Radiation College Essays Samples For Students

Radiologists and the complementary professionals and para-professionals face unique risks while at the work place. Exposure to ionizing radiation induces nuclear changes in cells that may cumulatively lead to cancer. In the case of the patient, the exposure to radiation is necessary in order to establish diagnosis or treatment and the benefits should outweigh the potential harm. For the staff on the other hand exposure to increased levels of exposure is hazardous and undesirable. Shielding is used to avoid accidental exposure to radiation, as well as careful obedience to the laws of physics. The effects of radiation lessen as ...

This paper limits itself to the discussion of Radiation Therapy and its application in the medical field. It highlights the meaning of Radiation Therapy, its types, the treatment process, and the side effects. Furthermore, it examines the current and future trends in Radiation Therapy in addition to evaluating the sustainability of pursuing a career and related opportunities in RT. Finally yet important, it concludes that radiation therapy and associated technologies is a fundamental application in the medical field such that its absence will mean continuous spread of cancerous cells.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation Therapy is a cancer treatment procedure, which involves the using high radiation ...

Most equipment used in healthcare centers produce harmful radiations affecting many medical staffs. A quality designed textile could assist in blocking these radiations from entering our body and causing harms (Akopian et al 1999). The current lead aprons available in the market have shown many problems. In some instances, workers complain of back pains due to the weight of these garments. In addition, the lead aprons used today have low level protection exposing workers to most radiations and have proven insufficient in providing the necessary protection exposing healthcare staff to radiation risks (United States Department for Labor 2003; Allianz ...

Cell phone use has effects and impacts in the long run when health and risks are concerned. Studies have shown that there are effects that are associated with the use of cell phones. There is some amount of electromagnetic radiations that are emitted by all cell phones. This is a point of concern with the way in which mobile phones are used with a close proximity to the head while they are being used. The main point of contention is the amount of radiation that can be considered to be safe and that one which can be considered to be harmful ...

Ultraviolet light (UV light) is a type of electromagnetic radiation that is located between visible light and X-rays in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is invisible to the human eye, and has a frequency greater than that of visible light but lesser than X-rays. It has a wavelength ranging from about 10 nm to 400 nm (ISO, 2007). UV light is a part of the radiation that comes from the sun. It can also be produced artificially by electric arcs, black lights, tanning lamps and mercury vapor lamps. The name Ultraviolet literally translates to “beyond violet”, as it has a ...

Radiation exposure limits is the amount of ionizing radiation stipulated by legislation in which an individual may be exposed according to accepted values by the scientific agencies (ENS 4). There are stipulated amounts of exposure that are set for different types of persons. The exposure limit should be reduced in order to reduce the prevalence of medical effects on humans.
There are two types of exposure that need to be reduced in order to guarantee health. The problem with exposure is that in a way, it tends to interact with the human physiological makeup. The two types of exposures ...

- Normal issues and Organ at Risk Due to Irradiation
The radiation effects in human are due to the deposition of energy in the human body. Not all the tissues are exposed to the radiation effect. Only few of the tissues are exposed to the radiation effect. The radiation therapy is used for the medical treatment. A high dose of radiation will result in damage of sensitive tissue, even, it may result in death. A high dose of radiation results in the death of cells. All the cells are not equal to the radiation sensitivity. Only the sensitive ...

Question 1

PCBs
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are chlorinated hydrocarbons with two phenyl rings. They are stable, resistant to fire and possess good insulating properties. Hence, they were used widely before their ban in 1979, in transformers, capacitors, hydraulic machine lubricants, and oil based paints, adhesives, sealants, insulating and caulking material as well as in light ballasts. (US Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA], 2013). EH&S as well as FS personnel would have to handle PCBs when they indulge in building demolition, renovation, decontamination activities or in case of emergencies such as fire and explosion. PCBs present in electrical and building materials pose a ...

Nature She pardons no mistakes. Her yea is yea, and her nay, nay. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
Throughout the life and whole cycle of biological development, an individual is exposed to ionizing radiations both natural and manmade. However, the mankind discovered this fact just a little over one century ago, when in 1895 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen revealed the X-rays and right after that their side effects, like skin burns, lesions, and finally cancer, were discovered. Provided that it took several decades until and after the World War II to unravel and control the radiation effects based on the studies ...

The ALARA principle is used in industrial radiography to protect workers during the testing of weld seams in a tank or pipeline.
(ALARA) or “as low as reasonably achievable” is a phrase used in the United States to denote minimization of exposure to radiation. Workers exposed to radiation can maintain their radiation doses ALARA by reducing the time spent near sources of radiation, increasing their distance from radiation sources and establishing a shielding mechanism between them and radiation sources.
A great way of achieving ALARA is to half the exposure time to radiation as this would reduce the radiation ...

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Abstract

This paper reviews the effects of effects of breast cancer at a later stage among women living in the United States of America and its relation to factors such as ethnicity, race, geographic location, and availability of insurance, access to medical test facilities, and course of treatments, lifestyle and socio-economic factors and so on. A special focus has been laid on the racial and ethnic discrimination among women affected with breast cancer in regards to the surgical treatments being offered in health facilities in the United States of America. Many authors ...

Supporters of the amendment claim that nuclear energy serves an important role in the energy mix because it helps in meeting the future generation’s energy demands. Proponents of the policy’s amendment claim that nuclear power provides clean energy because using nuclear energy does not destroy the ozone layer through emission of greenhouse gasses. Those who support amending the policy claim that nuclear power provides a solution to sustainable energy because producers can achieve continuous production of nuclear energy.
Opponents believe that the nuclear power has dangerous effects on human beings because the process of producing energy involves ...

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The Sun has been with us for 4 billion years, and is the nearest star to the Earth. The Sun is comprised of about 74% of hydrogen, 25% of helium, and 1% of other elements. The surface of the Sun has a temperature of about 5800 K. The core of the Sun has a temperature ranging from 10 – 15 million Kelvin. This temperature range is high enough to activate nuclear fusion within the Sun. Here, four protons will fuse together to obtain a helium nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons via a proton-proton chain. The core of the ...

What is sunlight?

The sun provides tirelessly every square meter of the earth's surface, which it attacks, with an average of about 1370 watts of power (in the form of electromagnetic radiation). We say that the sun burns, but actually it does not. Instead, the sun is a giant nuclear reactor (Layton & Freudenrich, 2000). This solar energy is called the solar constant, since it does not change, except for minor fluctuations. Solar energy is sent in the form of light waves. Light is an electromagnetic wave. The frequency of light - or how fast the waves vibrate - determines the differences in color. ...

Healthcare workers are exposed to a lot of radiations coming from the sun and artificial sources. These radiations cause many health problems to the affected individuals and their generations. The magnitude of the skin to resist some radiations depends on the climatological factors and personal sensitivity to Ultra Violet Rays (UVR). Ultraviolet Rays are the most dangerous in the electromagnetic spectrum and the wavelength bands. This project describes the tests and methods necessary for establishing a radiation protection program on the skin using fabrics. The utilization of intelligent medical textiles in the healthcare centers has a enormous potential of changing the healthcare ...

The treatment, diagnosis and radioactivity for imaging can be conducted using nuclear medicine that is a particular area of contemporary medicine. The small quantities of the radioactive substance are injected into the body by means of a number of techniques of imaging. The injected substance can then be traced using some sensing device specifically for the kind of radiation released from the substance. In cases where the diseased tissues go beyond normal surgical methods, the radiation is applied to get rid of dead tissues (Christian & Waterstram, 2013).
There are different kinds of radiation used in the field of medicine. Most ...

Today practically the whole humanity, including researchers, physicists and specialists are worried with cell telephone impacts on our health. As a matter of first importance, it is because of the day by day, also, a hourly increment in the quantity of phone users in a geometric progression, and the over the top development in the quantity of base stations, which are an immediate wellspring of radiation.
We cannot imagine our life without cell phones. It is the best and easiest way to reach you, recipient. Only one click and your message is delivered. You can communicate with your family, ...

Ionization radiation effects on cells and Tissues

Overview
Radiation refers to a method by which energy is transmitted through space. Radiation is caused by electromagnetic waves, with the position of the electronic wave in the electronic spectrum determined by its frequency. The high frequency waves are referred to as the ionizing radiation since they have massive energy to dislocate an electron from its position around a nucleus (Medalia, 2011). The radiation effects on human cells goes through extremely complicated stages. When the human body is subjected to ionizing radiation, there will be ionization of large molecules such as proteins. This may in turn alter the molecular ...

Introduction

Objective
The effect of gamma radiation exposure on various biological species is known to vary with the radiation dose. Contrary to earlier theories which predict greater damage with increasing dosage, recent studies have observed a non-linear relationship at relatively low doses (Al-Safadi & Simon, 1996; Bajaj et al., 1970; Mokobia, & Anomohanran, 2005). An experiment to observe this effect on the monocot crop plant Hordeum Vulgare was carried out. Varying doses of 0 Krad, 5Krad, 10 Krad, 25 Krad, 50 Krad, and 100 Krad were used on six batches of seedlings. The aim of this paper is to discuss the methodology ...

Overview

United States has experienced an increase in prevalence and incidence of cancer among its citizens over the last few decades. According to American Cancer Society (2014), cancer refers to a group of diseases that present with uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer emerges due to several factors which include; smoking of tobacco, exposure to chemicals and radiation, hormones, and inherited mutations (American Cancer Society, 2014). Even though there are many causes of cancer, the disease can be prevented. For instance, avoiding smoking and minimizing exposure to chemicals and radiation by observing safety precautions can greatly help reduce chances ...

Abstract:

The principal intention of this study was to come up with the most conducive internal environment in a building. At any given moment, the internal temperature of a building is a function of the amount of heat produced by sources therein and the net heat transfer into or out of the building. The four heat transfer modes are convection, radiation, conduction, and phase- change. In executing this project, the researchers sought the relevant literature to establish the thermal properties of various materials. The properties are critical in determining the amount of heat inflow and exit from the building. The ...

Introduction

Interactions between atmospheric energy and matter and with the surface of the earth play an important role in remote sensing. There is a constant interaction between the surface of the earth, electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere. This interaction determines the spectral areas through which remote sensing can be done (Bucholtz, 1995, 2769). Electromagnetic radiation is propagated via the earth's atmosphere at the speed of light once it has been generated. Since the earth's atmosphere is not a vacuum, it has a different impact on the wavelength, spectral distribution, speed and direction of radiation.

Scattering

One of the results obtained for ...

Introduction: President Truman was faced with a dilemma before he chose to use the atomic bomb to attack the Japanese

Body:
Paragraph1: a description of the atomic bomb. Why were the United States compelled to use it
Conclusion: Japan’s actions of defiance forced President Truman to use the atomic bomb to end the war.
Essay
The debate surrounding the atomic bombings of Japan by the United States on 6 August 1945 at the end of the Second World War is fundamentally based on the legal, moral and military controversies that forced President Truman to sanction the use of nuclear bomb against Japan. On 25 July 1945 President Truman, Winston Churchill the then prime minister of ...

Global warming is the rise in average global temperatures. The rise in global temperatures is occasioned by the emission of greenhouses gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and nitrogen oxides. The gases are released from industrial process that combust fossil fuels such as diesel, coal, and petrol. Such processes include generation of electrical energy in thermal power stations, burning of coal in industrial boilers, and combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines. When these greenhouse gases are emitted, they rise to upper levels of the atmosphere and form a layer that blankets the earth. This layer ...

Abstract

Ozone layer depletion is a phenomenon in which ozone layer in the stratosphere thins out making it possible for the direct penetration of UV rays into the Earth's surface. This can lead to an array of harmful effects on human health, plants, and animals and can even trigger climate change. Chlorofluorocarbons are recognized as the primary cause accounting for 80% of ozone depletion. Though a lot of steps have been taken around the world to reduce ozone depletion, it may take about few decades more to completely heal the ozone layer due to the long standing stability of CFCs in the ...

Blackbody radiation is an example of electromagnetic radiation which is emitted by opaque or black body. In this case, the environment of the body is in the thermodynamic equilibrium with the radiation. The radiation has an intensity which is proportional to the heat of the body. This is best illustrated using Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams. They describe the chromacity of the blackbody radiation. The heat is emitted through a hole on the surface of the body. The productions of colors which are pigmentary in nature are produced by differential absorption of wavelengths which are visible. This is undertaken by pigment molecules. On ...

Abstract

The document considers the use and conservation of energy in domestic dwellings using heating systems, specifically water heated boilers, which is the cheapest solution in the market for home heating systems in Ireland and Europe. The document starts with a literature review of the available home heating systems and focuses on boilers due to its availability and price. The literature review includes a standard boiler array for a typical house, the radiators materials, and key concepts to understand the use of boilers for heat generation in homes. Later, it is necessary the calculation of heat transference for a given ...

Geography

2016-06-22

Introduction

This paper is devoted to the issue of Chernobyl nuclear disaster. This accident has happened in 1986, 26th of April on the eve of the May Day holidays. It has happened on the territory of the former Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (now it is the territory of Ukraine).
The place of the accident is the Chernobyl nuclear power plant that is located three kilometers from the city Pripyat, eighteen kilometers from the city Chernobyl and eighty three – from Kiev, current capital of Ukraine. According to the official data more than 600 thousands of people have been injured by ...

Question 1:

Ernest Rutherford is sometimes referred to as the “Father of Radioactivity”. Rutherford made many contributions to research into radioactivity and the nature of an atom. Outline his contributions.
Rutherford contributed greatly towards the experimenting, studying and understanding of radioactivity, and the atom. His initial contribution was the discovery and definition of the electron. The Nobel laureate proposed the Rutherford atom model that replaced the Thompson model. This provided an excellent basis for future work into the studying of atoms, as well as, their physical and chemical properties. He was involved in research aimed at splitting the atom leading to ...

Although some scientists may be skeptical about mobile phones causing brain tumors, research shows that a continued use of cell phones increases the risk of developing brain cancer. Quoting a 2002 study by Dr. Lennart Hardel, Bhatia, Sharma, and Chhabra (55) noted that there was a high incidence of occurrence of brain tumors on the sides people used to make or receive calls. Further, Bhatia, Sharma, and Chhabra (55) indicated that brain cancer rates increased by about 25% since 1975. Although the causative links to the RFR (radio frequency range) are not conclusive, it is interesting to note that ...

Linda S. Erdreich stated in her report on the health effects of cell phone use that “radio waves, or radiofrequency (RF) energy, is a range of the electromagnetic spectrum” (2014) that is exuded from many common appliances. She goes on to inform that “RF energy is not ’radiation’ in the same sense as used for high frequencybecause the energy of RF is so much lower and is unable to change the DNA of cells” (2014) . On the other hand, Olga V. Naidenko, in favor of the opinion that cell phone usage increases the risk of brain cancer, stated that ...

Introduction

Physics is an abstract field of science that influences our lives in more ways than we can imagine. From waking up every morning, to the water we drink; from driving to work, to the music we listen to; from the internet, to the cell phones that we use so often, physics governs all their basic operating principles. Many natural phenomena throw questions whose answers lie deep in physics. Why are lightning flashes so spectacular? How long does it take for light from a star to reach us? How is a rainbow formed? What causes a boomerang to swirl back? Many of these ...

Man and Global Warming

Discussions regarding Global Warming or Climate Change are not complete without the arguments surrounding the causes of this phenomenon. It had been noted that the phenomenon began sometime around the 19th century when the Industrial Revolution took into effect, causing thousands of chemicals to be brought to the atmosphere. These chemicals then took a toll over the ozone layer, opening an opening to allow infrared rays from the sun to enter the globe. While many have accepted that the phenomenon had something to do with the evolution of man’s inventions to make their lives easier, some have raised speculation ...

Introduction

Data by the US Institute of Medicine indicates that the number of patients diagnosed with breast cancer yearly stands at an alarming figure of two hundred and fifty thousand. It further shows that breast cancer claims forty thousand lives each year 1. The aforementioned statistics coupled with the fact that current research estimates on the probability of a woman developing breast cancer during the course of her lifetime stand at one out of eight women are the factors that prompted my interest in writing on this particular topic. This paper will therefore focus on the symptoms and treatment of breast ...

Increasing telecommunication networks has resulted in the development of massive towers to support mobile phone antennas. This has been the case in the majority urban and built-up areas where the number of antennas is high. The increasing number of radio broadcasting stations has also contributed to the shift from lower operating frequencies to higher frequencies. Increasing the bandwidth is done to manage increased high traffic in the urban areas. The high frequencies generally require a higher number of towers. As such, the exposure to electromagnetic radiation in v urban cities increases. Mostly, the visual impact of the towers on ...

Over the years, scientists have been researching on various imaging techniques that can be used to investigate objects that are physically inaccessible in what is known as non-destructive investigation (NDE). Image science deals with the formation (imaging), collection, analysis, duplication, visualization and modification of images. Imaging techniques used in the NDE of materials employ electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of both visible and invisible light, and while the visible part of the spectrum is the colors we can see, there are other types of radiation in the invisible part of the spectrum that can be exploited to allow ...

The Sun

The Sun is known as the only one star in the Solar system. It is the center, around which the planets, asteroids, satellites, comets, space dust are revolving. The nature of each planet depends on the distance that separates the planet from the Sun. This bright star is important for all the planets surrounding it. So, how much the humanity knows about the fiery star that can kill the entire earth in one second?
Since the beginning of time, people looked at the sky, hoping to learn a little about the twinkling stars and the fiery sun. As we ...

English

English

Introduction

Global warming refers to the gradual rise in the total temperature of the atmosphere of the earth. The rise in temperature is attributed to the effects of the greenhouse gases, which is caused by an increase in the levels of chlorofluorocarbons, carbon (IV) oxide and other pollutants. Global warming affects the climate system of the earth’s atmosphere by increasing both the terrestrial radiation and the radiation from the sun. The ozone is an essential element in the issue of global warming. The ozone absorbs the heat radiated from the sun and the surface of the earth, leading ...

Regaining Control in a Post-Nuclear, Post-Colonial World

A glimpse of the book’s foreword reveals that this work is a case study that aims to analyze the issues that have social importance in relation to the historical, geographical and cultural aspect. It claims to provide a comparative analysis that underscores the impact of globalization, both locally and in a more massive scale. It boils down to having anthropological scholars works towards demonstrating how their investigations may lead, not only in building knowledge about human societies, but also in encouraging community empowerment, conflict resolutions and the achieving social justice (Baker, ix). Accordingly, this case study provides a ...

The Marshall Islands are a part of the group of islands called Micronesia. They are a presidential republic that has a free association with the United States. The US provides the country with access to agencies such as the FCC and USPS, defense, and subsidies. The country’s wealth is based on agriculture, fishing and primarily the service industry. Nuclear testing was conducted on the island from 1946-1958. During this time at the Pacific Proving Grounds the US conducted testing of 67 nuclear weapons (Barker). These tests include Castle Bravo which is the largest nuclear test ever conducted by ...

The article presents the application of nuclear technologies in agriculture, medicine and industry. The numerical characteristics of the nuclear technologies in the US economy are presented. The general concepts of sterilizing medical equipment with radiation, the principles of drug testing using radioisotopes, as well as the diagnostic techniques are discussed. The therapeutic application of radiation for cancer treatment and arteria-venous malformation are described. In agriculture, radiation is applied for higher crop production, to improve animal health, and eradicate the pests. The industrial application of radiation are process control, plant diagnostics, material development and testing (Waltar, 2003).
The article opens ...

Achievements in the study of the basic properties of X-rays rightfully belong to the German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen. Amazing properties of X-rays, immediately received a huge response in the scientific world. Several experiments proved that it is an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 8-10 cm, which occupies an intermediate position between ultraviolet and gamma waves. X-rays have great penetrating power, which depends on the wavelength, the density and thickness of the layer of the irradiated material. X-rays have an effect on living organisms. This radiation can be a catalyst for some photochemical reactions and X-rays can ionize ...

English astronomer W. Herschel discovered planetary nebulae in about 1783. Nebulae received the name "planetary" on account of their external similarity with the images of distant planets, light wheels of which are different from the point images of the stars. “A planetary nebula is a beautiful object created during the final stages of the life of a star whose birth mass was between 1 and 8 solar masses” (“Planetary Nebulae”). A planetary nebula is an astronomical object consisting of an ionized gas shell and the central star, a white dwarf.
All planetary nebulae originate from stars that are in ...

Solar Energy

Solar Energy Background
What can be more useful for humanity if not an unlimited power source, which we can use without any harm to the environment? Probably nothing, but solar power. Humanity has always tried to conquer the unlimited power of the sun – the history of solar technology dates back to the 7th Century B.C. and continues to this day. In the beginning, we tried to concentrate the sun’s heat by using glass, mirrors or other devices to light fires. From those times, we greatly progressed, but still we did not conquer this magnificent source of power.
Why ...

Nuclear Weapons

Development of the nuclear weapon was a phenomenal step for science, but one of the worst inventions in human history. As a weapon that is so deadly it can wipe out entire large populated cities at once, the world lives in concern of all the nations of the world who have nuclear weapons in their possession. It was the United States that developed this bomb and first used them in World War II by dropping them on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. After the use of these weapons by the U.S. other nations began testing them as well, such ...

Summary

Supported on carbon particles using the high energy electron beam
Yuji Ohkubo, Masashi Shibata, Satoru Kageyama, Satoshi Seino, Takashi Nakagawa,Junichiro Kugai, Takao A. Yamamoto (2011) in their study of the Radiation-induced synthesis of Au–Pd nanoparticles of random alloy structure supported on carbon particles using the high energy electron beam found that Au-pd particle of ca 5-nm dispersed well on the carbon surface with ca. 30-nm without a significant agglomeration. Upon adding citric acid to the original solution, the resulting high pH was effective in the formation of alloy structures from the resulting bimetallic nanoparticles.
Using the irradiation ...

Solar Power

There are the following ways of generating electricity using solar radiation:
use of photovoltaic systems;
hot air power - converters of solar energy into the energy of the air flow directed to the turbine generator;
solar thermal energy (using the energy generated by the heating of a surface with its subsequent transformation into electrical energy in the steam generators);
solar balloon power plants. Electricity produced by the steam generation in the cylinder of the balloon heated by solar radiation.
The problem of extraction and processing of solar energy has long worried about the minds of ...

The human blood comprises of different cell that perform specific functions. These blood cells include: white blood cells, platelets and red blood cells. The red blood cells are in charge of distributing oxygen from the lungs to all other body parts. The platelets are responsible for the clotting of blood that is necessary in protecting the body from microorganisms when blood is exposed. The white blood cells are in charge of destroying invasive organisms which include viruses and bacteria. These cells are produced in the bone marrow which is a soft tissue found in the interior of bones. The stem ...

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Introduction

In the last few centuries, our understanding of universe has grown by leaps and bounds. Before seventeenth century, people generally believed that the Earth is at centre of the universe and all heavenly bodies move around the Earth. Galileo challenged the idea and published his papers in support of Copernican heliocentric theory that the Earth and other planets move around the Sun. Our understanding of universe grew further. We realized that the Sun is not unique and there are hundreds of billions of stars in the galaxy, which are brighter ...

A medical specialty in which imaging is used for diagnosing and treating the diseases which are seen inside the body is called radiology. A variety of imaging techniques are used by radiologists these days like magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, ultrasound, X-ray, computed tomography etc. for diagnosis and treating the diseases. The X-rays are transmitted through the patient's body which produces the radiographs. The Dental radiography is popularly known as X-rays. Radiography is used by dentist mainly for finding dental structures that are hidden, cavities, loss of bones and benign masses.

Importance of the Radiographs in the Dental Field

Various types of X-rays are used by ...

INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Infrared Spectrophotometry and Organic Chemistry
Infrared (IF) Spectrophotometry is designed to determine the sample by measuring infrared radiation absorption of wavenumbers within the region of 4,000-400 cm-1 at different wavenumbers, as it passes through the sample. This technique employs the property that the IF absorption spectrum of the material is typical of its chemical structure. IR spectra are demonstrated in charts drawn via plotting on the abscissa and the absorbances or transmittances on the ordinate. Except when indicated, when the spectrum of the sample is the same in the intensity of absorption at a similar wavenumber to the ...

Introduction

Chernobyl is a town in Ukraine which is widely known for the infamous Chernobyl Disaster. The Chernobyl disaster was a massive nuclear accident that occurred at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine on 26th April 1986. The Chernobyl Disaster was characterized by a massive explosion of fire which released large quantities of radioactive substances into the atmosphere which spread over large areas of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and parts of Europe. In the disaster, 31 people died immediately and after a short while but thousands of other people have been affected by cancers, deformities and other long-term effects of the ...

Introduction.

Solar radiation is the energy source which has been used by humans in all ages. The discovery of photovoltaic effect brought revolution in the industry. It was discovered by Becquerel in 1839 and the first device based on the principle of photovoltaic effect was developed in 1950. Since the development of first device it has been there has been a major shift in the energy generation industry (Jayakumar). Over the past two decades the solar electricity generation is gaining an increasing market share. Intermittency is being widely addressed and more efforts are made in the development of more efficient storage ...

Japan’s immediate response to correct the impact of the accident

In March 11, 2011 Japan experienced one of the biggest, most catastrophic natural disaster. This refers to the tsunami that was triggered by the 9.0 magnitude Earthquake that hit the country at 2:49pm, JST. The impact of the tsunami and earthquake resulted to over 15,889 casualties (National Police Agency of Japan, 2013) and US$500 billion worth of economic loss (American Nuclear Society, 2012). Among the biggest impact of the calamity involved the destruction of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster that resulted to the release of radioactive materials into the waters and grounds of Japan. In addition, a 10 ...

Introduction

Physics refers to the branch of science that primarily deals with nature and properties of matter and energy. Its key components are heat, mechanics, light, sound, magnetism, structural orientation of atoms, and electricity. Any technology we use in our daily lives has a relation to physics. Physics is more of the backbone for most daily life activities. Examples include electric light in our homes, cell phones, , computer, CD player plasma TV set, wrist watches, radio, and working of our vehicles.
Physics plays a key role in the production of energy. These various energies are then transformed into electricity for eventual ...

The Marshall Islands

The Marshall Islands, now known as the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), a self-governing nation with assistance from the United States, is a series of islands and atolls located north of Pacific Ocean midway between Japan and Hawaii. It is a part of Micronesia, a series of nations and islands located on the Pacific. The Marshall Islands looks like a series of islands and atolls forming two parallel lines which are called Ratak (the chain of islands forming the east side) and Ralik (the chain of islands forming the west side) (Barker, 2004, p. 4).
Although the Marshall Islands have been inhabited ...

IR and UV

Infrared Radiation (IR) or radiant energy is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum encompassing short wavelengths than microwaves and longer wavelengths than the color red. The frequency (ν), wavelength (l) and the velocity (c), and the medium it is traversing are the important attributes of IR. IR is usually discussed in terms of frequency as the velocity and wavelength vary depending on the materials. Few molecules in the air absorb IR energy; however, the absorbed energy is not absent as the energy separates the molecules as IR in an unsystematic direction. The velocity of infrared rays is equivalent to the ...

Psychology

Description of Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Classical and operant conditioning are two learning theories extensively studied in psychology. Classical conditioning involves a response to a certain stimulus. Reflexive responses are brought under control of stimulus actions that usually herald the response (Klein & Mowrer, 2009). A certain event provokes a response.
A once neutral stimulus is matched with an unconditioned stimulus. In classical conditioning, learning occurs through interactions with the environment and the environment shapes behavior thus feelings, thoughts, and emotions are assumed irrelevant in explaining a particular behavior. On the other hand, operant conditioning is learning that occurs when an ...

Introduction

The term LASER is an abbreviation for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”. These are special devices that produce light that can be directed towards an object, and is monochromatic and coherent. These special characteristics are used in designing a laser device that is widely used for industrial purpose as well as in medicine . In the US, about 500,000 to 700,000 health care workers are involved in the use of medical lasers .

History and Progress of Lasers

The history of lasers dates back to 1916, when Albert Einstein discussed the possibility of stimulating radiant energy based on Niels Bohr’s theory that ...

The world of the 21st century has changed significantly from the way it looked back In the 19-20th centuries. Technological progress has brought a lot of useful things that made our lives much more easier. To start with electricity: It became available to the public in 1930s but the industrial part of the society started to use it even earlier. From that moment we became dependent on it. All electronic devices are connected with it directly. Unfortunately, with all the gain we gat from new technologies there is negative influence on us, environment as well.
The main problem that ...