imposing advance technology and effective customer service. The airline was founded in 1998 and is headquartered in Long Island City nearer to New York City (JetBlue Airways).
The fundamental business strategy is cost leadership and differentiation. JetBlue Airways has aggressively cut down the cost without neglecting the quality and comforts that customers want. Company aimed to develop efficient cost structure which supported low fare rates with standard quality services. The fares offered by company are almost 50% lower than other airlines. For ...

Introduction

Most childhood deaths and disabilities are associated with trauma. According to Kossmann & Raghupathi (2012), the United States (U.S.) records about 3000 infant deaths, 50,000 hospitalizations and approximately 700,000 emergency department visits each year. Minor head injuries, also referred to concussion is the trauma-induced alteration of brain functions that might or might not cause loss of consciousness in the affected person. Infants have higher chances of suffering from minor head injuries because they involve in various sporting activities that subject their heads to various types of forces. Head traumas occur mostly among children between the ages of 0 ...

Introduction

Someone can say that s/he has his/her personal freedom when they act in their own freewill and other people accept them as they are without judging them (Kateb, 16). I am a Chinese student currently studying in the United States. Going to the US has helped me to identify my uniqueness and live in multicultural society. My interaction with people from different cultures has enabled me to discover that I am not only a Chinese but I have some uniqueness as an individual. There is a belief that since most Chinese resemble each other physically, there is little uniqueness between them but ...

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Introduction

Loss prevention stands as a strong issue in studies pertaining to security maintenance. It is important to prevent problems involving the disappearance of important articles ranging from computer data to cargo contents to ensure proper transportation of private information. As an added insurance of securing exchange of articles in data and cargo formats, loss prevention is a crucial arena that requires constant improvements. Yet, to help identify the needed improvements, it is important to focus on a particular issue on loss prevention – the involvement of well-meaning factors as intrusions.
This study aims to identify ...

Abstract

A wide range of health conditions are associated with poor health conditions.(Jackson, R. & Kochtitsky, C.2001). These health conditions include but not limited to infections such as respiratory infections, development of Asthma, poisoning, injuries together with mental health. In addressing housing issues is a very good opportunity for the public health practitioner to solve a social health problem in the society. The built environments in which we create as human beings have major influences in the natural environment as well as human health and the economy. (Allen, E, & Iano, J.2008). The body which has really dealt with housing health issues in ...

Comparison and Contrast: Social Control and Social Learning Theories

Introduction
People often think that what motivates criminals to commit crimes is brought about by a need to steal money from others, a mental or drug problem that leads to perpetration of rape or heinous crimes, or even masked fear and anger. Some commit crimes due to repeated exposure to situations that support a negative behavior. Some do it due to inferiority complex in childhood, thus, they strive for superiority in adulthood. There are various other reasons for committing crimes and these can be explained by criminological theories. For the purpose of the presentation, the criminological theories that will be the ...

Way of Avoiding Aging and How It Impacts Death and Dying

Perhaps, the most feared stage in the life of a human being is the aging process for it means that death is approaching. This explains why many a person becomes a victim of propaganda that claims to slow down the aging process. Before discussing the ethics behind anti-aging processes, it is emphatically crucial that the aging process be defined. First, aging refers to a state of continuous decay and growth, both processes beginning from birth and progressing throughout the entire life of a person (Martinez, 2003). Simply put, aging entails a systematic process characterized by psychological and biological processes coupled with other social norms and ...

Sociology is defined as the study of a society scientifically (Browne, 1992). In essence, it entails making use of various empirical methods of investigation and in depth analysis to help develop knowledge concerning the social activities of human beings (Bilton et al., 1987). Majorly, its focal point is the influence of people’s relationships and how developed relationships influence attitudes and behaviors. In Kenya, sociology began in 1961 in the Royal College, presently known as University of Nairobi. At the turn of independence of the country in Kenya, the Royal College was named the University of Nairobi after the country’ ...

Section one: Your experience

For this part of the paper, I want you to reflect on your growth as a musician over the course of the semester. Consider some of your goals from the beginning, and consider the following:
- How do you feel our method of using free sources worked for you as a learning tool? - Considering our readings and class projects, how do some of your opinions about rock differ from when the semester started. If they haven't changed at all, please elaborate as to why.
- Reflecting on your goals for musical growth, how do you or don't you ...

Imaging protocols plays an important role in both patient's management and research purposes. Major imaging systems in medical practice include: radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine (Scintigraphy, PET and SPECT), photo acoustic imaging, breast thermography, tomography and ultrasound. Most of those imaging systems play a significant role in providing a form of non-invasive diagnostic and treatment protocols. This article reviews a type of magnetic resonance imaging known as magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). MRI is a radiological investigative technique for visualizing detailed internal structures. It allows for the production of detailed pictures of internal organs and tissues. Exposing the patient to radio waves in a ...

Abstract

Depression refers to a mental condition that is characterized by several symptoms that include but are not limited to: lethargy, isolation, prolonged periods of sadness, sudden emotional outburst such as crying for no particular reason, bouts of rage, self destructive tendencies such as cutting or biting, anxiety, paranoia, loss of appetite or unusual increase in appetite characterized by binge eating, insomnia and hostility. Recent estimates indicate that 1 out of every 10 individuals in the United States in termed as clinically depressed. The study also found that those likely to e depressed are: persons without any source of income, those ...

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Every year, various types of cancer kill millions of people. The problem of cancer disease is unique because of its complexity and importance to humankind. Cancers affect all segments of the population, causing enormous damage to society. Although malignant tumors are extremely diverse and complex for the perception, the risk factors and mechanisms of development of cancer are well known enough so that it becomes possible not only to heal, but also to engage in cancer prevention. Cancer is the most difficult and dangerous disease, since it can ...

Introduction

Child abuse and maltreatment is a broad term that refers to different types of abuses that children may experience in their environment. Abuses and maltreatment may come in the form of neglect, exposure to violence, physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional abuse. Children are the most vulnerable segment of society when it comes to abuse and neglect. Being unable to protect and care for themselves, some children are subjected to abuses and maltreatment, most often, by family members themselves. The perpetrators of abuse and maltreatment of children may also vary. Aside from parents and siblings, children can also be ...

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness because of its symptoms. Patients who not only hallucinate but also are quite paranoid could inflict harm not only on their own lives and well-being rather; their negative traits could also influence badly on the lives of those close by. Because of the same paranoia, these patients are quite likely to shut themselves out from the rest of the world and to choose social isolation. These situations could be quite problematic for not just the patient rather for the people that surround him/her as well. Considering how many people suffer from the mental ...

Executive Summary

Corporate responsibility is made of three key sectors of corporate action: community involvement, environmental action, and economic growth. Winnipeg transit has an advanced sense of responsibility when it comes to sustainability and environmental action, however it has failed to provide a positive partnership with the community and employees, in order to gain an overall high reflection of corporate responsibility. More specifically, Canada has a growing dedication to the implementation of sustainable technology, and the growth of public transportation as a means of lowering the national carbon footprint. As such, the Government of Canada has provided financial support for the ...

An individual suffering from a panic attack may react to the overpowering anxiety at home, in a car, or in a public place. Sometimes those around him do not even recognize what is happening. A recent posting on Facebook by Amber Smith brought international attention to the social stigma and presentation of a person suffering from panic attacks. The 22-year-old woman submitted photographs of her “normal” self and one taken immediately following an attack; the photos were accompanied by commentary on the way society reacts to her disorder (Appendix A). In an article by Today Healthy Living Newsletter, it ...

Introduction

Stainless steel is an alloy with iron as major part and chromium with at least 11% by weight . Stainless steel industry grew rapidly during the 1989-93 period . This paper analyzes stress corrosion of stainless steel along with prevention measures and selection methods for stainless steel. After carrying out the study, it would be established whether stainless steel is an effective alloy or not for major uses in steel industry through adopting various selection parameters. Stainless steel is called stainless due to the resistance to rusting and corrosion .

Stress-corrosion in Stainless Steel

In order to reduce various occurrences of intergranular stress-corrosion cracking and severe ...

Introduction

Workers' compensation is a state-mandated insurance program providing compensation and medical benefits to employees who have been injured or disabled during the course of work at the place of employment. In exchange for the compensation, the employees need to relinquish their right to sue their employers for negligence or for the damages caused by the injury (CULS, 2014). Workers' compensation laws also provide monetary benefits to the dependents of those workers who have died due to work-related accidents or injuries. Though the workers' compensation programs vary among states and jurisdictions, the common provisions include wage replacement monetary benefits in the ...

The purpose of this paper is to analyze alcohol abuse and its consequences. The reason why it is affecting the community is because it is a legal drug with dire consequences if abused. It is thus readily available among Canadian population. Alcohol statistics are also not widely publicized which further leads to more of its abuse. There is also not much as relates to policy limiting its abuse.
The greatest personal harm is caused by alcohol. This is why I consider it a community health issue. 10% of disease burden is brought about by alcohol as compared to 2% from ...

Use of Video Games among the Youth

Introduction
The exercise of video games has been on the rise with the increased use of computers and the internet. Video games have grown to form one of the most popular entertainment industries in North America. The sale of entertainment software in North America grew by 3.4%. There is a growing concern of the use of video games amongst the youth. Majority of the video game enthusiasts are aged between 6-17 years. The growing use of video games raised concern amongst researchers. There is the concern of the content that video games have on teenagers. Also there is a growing ...

Pain is one of the common health problems that prompt immediate medical attention. Pain, a normal bodily response to negative stimuli, can negatively affect one’s quality of life if treatment is not readily administered or applied (Baliki, Geha, Apkarian, and Chialvo, 2008). Pain, as described by The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), is considered as the unpleasant sensation felt by a patient in the event of potential or actual exposure to any forms of tissue damage (Kyranou and Puntillo, 2012). Pain serves as an automatic withdrawal reflex that signals the occurrence of a potential or actual harm (Kyranou ...

The rapid advance of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) against Iraqi forces represents yet another critical milestone in Iraq’s turbulent recent history. The policy options available to the United States are complicated by the regional dimensions of the conflict and the divergent interests of key players, most notably Iran, Syria, Russia, a loose coalistion of Western countries and Sunni-regimes in the region. While most of the policy options may be framed as a search for the “least bad” policy to address this quagmire, there may be a path worth exploring to transform the situation into a rare opportunity ...

Ethics Violations of PharmaCARE

When viewing the behavior of PharmaCARE in marketing and selling its drug AD23, there are a number of ethical issues that the company is brazenly violating. The first and most brazen violation of marketing ethics was creating a subsidiary (CompCARE) to do the marketing for AD23 in order to circumvent the regulation of the FDA. This is a clear violation of the ethical need to comply with government regulation, which businesses are expected to do. By creating CompCARE and shuffling off the product to them, creating a hasty renovation and shifting of resources, the goal was to prevent the FDA from being able ...

Abstract

No one should have to endure and experience the death of a child, particularly when a child is such an early age. However, there are factors that would tend to redirect the focus of the death of the child to more scientific reasons rather than just mere negligence. True, there are situations that criminal angles are factors in the death of these infants, but whether these were in control of their faculties’ remains to be discussed. The paper seeks to determine the reasons behind “sudden infant death syndrome,” the possible scientific and legal foundations, and when can these be separated from ...

Introduction

In the recent years, there has been a heated debate on the position and role of women in development in Saudi Arabia. There has been a lot of controversy surrounding the issue of women rights in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This is due to the cultural background and the social attitudes towards the role of women in the development of the society. The current position of women and the rise of successful women in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia can be attributed to social events that have occurred in the kingdom for the last century (Altorki 55-85). The study of ...

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Introduction

Cosmetic products are commercial beauty products manufactured and marketed for the use of improving the appearance of an individual. They can be used to enhance the skin colour, the odour of a person, the lustre and hair. These products include makeup powders, hair creams and gels. Most commercial cosmetic products are synthetic. However, some are naturally sourced. They are meant to improve the appearance of a person without having any effect or interference to the normal basic bodily functions. However, rather than being beneficial to the users, cosmetic products have been found to have serious disadvantages to those who use ...

Introduction

Aging is broadly defined as a decrease in the ability to survive. Aged people have less ability to perform strenuous physical activities and show the deteriorating condition of the organs and increased susceptibility to the diseases. Life expectancy is defined as the average length of the life of the individuals in a population. In developed countries, the life expectancy has increased due to the availability of modern medicines, public health care, nutrition and housing.

Aging of cells, tissues, organs and systems

Aging affects cells, tissues, organs and the system in different ways. The efficiency of the cellular functions decreases and the shape of the cell organelles like nuclei ...

The rapid advance of technology has been amazing in so many ways; communication with people around the globe has never been as easy as it is today. Both computers and mobile phones allow people all over the world to be just a click away from real communication. Lately, social networking has become a huge trend in today’s society, since it is the fastest and effortless way to meet new people who may share similar ideas and it allows us to stay in touch with old friends and relatives that live far away. Moreover, there are still concerns about the way ...

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Poverty in Canada is attributable to several economic and political factors of the nation. Since Canada is among the largest economies in the world, its growth and development ushered in an era of continuous economic reform and social welfare triggered by public policies. In that case, it is noteworthy to state that Canada is a nation that has gone through a series of progresses and recessions , with both having deep roots on economic and political underpinnings (Raphael, 2011).
Throughout the history of Canada, providing welfare to the poor has ...

- List one contribution and one criticism of cognitive theories of development.
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has been recognized for its contribution in developing scientific study in psychology. Its contribution is significant in linking cognitive changes with the aggregate neural and visceral changes in the body with the resulting emergence of the psychophysiological development approach in the study of psychology. However, the theory is also criticized owing to its lack of scientific approach to its theory development involving the issues on using small samples for its tests and the absence of using statistical figure analysis in ...

The following paper describes the health care issues faced by the community of Greeley, Colorado. The city a part of the Weld County is home to many health care problems which require immediate attention from the government. The paper also acknowledges some steps that can help promote better health care in the city of Greeley.

Introduction- Geography and Demographics

Colorado, one of the US states is the 22nd most populated state of the US. Colorado essentially covers the Southern Rocky Mountains, the Great Plains in the west and the Colorado Plateau. The total land area of this state is 104,247 Sq mi. with ...

Mental disorders are a common illness in the society. Scholars and medical practitioners have taken time and effort in attempting to understand the causes and treatment methods for these conditions. However, since the biological processes that leads to mental illnesses are quite difficult to understand, several hypotheses have developed to assist studies. Genetics and other environmental factors have been associated with numerous mental disorders. This paper first evaluates the issues of mental disorder such as depression and provides review into the genetics involved. Then the paper reviews studies into twin cases, association and neurodevelopment disorders. The research will then argue ...

Over the previous three decades, the rate of sexual promiscuity among school going children and youth in the United States has risen considerably, with upwards of 3 million cases of sexually Transmitted Diseases among teenagers. These are coupled with the fact that there were upwards of 1 million pregnancies every year. The pregnancy and STD rates point to an even more worrying prospect, HIV and Aids. HIV infections are the fifth leading cause of deaths among teens and young adults (ages 15 to 24). The youth at in these age brackets are undeniably sexually active, but with the increased ...

Introduction

In the current investment industry, real estate is considered as one of the most viable investment. Real estate investment offers a lot of benefits to the investor and is considered to have a very bright future.
Basically, real estate is defined as “any interest on land”. The interest can either be a leasehold interest or an ownership interest. In the case of ownership interest, the owner or investor has full land ownership rights and, at the same time, assumes the responsibilities and risks associated with the ownership. The ownership rights include the legal use and transfer of title of the land ...

Introduction

Unstable nuclei give rise to radioactive isotopes. Although there is a general belief that these isotopes are because of human activities quite a number occur naturally. Most of the radiations that we receive on earth have natural sources. The cosmic rays originate from space and other radioactive isotopes and we expose ourselves to daily. The most significant aspects of these radiations are their ability to transmit energy in terms of waves. The various forms of radiations include the visible light, radio waves and microwaves, which do not have to carry with them enough energy to ionize. Ionizing radiations are the ones, ...