Density Reports Samples For Students

Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction
The first method through which heat is transferred from one object to another is conduction. Conduction occurs in liquids and solids through transfer of kinetic energy present in one particle to the immediate particle(s) in its surrounding. By considering the bonds existing between atoms and molecules in solids as elastic links, the vibration of one particle due to increase energy level caused by heat, the next in its line vibrate too. This process is replicated in adjacent particles thereby allowing transfer of thermal energy from a body with a higher temperature as compared to the one with low ...

Project Title: Selection Materials

Module Code:
Project Due Date:
DCU Statement
Plagiarism means presenting another person’s words, ideas, designs as your own word. Plagiarism comes in a different form, like copying text, diagram, formulae, etc. Plagiarism is a serious offence. Plagiarism is referred to the disciplinary committee of the university. Committee will take the serious action on the plagiarized materials.

Aim and Objective

This project is being aimed to model the stress the board by considering a typical beam supported by the equal pressure on the bottom and it must withstand a point force.
1. Introduction
The material selection is the process of designing a ...

Abstract. Oxidation of ethanol is carried out by the oxidizing agent, potassium dichromate. The oxidizing agent undergoes a color change followed by the completion of the reaction. This change of color is utilized to measure the absorbance of the solution. The concentration of the unknown ethanol sample is calculated by plotting an absorbance vs concentration graph of the standard solutions.

Module and group

Lab class completed
- Introduction
The aim of the experiment is to determine the concentration of ethanol by calorimetric determination method. The concentration of ethanol is measured following its oxidation with potassium dichromate. Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) undergoes reduction, ...

Falling Ball Viscometer

Objective:
Purpose of the Falling Ball Viscometer experiment was to measure the viscosity of glycerin or glycerol by using falling ball viscometer technique.

Background:

When a body falls in a liquid under the force of gravity, it accelerates until weight of the body is balanced by the buoyancy force and drag force. Terminal velocity is gained by the body at this point. Viscosity of the liquid can be evaluated by measuring this terminal velocity of the body in the liquid.
In this experiment a steel sphere was allowed to fall in glycerol and dynamic viscosity of glycerol was measured by using ...

Distinguishing Two Forest Communities in North Jersey by Tree Density, Species, Dominance, Importance, Diversity and Richness

Abstract
This is a study undertaken to compare and contrast richness, dominance and importance of sixteen tree species between two tree communities. The sixteen tree species have been listed in the appendix at the end of this paper. This study is a continuation of what was done earlier by ecology students in their previous year of study. The methods applied are absolutely the same, in order to make collected data comparable with each other. The three specific factors studies are relative dominance, relative density, and relative importance of the species occurring in these two forest areas.

Introduction

There are many advantages ...

Report

Introduction:
Greek mathematician Archimedes invented that an object at rest, and partially or completely merged in a fluid (gas or liquid) is acted upon by an upward buoyant force that is of equal magnitude as the weight of the displaced fluid by the object. This is known as Archimedes’ principle of buoyancy. According to the principle, the volume of the displaced fluid is equivalent to the volume of an object that is immersed into a fluid or equivalent to the submerged portion of the object below the fluid surface, and magnitude of the buoyant force is equivalent to the weight ...

Objectives

The aim of this experiment is to study the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow of water in a pipe. This is achieved by observing the flow of colored dye introduced in the pipe, which can be altered by manipulating the flow control valve. Using the observed volume flow rate, the average velocity is computed, and used to calculate the Reynolds number for each case. The visual observations and the Reynolds numbers are then compared to analyze the extent of agreement between theory and experimental results.

Apparatus

- Osborne Reynolds Apparatus – This is the set-up required to observe the flow of water ...

Introduction

The destructive testing of the materials is often used to find out the material properties. The mechanical property is based on the parameters obtained from the material testing. The testing involves tensile testing, hardness testing, creep testing, and impact testing. The non destructive testing involves interaction of energy with the materials. It is necessary to decide the behaviour of the material by knowing the property of the materials. The structure of the material at the atomic level will guess the characteristic of the material at the atomic level. The materials fall into the category of metallic, ceramic, and polymeric. ...

ENGINEERING

Abstract
Wind turbines have become a practical and efficient fossil fuels replacement for the generation of electrical energy. Characteristics optimized include weight, ease of manufacture and structural integrity. Ease of manufacturing has a direct relationship to costs. Lighter materials for blade construction are necessary to decrease blade weight and lengthen blades. Carbon fibers or composites of glass and carbon fibers are lighter than glass fibers. Hypothesis: controlling the speed of the infusion will allow the capacity to manage the speed of the infusion process and in that way control of the final composite material. Results showed that 68.5 meters has ...

Abstract

Ecology, a scientific discipline based on ecosystem, interrelates organisms, vegetation, process and condition in nature. For ecological study of any landscape knowledge about structure of plant communities and role of soil is required. Knowledge of plant community is based on understanding of spatial relationships, abundance and diversity of plants or vegetation in that area. From the study of plant community and their associated edaphic or soil factors knowledge of vegetation patterns and species assemblage is developed. In a plant community it is very difficult to quantify number and distribution of all species and individuals, so techniques for obtaining representative sample have ...

Introduction

Accurate and precise measurements are of uttermost importance to chemists everywhere. A measurement is said to be accurate when it is very close to the accepted value. A precise measurement is one in which repeated measures yields values or figures that are very close to one another. However, not all measuring instruments have an equal ability to give accurate and precise measurements. In any given experiment, the techniques and the equipment used to collect data should essentially be of the same precision. In the course of an experiment, there are bound to be less precise measurements and it these ...

Introduction

The periodic table of elements is table used to display the important information about elements in accordance to their chemical and physical properties. The first physical property that was used to arrange the periodic table is the different boiling points of elements. The second property is the melting point of element. They differ according to their atomic number due to the distance between the energy level and that of the outer electrons. Thirdly the density and viscosity of the element played a major role in determining the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table. The other property is the ...

Lab Report: Renewable Energy Lighting System Design

Introduction
Communities around the country as well as around the world are setting sustainable development goals. Twidell and Weir (2006, 2) define sustainable development in general terms as “living, producing and consuming in a manner that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.” Renewable energy sources are critical for sustainability. Renewable sources like wind and sun are different from fossil fuels because intense human labor is not necessary. Renewable resources do not negatively impact the environment which is also an important factor for reaching sustainability goals. Twiddel and Weir ( ...

This paper gives a report on the experiment performed on the deformation of bars under bending. During the experiment, the deflection of bars was observed when external pressure was exerted on them. The data obtained represented the quality of the bars which wee used in the experiment. Hence, it can be used in determining the quality of their work as recommended. The production of quality work can be of a great benefit to all the users of these bars. Meaning, such experiments should be conducted to gauge and determine their performance. Only the high performing bars should be used.

Pericopsielata

This is ...

Sand can be classified into coarse sand and fine sand, based on particle size. The former is usually greater than 4.75 mm (retained in a No. 4 sieve), while the latter is less than 4.75 mm (passing through the No. 4 sieve) (1).The properties, including shape and texture, size gradation, moisture content, specific gravity, reactivity, soundness, and bulk unit weight, of different types of sand,influence concrete strength (2). The shape of sand particlescauses variations in the surface to volume ratio, and a larger surface to volume ratio improves bond characteristics but decreases concrete workability. The surface texture of sand ...

Introduction

This experiment is about the experimental measurement of the density of different substances using laboratory measuring equipment. The four measuring equipment used are the following: the digital caliper, the digital micrometer, the traditional platform balance, and the digital scale. The first two instruments are for measuring length; the last two are for measuring mass. These instruments have varying levels of precision and will be used accordingly as needed in the experiment. The dimensions of the substance will be measured using length instruments; after finding the dimensions, the volume of the substance can be computed based on the type of ...

This laboratory work was focused on determination of the relation between density and concentration of a salt solution. The density was measured for the standardized solutions and showed the direct linear dependence. The experimental equation is d=0.0065×C%+0.9785. It was used to determine the concentration of an unknown salt solution from its density.

Introduction

The density of any solution is a cartelistic. It represents the mass to volume correlation.
density=masswolume Equation 1
It is known to change with temperature and concentration, however, these changes cane minor and literally negligible. Still this dependence can be used to determine the concentration ...

[Subduction Initiation]

Abstract

The major purpose of this report is to explore the process of subduction initiation by looking at its implications. The initiation of subduction is among the main plate tectonic process hence it comes out as an important subject of study when exploring the geological structure of the Earth. In order to explore all the elements associated with this, the paper is categorized into topics that cover important aspects. First, it is important to study when and why subduction initiation begins since this will give a picture about its relation with plate tectonic movement. It comes out that ...

Abstract

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are a type of motors that have permanent magnets mounted on the rotors instead of the rotor windings. This particular design gives the motor a few advantages over ordinary induction synchronous motors. The magnets attached to the rotor do not require excitation, which reduces the power consumption in PMSM. This gives the motor high operational efficiency and reduces the motor active diameter. PMSM are therefore associated with applications that require high torque but have limited operation space. The permanent magnets suffer from flux leakage and are therefore aligned in a pattern that minimizes flux ...

Introduction

A theoretical research was conducted to demonstrate and to understand several fundamentals of hydraulics. This lab entailed information gathering and analysis of hydraulic fundamentals. It employed the use of both primary sources and secondary sources to collect relevant information on the selected topics on hydraulic fundamentals. The aim of the lab was to research and understand several fundamentals of hydraulics. The fundamentals were identified, defined and described in a non-technical manner. Additionally, the importance of the hydraulic fundamentals was briefly discussed. The scope of the lab was confined to a list of hydraulic fundamentals which included hydraulic head, the ...

Objective

Main objectives of this lab are:
learn and practice to use a graduated cylinder, pipet, and buret for volume measurements;
determine average volume of a water drop using volumetric ware;
find the density of liquid and a solid using mass and volume measurements.

Hypothesis

Average percent difference indicates volumetric ware’ accuracy and precision. In this lab pipet out of all volumetric ware will have the highest accuracy and precision and, therefore, lowest average percent difference.

Materials

In this lab, the following materials were used:
graduated cylinders;
beakers;
burets;
plastic droppers;
pipets;
rubber stoppers;
unknown liquids.

Procedure

The graduated cylinder
The graduated cylinder ...

ID Information: Last Name, First Name, date, Locker #, Course/Section #, lab partner’s name

The purpose of the experiment is to study the density of unknown solutions of different concentrations.

References:

Suzanne Slayden, 2015, Chemistry 211, 212, 251 Laboratory Experiments, 6th Edition, GMU Bookstore, Johnson Center, page 35 - 45
Materials and Chemicals:
The materials required for the experiment are:
10ml volumetric flask
Electronic gram scale
A solution which is unknown
3M NaCl solution
Procedure:
The procedure of the experiment is as follows: (Suzanne, 2015)
A clean and dry 10.00 ml volumetric flask with a stopper was weighed on an electronic ...

Introduction

Field density testing is significant for assessing the soil properties of a site identified for a project. The assessment of soil property done through field density testing is aimed a verifying that the soil contained the required properties for the type of project to be constructed at the identified site (Thiers and Donovan 45). This lab uses the Sand Cone Method to verify the compaction of fill material and determine if the soil meet the required compaction with a design unit weight of 2,000 kg/m3. The aim of the experiment was to determine the dry unit weight, to ...

PART 1. Measurement of liquid and plastic limits of a material

Introduction
The lab is performed to test the plastic and liquid limits of soil. The liquid limit is arbitrary referred to as the water content in percentage at which a part of the soil in a standard cup by a groove of standard measurements flows together at the base of this groove for about a half-inch (13 millimeters) when subjected to twenty-five shocks from the standard cup being dropped ten millimeters in a standard liquid limit apparatus that is operated at a rate of 2 shocks/second. Plastic limit is referred as the water content in percentage at which the ...

When someone is obese, it means that he or she has accumulated so much fat in the body that it negatively affects their health. A Body Mass Index of between 25 and 29.9 is considered over weight. If the BMI is 30 and above, then the person is obese. Childhood obesity occurs when the weight of a child is above normal for his or her age and height. This exposes them to health problems such as diabetes, high levels of cholesterol and high blood pressure. Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem in Australia and globally. It has increased at ...

Aims and Objectives of the Experiment

This experiment aims at studying the characteristics of titrations with the strength of different acids used in these titrations. This is done by drawing the titration curves of the different titrations that are carried out in this experiment and interpreting those curves. The units of measurement for this experiment are the standard units that are used in titrations. These are molarity (moles/liter) of substances while the quantities are measured in mL (milliliter).

Theory and Principles

Conductometry is a type of electroanalytical method in analytical chemistry. While other electroanalytical methods use equilibria or electrodes, conductometry is different and employs the conductance of materials ...

TECHNICAL REPORT 2

REVIEW OF FOUNDATION SYSTEM FOR A BUILDING
For:
Introduction
This report outlines different types of foundations and their suitable application areas in construction. In addition, it presents the plan view, design considerations, the elevation and the significant information that are needed from soil investigations and geotechnical design. Soil investigation report outlines the outcome of the geotechnical examination report for the proposed building and complex in Dubai UAE (Peck, Hanson & Thornburn, 1974). The investigations were conducted in accordance with the conformation which is dated 8th April 2016. The aim of the investigation is to determine the conditions of both surface ...

Calculations and Analysis

Analysis questions from lab: Part 1
Which side of the pan balance is lifted as you poured in the water? Was the solid cylinder forced up by the buoyant force of the water?

The left side; yes, slightly.

What happened to the left pan as you added water to the hollow cylinder? What can you say about the volume of the water you added to the hollow cylinder and the volume of the water (in the beaker) displaced by the solid cylinder? According to Archimedes' principle, should these volumes be the same?
As water was added to the hollow cylinder, the left ...

Abstract

The aim of the experiment is to plot the calibration curve for deteremination of antigen 4D5 by performing ELISA experiment. The primary antibody was blocked by bovine serum albumin, then it reacted with IgG (secondary antibody). Then, the system was washed with carbonate, blocking and substrate buffers. Three replicate experiments were performed, and the experiment was performed with the serial dilutions. By measuring the optical density of the diluted solutions, the calibration line was obtained and the region with the linear dependence “concentration – optical density” was determined. The callibaraion line can be used for the practical tasks: for detecting ...

Why did you choose this topic? What are you trying to find out?

It is important to know the factors that affect the mortality rate in a region. This analysis has economic significance for appropriate policy decisions. If the factors that have a positive effect on mortality rate or increases the mortality rate can be known, those factors can be controlled by the government. Again if the factors that can reduce the mortality rate can be identified we can increase the availability of these factors in the economy so that mortality rate is reduced. Thus the study of the factors affecting mortality rate is quite important from the point of few of ...

Introduction

This report will focus on failure damage on the road. It will take the given specifications from the director, and examine three different types of failure damage on a 300 meter stretch of pavement. The purpose of this project is to understand the road layers and the problems that may effect on each layer with different causes in each damaged selected location. This project also highlights the important role of creating study case and the advantage of making early fixing or maintenance to avoid the future unexpected damage on road. Moreover, this project’s emphasis how weather condition has the ...

Analysis of Culture Cell KU812F with Three Protocols

Abstract
Protein analysis for cancer cell research has been found to be extremely reliable. The culture cell KU812F (chronicle myeloid leukemia cell line) was used for this laboratory. Globin gene switching was observed by evaluating the gene expression in the cells. Gene expression and protein folding were provoked. Gene expression is the process of transcribing DNA to cDNA and then used qPCR to study gene expression. cDNA was translated into mRNA which in turn is translated into a protein. mRNA concentration was analyzed. The three protocols were Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Enzyme-Linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and ...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Special designs have been made to suit various sports. This is important as it plays an important role in sports performance. Companies have resorted to good quality textile materials to design sportswear clothing. Sportsmen should wear comfortable costumes for them to perform well in their competition. When designing sportswear, the market has to be identified first. That is the design to be used, the materials required and footwear. The fabrics available should also be identified. The comfort of the wearer is also considered as this affects performance.

History of polymers

Polymers have been used for centuries to manufacture plastics. Due to advance ...

1. The dimensions are converted from cm to m:
10 cm ×1 m100 cm=0.1 m
5 cm ×1 m100 cm=0.05 m

The volume of the water in the tank is:

V=0.1×0.1×0.05=0.0005 m3

The mass of the water is:

m=ρV=1000kgm3×0.0005 m3=0.5 kg
2. g=9.81ms2
a. The force F exerted by the water is:
F=mg=0.5 kg9.81ms2=4.905kg∙ms2=4.905 N
b. The force F is exerted downwards, towards the centre of the Earth.
c. The water would want to move downwards because of gravity.
d. The height h is converted to meters:5 cm ×1 m100 cm=0.05 m

The potential energy U is:

U=Fh=4.905 N0.05 m=0.2453 N∙m=0.2453 J
3. The volume of the olive oil is assumed to be ...

Abstract

In this experiment, benzene was treated with hydrogen in the presence of Pt/SiO2 as an example that can be applied on industrial operations to show that the most recently modernized methods of neutron total scattering that cover a wide Q-range allow the use of appropriate catalytic chemistry that can be measured on time domain to probe directly on site the hydrogenation of benzene within the catalyst pore. Based on this method, it is possible to study the rates of reaction on length scales that can provide measurements equivalent to the size of an atom or a nanometre. Furthermore, the ...

Wave and Wind Power Generation

Wind Physics Basics
Wind is atmospheric air which is in motion
Energy Source
The earth surface absorbs solar radiation differently. Some parts absorb more radiation than other. This creates pressure zones. As a result of pressure, air moves from high-pressure zones to low-pressure zones. This causes atmospheric air motion known as wind. Wind is a renewable source of energy. It is constantly available free of charge (Bhattacharyya, 2011).

Spatial scales

Atmospheric air motion can be categorized depending in terms of spatial scale. Four spatial scales identified include planetary scale, synoptic scale, mesoscale, and microscale. There are various types of spatial scales ...

Velocity of Longitudinal Pressure waves in Solid Bars

The purpose of the experiment is to compute the Young Modulus of specific rocks and metals by determination of the velocity of longitudinal pressure waves through the samples

Introduction

The speed of any mechanical waves of most material posses a unique relationship with both the elastic property of the material and the inertial property of the medium. The velocity of a mechanical wave is directly proportional to the square root of the quotient of elastic property and the inertial property.
V= Elastic propertyInertial property
There are three basic types of pressure waves; infrasonic waves, sound waves and ultrasonic waves. Infrasonic ...

Introduction

The object of the paper is to analyze the above relationship over a range of pressures extending above and below atmospheric pressure.
Data were obtained for the pressure and temperature of a saturated steam-water mixture in equilibrium over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. The “raw” experimental data are given at the end of this document and the apparatus used are described below.

The object of this exercise is to:

a) Use the raw data to produce a table of absolute pressure .v. absolute (thermodynamic) saturation temperature over the whole range of the data provided.
b) Compare this data to equivalent data taken from steam tables.
c) Use ...

a Course, College, country
b Course, College, country

Abstract

Tensile strength is a kind of force which is applied by pulling something such as rope, wire etc. to the point where it breaks [1]. The tensile strength of the material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can take before failure [1]. There is different kind of tensile strength yield strength, ultimate strength, breaking strength. The tensile strength can be found using tensile test which is a kind of the mechanical test [2]. Tensile test are simple, inexpensive and fully standardized. The motto of this paper is to analyze the tensile ...

Introduction

The purpose of this experiment is to assist one to learn how different equipment in the laboratory is being use when carrying out the experiment. It tests the level of accuracy required when using different apparatus for measuring the volume. For very approximate result of volume, a beaker or conical flask is preferred when measuring volumes of liquids.

Accurate methods of measurement

This is done by the use of burette, conical flask and pipette. These measuring apparatus are discussed below.
When a much more accurate measurement is required, always measuring cylinders are preferred Measuring cylinders, which are much more accurate than beakers and conical.

Also volumetric pipettes and volumetric flask the mostly used apparatus used when measuring accurate volume.

...

According to the World Bank , population density is a measure of the numbers of persons permanently settled in a region, divided by the total land area of the region in square kilometres or square miles. This formula excludes refugees who are not permanently settled and who are still considered part of the population of their native country. The formula also excludes from the measurement of land area, any inland water bodies such as rivers and lakes and the area of the continental shelf. This formula can be used to measure the population density of a region, a state, a ...

BERNOULLI’S EXPERIMENT

ABSTRACT
Two fluid properties, the Bernoulli principle and the Venturi effect, were examined and analyzed in this experiment. A venturi meter was used to measure the fluid flow rate, velocity, and pressure of water (the fluid being examined). The results showed that the fluid pressure decreases as the fluid traveled through a smaller cross sectional area. The minimum fluid pressure (in effect, maximum fluid velocity) was observed in the smallest cross sectional area at position D (diameter 16 mm). The decrease in fluid pressure was compensated by an increase in the fluid velocity. With these two measured phenomena, both ...

BERNOULLI’S EXPERIMENT

INTRODUCTION
This experiment aims to verify Bernoulli’s equation that relates the pressure and the velocity of a fluid. The aims of the experiment are:
A venturi meter is a device used in fluid measurements. It uses a converging section of a pipe in order to change fluid velocity or pressure. The venturi meter in this experiment is used several times to estimate flow rates and measure piezometric head values at different points along the venturi meter.
The fluid used in this experiment is water. Bernoulli’s equation is a mathematical model for ideal fluids. Because of this, the ...

Introduction

Tension forces act on liquid surfaces, the thread in them is pulled into circular arcs. The pull is referred to as surface tension of the liquid. Surface tension exists uniformly in all directions. The forces affect the shape and motion of liquids that have open surfaces. Tension forces can be understood regarding forces that occur between the molecules. Repulsion occurs in molecules when they are close but attract when they are far from each other. Inside the liquid, molecules are close to each other. Thus, there are slight repulsions. Molecules at the surface of the liquid are some distance ...

Purpose

This experiment sought to determine the value of the surface tension of water and paraffin oil from the downward pull on a horizontal ring fastened to a spring.

Apparatus

The following materials were used in the experiment:
Platinum-iridium ring equipped with stirrup (circumference L=4cm)

Spring

Paraffin oil
Distilled water
Petri dish
Weight pan
Striker
Level
Jolly balance with adjustable platform
Scale to determine the paraffin oil density
Suitable weights
Bunsen burner
Tweezers
Introduction
Surface tension refers to the energy required to expand a liquid’s surface area (Ozment, John, and Conrad, 391). Liquid molecules are attracted to one another by adhesive ...

Purpose:

The purpose of the experiment is to find the heat solution for sodium sulphate dehydrate (Na2SO4.10H2O)
Discussion:
It is given that the volume and density of the taken water is 25 ml and 0.99826 g / ml respectively. From the values of density and volume, the mass of the water can be calculated. Using the formula,
Density = mass / volume;
the mass of the water can be determined and here it is calculated to be 24.957 g. Initial temperature and final temperature are given here and these are 19.7 ° C and 24.2 ° C respectively. It is also given that ...

Introduction to Modeling of Engineering Systems

The model that my group has developed is based upon the separation and accumulation of solids which flow into a settling tank from a feed steam. During this separation procedure, the solid accumulates into the settling tank and the cleaner liquid product accumulates in a storage tank. The feed stream, containing solid particles in liquid, flows continuously to the settling tank, and solids are thus able to settle to the bottom as the liquid moves upward through the tank. A product stream leaves the tank; this stream contains a smaller fraction of solids than the field stream. Eventually the amount of solids which ...

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Introduction
With the advent and rising popularity of the Internet, marketers have found it worthwhile to advertise online. There are a whole load of commercial mails which have doing rounds in the recent box to many inboxes. They are intended at promoting a product or service and generally ask for a click on a specific link given in the commercial mail. Banner ads, pop up messages are a few other such similar things that try to grab the attention of users all the time when viewing a particular web page. These are some of the online marketing ...

Average (mean) trees diameter

The difference between the diameter of Doghair Thicket and semi-restored is as a result of difference in the elasticity of the stem tissues. It means that on the experiment the tissues of Doghair thicket were more as compared to semi restore. It therefore recorded a high average. On other experiment, the data collected indicates that the semi- restored has high average. This implies that semi-restored has more stem tissues which facilitate or rather enhances its variation in diameter. Another major factor that determine the stem-diameter of the stems of the Doghair thicket and the semi-restored includes the contented of water present ...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution to yield 4-Bromoacetanilide

Introduction
Halogenation is a common process in organic synthesis. It is used in industrial and research synthesis as halogenated compounds are used for numerous widely used goods, including plastics. The lab aimed to perform monohalogenation of acetanilide. The reaction is specific since it is performed without catalyst. The typical halogenation is realized in presence of Lewis acid. Halogens molecules are electrophilic, and do not actively react. In presence of Lewis acid, the interaction is rather active.2
The lab used catalyst-free halogenation. The acetanilide molecule contains the acylated amine. As a result, the electronic density is shifted towards the amine ...

Introduction

The experiment was conducted to establish the association between head loss as a result of fluid friction and the flow rate of water. Turbulent and laminar flow within the pipe were also investigated. Fluid Friction Equipment containing three bore pipes was used to take the data of head loss at dissimilar velocities. Different readings on volume, time, flow rate, pipe diameter, and velocity and head loss of both mercury and water were collected. The data collected were used to investigate the association between head loss due to friction and the flow rate of water through bore pipes. An estimate ...

Introduction

The main objectives of this report include; designing the operational principles of parallel and counter flow of heat exchangers. Improving the understanding of fluid temperature and flow rate heat exchangers and lastly to calculate and determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of a heat exchanger ("Superplastic duplex stainless steel heads for the heat exchanger market", 2010).
The parallel flow of fluid is characterized by the flow of cold and hot fluids in the same direction; it, therefore, means that the entrance for the two fluids are in the same direction likewise their exit are also normally in the same ...

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) refers to a chronic bacterial infection of cattle that distresses some species of mammals. It is a substantial zoonosis that may spread to humans, mainly via the consumption of unpasteurized milk or the inhalation of aerosols. In developed nations, eradication initiatives have eliminated or reduced tuberculosis in cattle. As a result, human disease is currently rare. Nevertheless, reservoirs in wildlife may cause eradication challenging. Bovine tuberculosis remains popular in underdeveloped nations, and severe economic losses may take place from livestock mortalities, trade restrictions, and chronic disease. In some circumstances, this disease can similarly be a grave ...

Use of Fossil Fuels for Power Generation and the Need for Renewable Energy

According to Nelson (2011), more than 85% of the world’s energy consumption, which is estimated at 520 exajoules, is generated through the burning of fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas and coal (p.19). Electric power generation from non-renewable sources will, unequivocally, result in their exhaustion and creation of a major energy crisis. For this reason, it appears primordial to shift in a greater scale to alternate power generation, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, etc. Amongst these, Sorensen (2011) explains that though hydroelectric power does represent one of the major forms of power generation, its growth is stagnant ...

Based on the initial symptoms, the patient most likely suffers from hypothyroidism or low thyroid hormone disorder. Further clinical tests and an examination of the family’s medical history reveals that the particular disorder could be Hashimoto’s disease; also called Hashimoto thyroiditis. Hashimoto thyroiditis is classified as an autoimmune disease. In autoimmune disease, one's immune system attacks the body’s tissue specifically the thyroid gland (Skugor & Wilder, 2006, p.2). By attacking the thyroid gland, the disease reduces the gland’s ability to produce thyroid hormones of substantial quantity. This condition leads to hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone deficiency presents with ...

Thermal conductivity is defined as a material’s property to conduct heat. Heat transfer across materials occurs in materials that have lower thermal conductivity and transfers faster in materials with high conductivity. It is important to determine the thermal conductivity of materials since different materials are used for different applications. For instance, materials with high conductivity are more efficient when they are used as heat sinks since they can conduct heat away faster. Those with lower thermal conductivity are often used as insulators (Callister 78).
The classical transfer of energy happens through conduction, radiation, convection or combination of all ...

Common methods of Soil Investigation in the EUA

Soil investigation is imperative for various geological reasons. In most cases, subsurface investigation programs are carried to examine the underlying characteristics suggested by field reconnaissance and office research so as to modify, deny or confirm the assumed properties and conditions below the ground surface. Soil investigation and exploration program present a reasonable idea about the underlying soil condition and characteristics. The main aim of soil investigation and subsurface exploration is to determine the geomorphic and geological structures of the site’s subsurface (Ameratunga, Sivakugan & Das, 2016). There are two major methods of soil investigation employed across the UAE.
The ...

Introduction

In the Northern Ireland, oil heating serves as the main source of heating for the domestic properties. Several investigations conducted on heating sources within the Northern Ireland have revealed that close to 65% of households depend on oil heating; however, the use of the same has been on the rise in the rural areas and the percentage stands at 80% (Lienhard & Lienhard, 2011). The original heating equipment for oil in rural areas have helped in reducing the use of energy, as well as, cost amounting to 40% besides lowering air emissions. The majority of the oil heating projects often ...

Introduction

Gas turbines are highly popular and widely applied in numerous fields owing to their improved design and operational attributes. They are application widespread in civil, marine and aeronautical fields. Gas turbines can be implemented in tow different categories of applications based on the function of the thrust produced. The torque generated by the engine can be utilized in generating shaft power, or it can be applied to produce thrust from an exhaust nozzle (Boyce, 2011). Gas turbine engines exhibit a relatively high power to weight ratio. Consequently, the engine is highly appropriate for generating motive power for transport vehicles. ...

Velocity of Longitudinal Pressure in Sold Bars

Introduction
As opposed to the transverse waves, longitudinal waves are not easily visible. They usually take place in one direction. Whenever we want to generate a pulse in an oscilloscope, it is required that the wave travels in a single direction to avoid creation of seismic or spark points due to merging or collision of the waves. Both the longitudinal (compressional) and shear waves travel in the form of bulk matter although the later causes change in volume, shape or layer (Hanyga 15). In order to effectively discuss the elastic characteristics of an elastic material like bars, the young’ ...