Antibiotics Research Papers Samples For Students

People choose to become vegetarian for a number of reasons, including; health benefits, humane treatment of animal issues, and even religious beliefs. Sometimes people choose to become vegetarian after seeing an animal being butchered (either in person or in a video) and watching the animal die makes them unwilling to be even remotely responsible for any animals’ deaths (Kim, 2010).
Those who are against livestock (meat) production claim that it causes a number of extremely serious problems. According to supporters of the vegetarian diet, “the mass consumption of animals is a primary reason why humans are hungry, fat, or sick and is a ...

Introduction

Ciproflaxins (or simply Cipro) are a known second-generation of fluoroquinolones. Fluoroquilones, or more generally quinolones, are known as potent chemical agents against Gram-negative bacteria, widely used as a treatment of bacterial infections (Ball, 2000). Ciproflaxins have a wider spectrum of in vitro antibacterial activity and are effective in the treatment of many types of infection associated with Gram-negative bacteria, specifically respiratory tract infections. It is also known to treat anthrax in people (Hilts, 2001).
In a livestock and other animals, a drug which is chemically similar to Cipro is commonly used, known as Baytril. The primary target of Cipro and Baytril and other ...

Antimicrobial drug’s resistance in the twenty first century

Problem statement
The past one century has seen a lot of growth and development in the medical field, and this is one of the factors that have promoted effective medical care to patients, as well as developed breakthrough to various medical conditions and illnesses in all areas across the human life. One of these developments include the antibiotics’ breakthrough, which has provided cure to various microorganism-developed illnesses, such as malaria. However, as a result of continued use of the antimicrobial drugs, repeated use has led to resistance to the same, leading to ineffective clinical, medical services.
Before this research ...

Introduction

Antibiotics are a class of drugs that are mostly used to treat infections caused by bacteria. Uncountable bacteria live in various parts the human body. These include the gut, skin, mouth and throats (Gelband et. al, 2015). Some of these bacteria are harmless. However, there are others that are pathogenic (disease causing) and can cause infections. These infections are known as bacterial infections and doctors prescribe antibiotics as mode of treatment.
Antibiotics were introduced in 1940 and since then they have been significant to modern medicine. The core role of antibiotics was to treat infections caused by bacteria. However, ...

The Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance: Has our use of Antibiotics Caused more Problems than it has solved?

Antibiotics are medicines which have bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties and used in treatment or prevention of microbial diseases (NPS 2012). Antibiotics a have been in existence for a long time and were initially known as antibiosis which meant against life, and by Jean Paul Vuillemin first used this term. He used the word to describe the properties which were exhibited by the early antibacterial drugs. In 1877 Antibiosis was first described by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch when they observed the inhibition of growth of Bacillus anthracis by an airborne bacillus. In 1928 penicillin was identified by Alexander Fleming. ...

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most widespread problem, especially among women. It is observed the second most common incidence in primary and secondary care that requires antibiotic treatment (Shah & Goundrey-Smith, 2013). The UTI incidences are high among women and around 50% women face it once in their lifetime. The statistics suggest that women are more prone to UTIs in comparison to men and data shows that 7-8% women between the age of 60-80 and around 20% women above the age of 80 years are more susceptible ( ...

Report on Acute Otitis Media in Children 2 months to 12 years old.

A.1. Classify the type of each source of evidence as either a general information resource, a filtered resource, or an unfiltered resource.

A.2 Discussion on whether each source of evidence is appropriate for this nursing practice situation

A.3.Classify each source of evidence as primary research evidence, evidence summary, evidence-based guideline, or none of these.
Section B
Discussion on whether watchful waiting is an appropriate approach for treating children with acute Otitis media, based on the evidence presented in the article.

Section C

Discussion about application findings in attached ...

Factory farming

Introduction

Factory farming is a farming practice where livestock are raised at high stocking density within a confinement. The farm will basically operate as a factory and this is a common practice in industrial farming. Factory farms exist because of several reasons. The first reason is based on the growing need to have reduced prices of food. Factory farms have the potential to produce a large quantity of food at a cheaper cost. The technologies used and economies of scale have enabled consumers of these products to save a significant amount on food. The second reason is based upon sustaining the growing global population. The world ...

Summary

Organic beef production is still a new concept in the field of beef production. However, it has developed so fast and has become widely accepted all over the world. Organic beef production is somewhat similar to natural beef production but it involves additional steps of inspection and verification before the beef is sent to the organic market. The process of producing organic beef involves using natural feeds without any trace of inorganic components. Such livestock are also not exposed to any kind of growth stimulating hormones or the use of antibiotics. This research is mainly going to cover the process ...

A condition affecting the system of veins in legs with venous hypertension resulting in different pathologies that involve swelling, ulcerations, pain, skin changes, and edema is called chronic venous insufficiency (Eberhardt and Raffetto, 2005).
It is necessary to understand normal venous function and anatomy to analyze the venous insufficiencies pathology. The peripheral venous system serves as a conduit returns blood into the heart and as a reservoir where blood is stored. Appropriate operation of the peripheral venous system is dependent on a series of muscle pumps and valves (Eberhardt and Raffetto, 2005). Blood entering the venous system of lower extremities has ...

Executive summary

The main aim of every patient in the rehabilitation center is to learn to correct previous mental and psychological trauma that had changed their lives in one way or the other. These patients have hopes of repairing their already tarnished lives into a brand new one and any chance of contagious infection may negatively affect their healing process or expose them into a new problem as they go out to start their new lives. The current procedures that are allowed in the rehab which includes permitting the patients who have tested positive for MRSA and VRE infections to interact with other ...

In the contemporary society, there are various issues that tend to be very controversial yet essential for human existence. One of such issues is related to genetically modified organism (GMO) that is used in food production. GMOs are the organisms that were altered through genetic engineering for the improvement of their qualities and consequent different use in the human life. They are often used for food and industrial purposes. The aim of this paper is to explore the issue of genetically modified organisms from the contemporary perspective and outline their pros and cons. In this regard, attention is paid ...

Abstract

The scope of the practice guideline was developed to inform medical personnel and medical institutions about the value of using prophylactic antibiotics in the management of infection rates, among the patients receiving spinal surgery. The recommendations and also conclusions of the study were fashioned through evidence-based evaluation of literatures authored on the topic. The guide-document’s scope is limited to exploration of usefulness of prophylactic antibiotics in managing infection rates, among spinal surgery patients. The purpose of the study was offering medical personnel and institutions with a model for delivering care to spinal surgery patients. The research questions for the ...

Impact of Triclosan on Health

Introduction
Antimicrobial or antibacterial agents are commonly used as ingredients in many of the household products. This trend has increased the concern of growing level of chemicals in the environment that ultimately bring negative impact on human as well as animal health. Triclosan is one among them. It is a synthetic, and an antibacterial agent having broad spectrum that has exploded in the consumer market in last few years. There has been tremendous debate on the safety, regulation of its use and effectiveness of triclosan (The European Consumer Organization, (2012).
Triclosan contains antibacterial properties along with antiviral and ...

There are many different types of virus and bacteria that can have a negative effect on the human body; some are internal, while others are external. One such bacterium is Staphylococcus, which leads to infection in many human beings. The Staphylococcus bacteria is responsible for a number of different types of infections, they are described as being spheroid shaped, gram-stain positive sometimes seen in singular, in pairs, or very often in clusters; this is often contributed to being described as a bunch of grapes (Davis 1). Human beings are most susceptible to two specific strains, staphylococcus epidermidis and staphylococcus ...

Introduction

Until recently, genetic foods have become popular for their ability to address many production and quality issues faced by natural/organic farming methods. Genetically modified crops are those whose genetic makeup has been improved to enhance the level of nutrients, resistance to diseases, increase yields, adaptability to climatic factors, and reduce the time of production (Ronald & Adamchak, 2008). It is different from the conventional breeding because genetic modification allows introduction of genes from any organism (animal and plants) in altering crops whereas breeding allows transfer of genes across related species only.
On the other hand, organic farming is a natural ...

Introduction.

Antimicrobial agents refer to an exceptional group of chemotherapeutic agents that are used in the treatment of the diseases caused by microbes. Generally, antimicrobial agents either kill or inhibit the growth of microbes. As its name suggests, Antimicrobial encompasses its sole purpose which is to kill the infections arising from microbes (Daglia, 2012). Furthermore, these agents can be categorized according to the function they play. For example, agents that are responsible for killing microbes are known as microbicidal whereas those that merely inhibit the growth of microbes are known as biostatic (Ghosh et al., 2012). Antimicrobial drugs are not ...

1.A. Penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics in structure. The remodeling process takes place in the bacterial cell walls due to the presence of a layer called peptidoglycan layer, which includes the breakdown of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine and cross-linking peptide chains . Cross-linking peptide chains provide rigidity to the fluid cell wall. Transpeptidase, an enzyme used in the breaking of peptide chains also reforms the peptide bonds after the restructuring of the cell wall. The penicillin inhibits the enzyme transpeptidase, which prevents the peptide bonds from reforming. Thus, penicillin makes the cell walls weaker, which results ...

Introduction

McDonalds was first opened approximately 75 years ago by two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald. It was originally opened as a carhop with items ranging from tamales to peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwiches. McDonald’s Bar-B-Q, as it was first called, was ran out of San Bernardino, California. Carhops were the rage during that time in Southern California and McDonald’s was an instant hit. The parking lot was consistently full until late at night. However, the McDonald’s brothers had frustration with the customers because of how many plates and glasses they broke. Furthermore, it took a large staff to serve all of ...

Introduction

Rheumatic fever (RF), or acute rheumatic fever (ARF), is an autoimmune complication caused by the human-specific bacterial pathogen group A (B-hemolytic) streptococcus (GAS), Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that is coccoid or spherical in shape and usually occurs in pairs or chains. It produces hemolysin that forms a clear zone around the colonies when grown on blood agar. It has been designated as part of group A via Lancefield serotyping because it displays the carbohydrate antigen A on its cell wall. It is non acid-fast, non-spore forming, and may or may not have capsules. It has generally ...

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Use of Restriction Enzymes in Pharmaceuticals
Restriction enzyme, which is also referred to as restriction endonuclease, is a class of enzyme that is helpful in cutting DNA at restriction sites. Restriction sites are particular recognition nucleotide sequences on double stranded DNA having the length of 4-5 base pairs. Restriction enzymes are also known deoxyribonucleases (DNases). Presently, there are four different types of restriction enzymes:
- Type I enzymes that are “classical” in nature, e.g. EcoKI, EcoBI, and EcoR124;
- Type II enzymes that are “orthodox” in nature, e.g. EcoRI, HindIII, EcoRV;
- Type III enzymes ...

Introduction

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive condition that is caused by the mutation of the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator. The mutation affects the absorption of chloride ions which impairs the movement of sodium and water at the cellular level. This results in production of abnormally thick secretions that cause inflammation and damage to the cell. This affects the functioning of the organs. It is one of the most common genetic disorders that affects Europeans. Statistics indicating that one out of 2381 people in the United Kingdom suffer from the condition.
The complexity of the disease calls for a ...

In generic sense of the term, a "genetically modified organism" is a living organism whose genome has been altered artificially. This understanding includes all the possible ways of modifying the genetic information, from crosses method for genetic engineering tools. From a legislative point of view, a large number of countries and organizations use a more restrictive definition in reference to that specified in the Cartagena Protocol, which means "living modified organism" "any organization living with a novel combination of genetic material. " However, this definition is not universally recognized. Some countries, including the United States, do not make this use ...

Lyme disease was identified in the 1975 and was named by the town Lyme, Connecticut, where a number of cases were registered. Experts say the disease existed long before the 20th century. “Scientists in Europe first knew and wrote about a disease like Lyme disease in 1883. German doctor named Alfred Buchwald wrote about a rash that looked like the bull’s-eye on a target” (Donnelly, 2000, p. 7-8). People did not know what caused these symptoms and used wrong treatment because of that. Today doctors have much more information about this issue. Lyme disease is a representative of ...

Cystic fibrosis is a chronic, progressive and often deadly genetic disease that affects the body’s mucous glands. It follows that cystic fibrosis (CF) is evident in the body’s digestive and respiratory systems, particularly in children and young adults (Flume et al., 2007). In some cases, it affects the reproductive system and the sweat glands. A CF-like disease has been known over the past two centuries, but it was in 1938 that the term cystic fibrosis was first used.
CF may also be considered to be an autosomal-recessive disease. Its estimated heterozygote occurrence is one for every twenty ...

Process of Care

Introduction
Process care measures are the evidence-based practices which represents the health care system’s effort to systemize the improvement of giving process care to the patients (Burton, n.d.). These practices are often guided by using evidence-based clinical guidelines and these may also vary in strength. Performance involved in much process care may fail to have a measurement of 100 percent and this may not be entirely because of the failure to act in accordance to the guidelines. Some patients may experience contradictions to the treatment and not all of these contradictions are reflected as exclusions in the process ...

Introduction

The healthcare sector has changed significantly due to the rise of chronic and lifestyle diseases, and better educated clients who demand quality services. To meet these challenges nurses have embraced evidence based care to improve quality by enhancing aspects such as safety and efficacy of interventions. One of the most important aspects of delivering quality nursing care is ensuring that nurses have the necessary skills, knowledge and attitude needed to improve care. Giving nurses these skills, knowledge and attitude is the key goal of the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) program. This essay evaluates the clinical management ...

Have you ever faced a situation where you have to choose between preparing a healthy meal and going to a fast food restaurant? Millions of Americans face this decision on a daily basis and the impact of their choices has become apparent over the last three decades. In the 1970s, the number of fast food restaurants doubled according to the Census of Retail Trade (Chou, Grossman, and Saffer). Since the same period, obesity and obesity related diseases increased rapidly in the U.S. Today, junk food is prevalent in our culture and is commonly found in fast food restaurants like McDonald’s and Jack ...

Brittani Scott

Introduction
Sickle-cell disease is an illness that is multisystem, linked to episodes of progressive damage of organ and acute illness, and is among the most common dangerous monogenic disorders in the world (Weatherall, Hofman, Rodgers, Ruffin, & Hrynkow, 2005). The sickle-shape erythrocytes were initially described in the year 1910 by Herrick (Herrick, 1910) and understanding has slowly increased from that time. Together with his colleagues, Pauling (1949) keyed out electrophoretic abnormalities in sickle HbS and made up the word molecular disease in the year 1949. The genetics, as well as biophysics of hemoglobin behind the disease, have been widely ...

Introduction

This paper will be focused on the hospital-acquired condition of surgical site infections (SSI)
. Surgical site infections are considered preventable. Because such infections are considered preventable, there are legal consequences directly connected to such a condition. Surgical site infection (SSI) continues to represent a significant portion of healthcare-associated infections. The influence on illness, death, and cost of care has caused in surgical site infections reduction being recognized as a highest national importance in the United States Department of Health (D, 2008). One of the good news about the whole thing is that the mainstream of surgical site infections are mainly avoidable ...

- Introduction
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are disease associated with obstruction and chronic inflammation of the airway (respiratory tract). Though the two conditions are separate and different, they are so similar to the extent that misdiagnosis of either condition is highly likely. Some scholars have called for a re-evaluation of the two disorders in terms of their symptomatic differences, their coexistence and their overlap. Gibson and Simpson (2009) extensively studied the overlapping diagnosis of COPD and asthma and introduced the concept of the overlap syndrome. The major difference between the two conditions has to do with ...

Introduction

Syphilis Is A Bacterial Disease Which Is Commonly Transmitted Sexually. However, Transmission From A Mother To A Fetus Is Also Possible At Birth Or During Pregnancy Causing A Congenital Syphilis. The Bacterium Responsible For The Transmission Of Syphilis Is Known As Spirochete Bacterium. The Spirochete Bacterium Is Able To Penetrate Through Compromised Skin Or Contact Mucous Membranes. Therefore, If One Gets In Contact With Lesions Especially Through Kissing Or Doing Oral, Anal Or Vaginal Sex, Is Vulnerable To Contacting The Disease. Diagnosis Of The Disease Is Through Blood Testing Or The Use Of Black Field Microscopy (Winters 20).

Signs And Symptoms

It ...

World Changing Accomplishments

Introduction
As the world grows and matures, it is evident that a lot of discoveries have been made and most of them have had a great impact on mankind. Most of the accomplishments have been brought about as a result of science and in most cases it is clear that science has been able to change the human way of life both negatively and positively. Discovery of things such as atomic bombs has made some people develop certain claims like science is harmful to human life thus forgetting all the good discoveries that it has also brought. In this case we ...

Introduction

In the year 2005, a total of 32.49 million cows were slaughtered and the products supplied for consumption to the United States residents. According to the perception of the scientists, more than half of these cows contained hormones that could enhance their fast growth (King 22). In addition, in the daily milk-producing cows, genetically modified hormones were injected to enhance an increase in the level of milk production (King 22). These measures meant that there could be an increase in the profit in this industry of beef and dairy products production. However, what does this mean to the children who ...

1. Clinical presentations

Infective endocarditis is an infection that involves both the endothelial surface of the heart and the valves. The clinical presentations however involve other systems as well and include:

General manifestations whereby patients may complain of cough, weight loss, anorexia, general malaise, back and joint pains. Other general signs include fever which is intermittent in nature, petechiae especially in the conjuctiva and mucous membranes, Osler’s nodes that is, small but painful nodes which appear in the pads of the fingers or toes and splinter hemorrhages under toenails or fingernails which may at times be present (Sabharwal et al. 354).

...

Introduction

Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease is an inherited blood ailment. Those suffering from Sickle Cell Disease have abnormal S/ sickle hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is the protein in the blood that aids in carrying oxygen throughout the body. The ailment takes its appellation from the shape of the red blood cells of a person affected by Sickle Cell Disease, which have the shape of a sickle. They are stiff and adhesive rather than a disk like normal cells. The misshapen cells tend to get trapped in the small blood vessels hindering the movement of ...

The Relationship between H. Pylori Infection and Mitochondrial Microsatellite Instability in Gastric Carcinogenesis

Recent research has established that while there are a number of steps that take place in the development of gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) plays a major role. However, the mechanism of the influence remains unidentified. Researchers Ling et al. (2016) conducted a study to determine relationships between an infection of H. pylori, IL-8, and mtMSI and whether there is a trigger that causes the infection to progress to intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and ultimately to gastric carcinogenesis.  
The method used by the researchers included fresh samples from resected gastric cancerous cells and comparison samples of potentially pre-cancerous mucosa; ...

ANATOMY OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

The urinary tract, simply put, is the bodies system of drainage through which excess water and wastes are removed from the body. It is a multi-organ system consisting of the two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and the urethra.
The kidneys are small organs that assume the shape of a bean and are equivalently the size of a normal human fist. They are located below the rib cage, each of them on either side of the spine. Wastewater (urine) moves from the kidneys downwards through two narrow tubes known as ureters, and it is then stored in the bladder, ...

Business

Stakeholders
Stakeholders are people or organizations who have an interest in or are affected by any policy or action of an organization. Stakeholders have a number of key characteristics. They may be characterized by their interest or stake in the company. They may also have the potential to contribute to the successful conduct of business for an organization. They can further be characterized by the decision making power they have on the activities of the company (Schmeer, 1999). Stakeholders in the case of PharmaCare are discussed in following paragraphs.
Shareholders. The shareholders in PharmaCare would be interested in profits, ...

Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops and raising livestock (National Geographic Society). It is one of the earliest occupations known to man and is till today, the most common occupation throughout the world. The importance of agriculture led early man to form permanent settlements and he was able to thus provide surplus food and livestock which soon became a prime mode of trade and transaction. The field of agriculture is a very vast one. It caters to food requirements of the entire world population. Innovative technology and development in the field of biotechnology ...

Source

Abstract
Sickle Cell Disease is a life-long debilitating disease that affects nearly 100,000 Americans (Sickle Cell Disease). Sickle Cell Disease is most common among people of African, Caribbean, Indian, Mediterranean, Saudi Arabian and people of Central and South American descent. Many scientists attribute Sickle Cell Disease to being the result of an evolutionary response against malaria (University of Utah Health Sciences) The reason for this is because the majority of cases of Sickle Cell Disease are located in regions of Africa or exist in descendants of Africans who used to live in areas that had high levels of ...

A descriptive theory would be a good approach in addressing the acute Cholecystitis medical condition. This theory would be of great significance due to the approach it takes in addressing the problem. This would be achieved through using a quantitative method. This is because the method looks into all the relevant details that may need to be changed in order to acquire the desired results. Through this theory, medical practitioners are in a position to carry out a survey to establish the number of cases that are being recorded in relation to acute Cholecystitis. This would help in laying the foundation to develop ...

Description of the communicable disease (causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment) and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence)
Tumberculosis (TB) is a communicable chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects lungs; it may affect any organ or tissue of the body. Typically, the centres of tubercular granulomas undergo caseous necrosis. It is “spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person”. Typically, its symptoms include; persistent cough for more than three weeks, in which the phlegm maybe bloody; weight loss; night sweats; high temperature; tiredness and fatigue; ...

Millions of animals undergo distressing scientific procedures, and some of these can be very painful. Does the Legislation of animal experimentation under modern societies make the issue ethically acceptable? The “3Rs” concept focuses on the efforts to replace, reduce and refine the animal testing and experiments. There is a continuing debate going on ethical issues of the use of animal in scientific experiments (Kolar111-22). Animal testing is nothing new in the society, and it has been done since centuries. The animals have been used in different researchers working in the areas of health and food. Earlier, the animals have been ...

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Genetically Modified Organisms
Introduction
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are those organisms in which genetic material is changed with the help of genetic engineering and other advanced techniques in laboratory. In GMOs, genomes are precisely changed at the molecular level with the help of techniques such as recombinant genetic technologies. In these organisms, genes from unrelated organisms are added to produce required characteristics, which are not easy to produce through traditional ways of selective breeding. Scientists have successfully modified many organisms including bacteria, yeasts, insects, plants, and mammals. Plants are among those GMOs that have faced much ...

Gonorrhea refers to a group of clinical conditions caused by infection with Neisseria gonorrhea. N. gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen. Gonorrhea is an old disease that dates back to more than 2000 years ago (Walker & Sweet, 2011). It is the second most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States (US) after Chlamydia (LeFevre, 2014). The disease is gaining public health importance because N. gonorrhea has developed resistance to the antibiotic drugs previously used to treat it in the United States. Currently, only one class of drug, the cephalosporins, is recommended for its treatment (Walker & Sweet, 2011). This paper ...

What is septic shock? Septic shock is the situation in which the blood pressure dangerously and in result of wide-body infection is reduced. Therefore, in result of the presence of the bacteria in the blood, or bacteremia septic shock may happen. When the toxins produced by bacteria is released into the blood the immune system responds, which leads to a blood pressure reduction, in order to prevent the delivery of the toxins to the vital organs. Generally, in result of septic shock multiple organ failure may happen, such as respiratory failure that may lead to rapid death.

Pathophysiology of Septic Shock

As the infection ...

Abstract

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a form of injury to the lungs that impedes the supply and uptake of oxygen from the alveoli resulting in a state of severe hypoxemia, dyspnea, anxiety, and tachypnea. This review has established that genetics may be playing a role in increasing one’s susceptibility to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS. Moreover, biomarkers would also play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. However, it still remains unclear on the type of genes and biomarkers that play a role in causing ARDS. It has also been established that young children (less than 2 years ...

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Anal sex or anal intercourse has been one of the most controversial topics in past years. A number of people argued that it leads to cancer, and a number of religions do not allow anal sex even with your spouse. Anal sex means sexual activity involving the bottom, it is also known as “Rectal Sex”. In Rectal sex, the man penis goes into the anus. In past few years, anal sex has gained so much popularity in heterosexual couples as they usually watch ”blue prints” in which this activity is common and promoted as an essential ...

In recent years, the issue about animal right has garnered great attention from the society. Whether animal testing should be banned or not is still being debated by many people. Both the advantages and disadvantages of using animals in experiments for inventing medicines for humanity will be discussed in this essay before a reasonable conclusion is drawn.First, the critics of the idea of using animals in testing medicines argue that non-human animals are living organisms like human and also they share the same place to live with humanity, so they should be considered as non-human persons and members of the ...

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Introduction:
For the past few years, we all have heard a lot about eating organic foods and making healthier choices in life. But what actually are organic foods? Are they really better and more nutritious than the foods we are eating right now?
Media has played a very important role in promoting the positive effects of adopting to eat organic foods. According to Hartman Group, which is a market research group, almost 70 percent of people in America alone buy and opt for organic foods occasionally. ...

Abstract

The adaptive immune response comprises of antibody reactions and cell-mediated responses that are carried out by diverse lymphocyte cells; B cells, as well as, T cells, respectively. B Cells are the main cells involved in the formation of antibodies that flow in blood plasma and even the lymph fluids, where they bind specially to the alien antigens. Binding of antibody inactivates viruses and microbial toxins by blocking their ability to bind to receptors on host cells. Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulin, are big Y-shaped proteins that are typically comprised of two big heavy chains, as well as, two small ...

Introduction

In order to fulfill the food demands of the fast growing population of the world, a faster process of producing crops with enhanced desirable traits has replaced the conventional production. Since conventional plant breeding is a time consuming affair, genetic engineering technology has been put to use for producing plants with enhanced amount of nutritional content and increased resistance to herbicides and pests. Though genetically modified or genetically engineered foods have certain benefits, in recent years a great many side effects of these foods have come to the forefront. In the wake of the health issues and environmental hazards caused by GM ...

Substance that ionizes in aqueous solution to produce hydrogen ion (H+) is defined as acid. It is proton donor and electron pair acceptor. Acid tastes sour, changes litmus from blue to red. Whereas, base releases hydroxyl ion (OH-) in their aqueous solution. It is proton acceptor and electron pair donor. It tastes bitter; changes red (acidified) litmus to blue. Salt is an ionic compound produced from reaction of an acid and a base. It is formed by the incomplete or complete substitution of the hydrogen ion (H+) of an acid by a basic radical.
Three examples of acid used in ...

Antimicrobial agents can be categorized as antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, or antiviral agents because each group is used to treat infections caused by bacteria, fungus, parasites or viruses. Further classifications within those categories are used to differentiate between agents effective against specific pathogens. For example, aminoglycosides are primarily used to treat gram-negative infections while antianaerobic agents are used to cure infections caused by gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic infections (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013).
Viral and bacterial infections are different, but the differences between them are not always obvious. As a general rule, bacterial infections usually manifest as strep throat, urinary tract infections, ...

Nursing home pneumonia has been identified as a Healthcare-Acquired Pneumonia (HCAP); the disease is caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae (Evelyn, 2002). The research aimed at analyzing different characteristics of the disease; the main areas that the research focused on were causes of pneumonia and then treatment plan. The article in the web discussed the guidelines for treatment of the disease.
The disease is caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Aureus, and Enteric Gram-Negative pathogens (Myolette, 2002). The disease affects a person whose body cannot resist these pathogens; the part of the body associated with the disease is the respiratory system that is made ...

Abstract

Genetically modified organisms have large impact on our environment. Although there is not much proved evidence against it but still the amount of evidence available is enough to discuss it with its implications. GMO crops affect nearly crops by gene follow which could be minimized to some extant will the help of designing separate places for different crops. GMO also effect natural cycle of nitrogen and Carbone reproduction. GMO crops could be a risk in long time that it could alter some properties in human DNA. Steps should be taken by government and other organizations to minimize its effects to ...

In California, 97% of residents have access to drinking water that meets or exceeds quality standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency. Although that may seem like a good percentage of people, it is not if one is one of the 1 million remaining people that cannot drink water from the tap without risking getting sick. A lack of political will is the primary reason that this is the case. It is a basic human right to have access to clean water. Being that the United States is the wealthiest country in the world, one would think that everyone would have ...

REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

Abstract
The research paper is on two of the organ systems. The discussion will be the reproductive and respiratory systems. The research will include the effects of the two body systems on the skin. The discussion will involve a brief description of reproduction and respiratory systems. In addition, the organs involved in the two systems will be discussed. The function of the systems and their organs will also be discussed. The health operations of reproduction and respiratory systems will be included in the discussion. Moreover, the pathologies, diseases and disorders that can cause effects on the skin are covered ...

Medicine

Streptococcal infection is a disease that is caused by streptococcus bacteria. This disease can easily spread from one person to another. The disease mostly affects children between the ages of 5 to 15 years. However, the condition also affects people of all ages. The diseases usually affect the throat. Some of the symptoms of the disease are fever, enlarged lymph nodes nausea and fatigue (Martin, 1999). The disease can be treated using antibiotics considering the fact that it is caused by a bacteria. If the disease is not treated, it can lead to complications that can even lead to death.
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