Viruses Reports Samples For Students

Introduction

This report is a summary of Sections 3.1 to 3.10 of Chapter 3 – “Infectious Diseases and Treatments” – of “Biology of Disease” (Ahmed, Dawson, Smith & Wood, 2007).
Section 3.1: Introduction. A small number of pathogenic microorganisms can cause systemic disease – affecting the entire body. This chapter looks at selected examples of major body systems infections, including microorganisms that can cause generalized infections.

Section 3.2: Infections of the Skin. As an important part of the body’s immune defense system, the skin is normally populated by various microorganisms, which effectively prevent access by invading microorganisms such as Papillomaviruses ...

Introduction

Elodea canadensis is a perennial hydrophyte, which is native to the majority of North America and was first recorded in about 1836 from the British Isles (Hackney, 1992). Young plants at first begin with a seedling stem and roots grow in mud at the underneath of water. More adventitious roots arise at intervals along the stem. The leaves are translucent, bright green, oblong, 1-4 mm broad and 6-17 mm long, borne in whorls of three round the stem (Rose, 2006). It lives completely submerged.

Blepharisma is a unicellular ciliate protists genus found in salt and fresh water (Miyake, Harumoto, Salvi, & Rivola, ...

Causative agent

Chickenpox is a disease that is highly contagious, and its causative agent is varicella zoster virus (Wood).
Historical information
The history of the term chicken pox that is documented as being used from 1684 is not dependably known. There have been speculations that it was derived from chickpeas, on the basis of their resemblance of vesicles to chickpeas (Belshe).

Transmission

It begins with vesicular skin rash on the head and body. It is transmitted through the air and it easily spreads via sneezing or coughing by affected persons or via direct contact with the rash’s secretions. The patient ...

TA
ABSTRACT – Genetic engineering now has straight forward ecofriendly strategies to produce transformation in plasmids. The transformation process allows engineers to introduce DNa with specific desired capabilities into a host plasmid. In this way plants can be created that are able to resist a particular enemy or stressor without having to use toxics like herbicides and insecticides. The bacteria E. Coli was used to determine whether it can be made resistant to ampicillin or not. AmpR was integrated into the host cells and the tracer, GFP was used to identify expressed cells. The laboratory demonstrated that transformation by plasmids so ...

Introduction

Most of the microorganisms naturally present in the human body are harmless commensals. However, there also exists other disease causing microorganisms known as pathogens and the mechanism by which they cause disease is known as pathogenesis. These pathogens persist or multiply within the host causing infection. Some pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa are considered as opportunistic pathogens that cause disease only in patients with compromised immunity and only under certain conditions. The infectious diseases may be treated with antibiotic drugs. However, it is important to know the different types of pathogens and the virulence factors by which they cause disease ...

Effect of lemon, garlic, and whole Jalapeño pepper on Bacillus

Introduction

Most of the commonly used fruits and spices have been studied for their possible antimicrobial properties. Spices can be defined as the plant substances that are used to increase the flavor. They may include leaves such as mint and coriander, flowers such as clover, bulbs such as turmeric and garlic, fruits such as pepper and lemon, stems such as cinnamon, and rhizomes such as ginger. These plants can have some bioactive molecules having both antibacterial and antifungal properties. Extracts from plants such as garlic and lemon are effective ...

Lab report #

Introduction
In recent times, synthetic antibiotics have caused resistance in microorganisms and also, have shown unwanted side-effects. This has demanded for alternate therapies to combat infections. Scientists have developed interest in plant extracts, especially the ones that are traditionally used as spices, for new antimicrobial agents. Spices are traditionally used to give a distinctive flavor to the food but, they also contain potential antimicrobials which are also documented in literature. Even Louis Pasteur demonstrated the antibacterial effect of garlic and onion extracts. Salsa contains three main ingredients which have potential antimicrobial compounds. First, Lemon (Citrus Limon) is reported to ...

Identification of mystery microbe based on its morphology and biochemical properties

The experiment was conducted to detect the species of a given mystery microbe. The microbe was subjected to a battery of tests in order to identify its physical and biochemical characteristics. Based on the tests, different possible microbe species were eliminated to finally arrive at the right conclusion. The possible microbes included Escherichia coli, Providencia alcalifaciens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Micrococcus luteus, Serratia marcescens, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Sarcina aurantiaca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus licheniformis.
The first test conducted was to detect the Gram staining properties of the given microbe. This helped in identifying whether the given microbe had a thin ...

Introduction

Most of the time, people with flu ignore the disease especially when the symptoms are very mild. Moreover, people think of the flu as a bad cold. However, flu is worse than cold (Williams, 2014). Because of misinformation, there is a necessity for a better information dissemination concerning the flu, its causes, and the flu vaccines. Thus, this report gives information about the flu and the flu vaccine.

The Flu

Flu is a viral disease primarily caused by influenza viruses (CDC, 2014a). Most of the time, influenza viruses attack the windpipe and the lungs. Flu is considered a highly contagious disease, and its symptoms are known ...

Dissolved Oxygen

INTRODUCTION
Dissolved oxygen is a useful parameter used to determine the level of effluent in waste water treatment. Living organisms in water bodies require oxygen to break down organic matter. These organisms consume the dissolved oxygen in water and give out carbon dioxide. Oxygen does not readily dissolve in water and gets depleted quickly by increased micro-organism activity. To maintain optimal oxygen levels in a water body, the oxygen replenishing rate from the air should be equal to dissolved oxygen use by micro-organism in the water. A curve drawn to represent dissolved oxygen levels down a stream from a point of effluent ...

Abstract

The report presents the results of a microbiological experiment to confirm the hypothesis that as leftover food sits out over time, the number of bacteria in the food will increase. The study was undertaken to indicate the risk of bacterial contamination and the importance of proper storage technique. The study was performed using a liquid food (corn tortilla soup) which was exposed to the external environment at room temperature. The control group in our experiment was the same food stored in a zip lock bag and refrigerated.
The soup was tested over a period of time, which served as the independent variable, ...

Microbiology laboratory report

Abstract
Bacteriophages are intracellular parasitic viruses that infect bacteria to carry out their multiplication. During the lytic infection cycles, phages lyse the host cells forming a clear zone called plaque on the agar media. The experiment is aimed to measure the number of plaques created when the virus T4 infects the host bacteria and their genetic material integrates into the genetic material of the host cell. This happens because the E.coli becomes resistant to T4 bacteriophage. The T4 phage was diluted in a test tube and then E.coli bacteria was added in the tubes. The mixture was poured with soft ...

Introduction

There are many kinds of diseases that people can contract in different ways, and it is worth noting that any place a person travels to that is infested with a certain disease should steer clear of that place no matter how appealing it is. Now, there are some diseases that, once a person get it, there is no way to get rid of it and are forced to live with it for the rest of their lives. Ebola is one of those disease, and it has affected a multitude of people. Normally, there are shots to prevent certain diseases from ever surfacing but ...

Chicken pox is a communicable disease that has a characteristic rash that resembles blisters. It is more prevalent in tropical and temperate climatic regions and mostly affects children. However, most people must at one time in their lives suffer from an infection with the disease. The cause of chicken pox is a herpes virus called the varicella –zoster virus. The disease is normally mild in terms of the level of pain experienced. Unfortunately, infected persons may experience a significant level of discomfort. However, there have been instances of fatalities from the disease, though they have been few (Hoffmann, 2009).
The varicella –zoster ...

The process of identifying an organism involves the determination of where an isolate or an organism needs to be placed within a group of organisms that are already known. The process is usually done to conform to a given scheme of classification. Most of the microorganisms that may be found in the environment require to be identified aiming at identifying the different species that may be found in a given environment. The identification enables physicists and health workers to associated different sources with different organisms especially those that cause diseases. Organism classification may also help in the diagnosis of different disease by ...

There has been use of a broad range of methods for controlling bacterial growth. The specific method employed is based on the kind of bacteria, as well as the nature of the material for which the user is seeking. Therefore, in order to control bacteria that form endospore needs techniques varied from the ones utilized for other cells, while surgical equipment sterilization would need treatments that are different from the ones employed in prevention of infection of an injury. Ultraviolet light, denoted as UV, can be termed as an electromagnetic radiation, which has a wavelength ranging from 100 to 300 nm. ...

Soap manufacturers develop various products that include conventional soaps and antibacterial soaps to address today’s microbial threats. Antibacterial soaps are developed based on conventional ones with antibacterial agents added to the product. These antibacterial agents must have the ability to kill germs, but should not give adverse effects to human’s skin and general physiology. Scientific approach to investigate the effectiveness of antibacterial soaps begins with the hypothesis that antibacterial soap reduces more bacterial contamination compared to the conventional (non-antibacterial) soap. The two hypotheses are:
- There will be decrease in bacterial growth variables (types, numbers of ...

Introduction

The immunological disorders in an individual can occur due to three different reasons. This includes immunological diseases in an immunocompromised individual, or “autoimmune diseases”, or finally an immunological hypersensitivity that can lead to tissue damage.

Immunodeficiency diseases

Immunodeficiency diseases occur due to malfunctioning of the organs or cells in an individual. They are further classified as primary immunodeficiency (PID) and secondary immunodeficiency (SID).

Primary immunodeficiency disease

They occur when there is a direct defect in the immune system. They are further classified into eight groups depending upon the site of the defect.
Combined T and B deficiencies. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is an excellent ...

Part I: figure I

- Spatial distribution of plague questions on “where”, “why” and “what to do”
- Which areas of the Surratt are most affected by the plague infections?
- What features physical contribute to these areas being more affected than the others are?
- What is the population density of each area in relation to the intensity of the plague infections?
- What is the distribution of health facilities in each of the areas, both least affected and most affected?
- What remedy is there available in relation to the distribution of the plague cases within ...

The natural soil contains lots of microorganisms that are sufficient enough to naturally produce nutrients required for agricultural activities and benefit the plants; moreover, that improves the quality and quantity of the yield produce. In a situation where the soil fertility is deteriorated, natural and organic fertilizer should be added as they provide all the necessary nutrients required by the living microorganisms and the plants (Traina & Laperche, 1999). Artificially developed fertilizers are rich in nutrients that boost the yield quality and quantity but should be controllably used as they might kill all the microorganism transforming the productive soil into sand.
...

- Computer virus
A virus has been described as a malicious program that is targeted at a computer system in order to disrupt the normal operation of the operating system (Yang, Mishra and Liu, 1). When a particular virus attacks a computer, it executes itself and propagates itself throughout the important areas of the computer system including the Master Boot Record (MBR) on hard drives, data files and even other legitimate programs in the operating system by replication.
The objective of a virus attack ranges from criminal intent to amusement. Some viruses are aimed at harvesting sensitive personal identity and financial information ...

Purpose

Materials and Methods
Gram Stain: the test was done to differentiate Gram-positive from Gram-negative organisms. A drop of the unknown 300 was suspended on a slide and the culture spread to an oven thin film. The culture was air dried and fixed over a gentle flame. Crystal violet stain was added over the culture and allowed to stand for 60 seconds. The stain was poured off and rinsed gently. Iodine solution was added on the smear, allowed to stand for 60 seconds and the stain poured off. The slide was rinsed with running water, and a few drops of decolorizer solution ...

UNKNOWN #16

SUMMER 2013
INTRODUCTION
Purpose
The purpose of the lab is to separate characterize and identify microbes from unknown mixed culture using the morphological and biochemical methods.

Theory

The process of identifying bacteria is a systematic and careful process which uses various techniques to narrow down the bacteria types which are present in an unknown culture of bacteria. This process produces advantages for many factors of research of microorganisms and assists in the proper treatment of patients (Aneja 10). Several tests were performed to give the fermentation abilities, availability of specific enzymes and specific biochemical reactions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment started ...

Introduction

The intention of this response paper is to provide a summary of main points and my reaction to the article “Email: Before you Hit Send.”

In a technologically advanced world, the use of emails has become rampant and it is important to consider certain aspects before hitting the send button. The articles main points are divided into eleven (Anonymous, 2002):
Choose the right style: depending on the nature correspondence and the mail receiver, the email should follow either a formal or informal approach.
Be cautious with content: classified and confidential information should not be sent via email in addition ...

(City, State)
Lactic acid fermentation refers to a biological process where sugars such as fructose, glucose, and sucrose undergo conversion to form cellular energy lactic acid. The process is an anaerobic kind of fermentation reaction and takes place in a number of bacteria as well as in animal cells like the muscle cells (Campbell & Reece, 2005). The application of lactic acid fermentation is broad especially in the food industry (Tempeh, 2008). Some of the bacteria that are involved in the production of lactic acid include pediococcus cerevisiae, leuconostoc mesenteroides, bifidobacterium bifidus, and streptococcus lactis (Tempeh, 2008). The process is also ...

Nosocomial Infections

Nosocomial infections, also known as Hospital-acquired infection, occur when a patient acquires an infection while in a healthcare facility during treatment for other conditions. Such infections include bacterial and fungal infections and become severe in immune-compromised patients. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile and Enterobacteriaceae (carbapenem-resistance), are some of the bacteria that cause nosocomial infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates roughly 1.7 million hospital-acquired infections in the United States that lead to 99,000 deaths annually (Bennett, J. V., Jarvis, W. R., & Brachman, P. S., 2007).
In Texas, some of the activities carried out by the state to ...

Summary

This essay is on short description of the following terms atoms, molecular structure, ionic bonding, periodic table, pH, acids, oxidation, antioxidants in food, alkali cleaning agents, salts used in food, plant cells, photosynthesis, micro-organisms in the environment, bacterial morphology, comparative sizes of micro-organisms, factors affecting the growth of bacteria, bacterial spores, biological role of enzymes, catalase, and enzymic browning.

Introduction

This essay will write short notes on various topics in chemistry as well as in microbiology. Some of the terms in chemistry include atom, molecular structure, periodic table, pH, oxidation, ionic bonding among others. Some of the terms in microbiology ...

Antibiotic resistance occurs when there is a gain or change in the DNA of the bacterial organism. Most mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are associated with plasmid-mediated transfer of genetic information; using transposons facilitates the transfer of information, and in fact many common modes of resistance are associated with transposons such as beta – lactamases, tetracycline resistance and aminoglycoside resistance (Microbiology, 2007 pg. 64-65). Resistance is accomplished by one of three mechanisms (Microbiology, 2007 pg.65):
- Decreased uptake
- Alteration of target site: A change in the penicillin binding site of certain bacterial cell walls leads to less binding. ...

Part 1

1.
1. Eye piece 5.Arm
2. Objective lens 6.Coarse adjustment knob
3. Stage 7.fine adjustment
4. Base
2. What is the procedure (step by step) which you followed to do gram staining? (20 points)
1. Obtain a tissue sample for the gram stain.
2. Two or three drops of the sample were placed on the glass slide.
3. Use the electric slide warmer, heat the smear. Alternatively, this can be done by quickly passing it over a flame. Although should be very quick to avoid distortion.
4. Add crystal violet to the ...

Component One

The Data Quality Objectives (DQO Process) is a planning process that has been developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. This particular planning process is used when environmental information or data is used to make a choice between two specific alternatives or to make a derivation of contamination estimate. The process is also used in the development of acceptance and performance criteria that find use in the clarification of study objectives, defining of appropriate data type and the specification of potential errors of decisions that are then used as the basis for the establishment of the quantity and the quality of ...

NITROGEN AND COPPER DOPED SOLAR LIGHT ACTIVE TIO2 PHOTOCATALYSTS FOR WATER DECONTAMINATION

Abstract:
A new category of photocatalytic coating that can degrade chemical as well as bacterial contaminants under visible sunlight wavelengths was generated by the deposition of a stable photocatalytic TiO2 film over the internal lumen of glass bottles by means of a sol–gel technique. Such a coating was produced either in doped or undoped form. This coating used copper and/ or nitrogen for producing visible light-active TiO2 films that were normalized or annealed at 600 ◦C and were characterized by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The degradation of methylene blue was seen to accelerate with doped and undoped TiO2 films ...

Introduction

Bacillus Subtilis are the organisms that are aerobic, Gram Positive, spore-forming belonging to the Bacillus genus. The organisms are together with other species that are closely related play a crucial role in disease, food poisoning as well as food spoilage. Lack of methods that are standardized for the identification of the organisms whether coming from the food or environment has made the tests to be difficult. Use of morphological as well as physiological tests have offered the best ways to identify organisms in the laboratory although there are inconsistent and lack of reliance in these methods.
Identification of an ...

The Metabolism of (PABA) Para-Amino benzoic Acid

Introduction
PABA or Para amino benzoic acid is a non proteinous amino acid that occurs naturally. The molecular formula of para- amino benzoic acid is C7H7 NO2; the structure of PABA consists of benzene rings substituted with a carboxyl and an amino group. PABA is a white crystalline molecule that is only sparingly soluble in water. PABA is a very essential nutrient for bacteria PABA functions as an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria
The deficiency of PABA does not cause any deficiency diseases in man. Some bacteria in the intestinal tract can synthesise PABA from chorismate. Humans ...

Business Opportunity Analysis

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The following report is a business opportunity analysis for AtlanTech Resources Limited, for the purposes of determining the feasibility of lowbush blueberry moisture sensors as a viable addition to our family of products. Given the decreasing rate of sales that exists currently within the company (8% annual decrease), a new product must be released in the next three years to sustain the viability of our current business model; this report discusses the viability of the lowbush blueberry moisture sensor in fulfilling that role.
The existing market research and need for the product is established, as well as the ...

Report: Low bush Blueberry Moisture Sensor

Executive summary
This report is a full marketing analysis for the Low bush blueberry moisture sensor, a product developed to effectively predict the risk of monilinia infection in the blueberry fields. The equipment was developed by a team of agricultural researchers with the aim of creating a solution to this problem. Low bush blueberry moisture sensor functions with an algorithm that precisely shows the risk of infection or the state of infection. The moisture sensor helps to capture the wetness in the environment thus detecting potential risk of infection. The need to analyze the product’s prospects has been brought about the ...

Abstract

Amylase from Bacillus Subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae were studied as representative candidates for bacterial and fungal enzymes, respectively. The activities of these two enzymes were studies comparatively over a period of 10 minutes and at temperatures of 0, 40, 60 and 95°C. The experiment was conducted to find the most effective temperatures for bacterial amylase and fungal amylase to catalyze starch hydrolysis. The data suggest that fungal enzyme was relatively more active, particularly in the first 6 minutes, than the bacterial counterpart at 0°C.
On the other hand, the fungal enzyme activity deteriorated more rapidly than that ...

THE MICROSCOPE

The fundamental objectives of this report are to learn how to:
- handle and care about the microscope
- Identify various parts of the microscope such as the eye piece, arm, coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob, base, nose piece, objective lenses, stage condenser, and Iris diagram.
- Define various terminologies used while using the microscope such as the total magnification, resolving power, working distance, parfocal and real and virtual images.
- And finally to observe stained slides of bacteria or the fungi.

RESULTS

Concerning how to care about the microscope, the following should be taken ...

It is estimated that almost two million hospital patients in the United States contract a hospital acquired infection (HAI) every year, which is one out of every twenty patients (“Hand Hygiene Basics.”) These HAIs are responsible for close to 100,000 deaths per year (Anti Microbial Copper.) HAIs also cost the US healthcare system between $4.5–5.7 billion per year (Collins). It is every hospital administrator’s top concern to address this risk to protect their patients.
HAIs are primarily attributed to a small handful of bacteria: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Clostrudium difficille, Psueudonomas aerciginasa ...

Introduction

Surgical site infections (SSI) are surgical wound infections that occur within 30 days after a surgical intervention. Surgical site infections are complications accompanied with significant post-surgical morbidity and mortality (Reichman and Greenberg 2009). Astagneau et al. (2001) pointed that more than 30% of the postoperative mortality can be associated to some extend with some complications related to surgical site infections. SSI’s can vary in severity from small local inflammation on the site of incision to a serious infection that can endanger the life of the patient. The resolution of SSI can also result in serious cosmetic, functional and even debilitating ...

Introduction

Environment incubator can be defined as a modified biological environment to suit a certain experiment. The environment may be modified to provide certain condition necessary for a particular biological experiment. Microbes as microscopic organisms that can either respire aerobically or anaerobically. For instance, yeast is an anaerobe that respires anaerobically. Yeast enzyme is used in the fermentation process because they convert grape sugar into ethyl alcohol. Yeasts are eukaryotic micro organism which belongs to the kingdom fungi and which respires anaerobically. Yeast will be used in this experiment. The main purpose of this experiment will be to determine the factors that may ...

Abstract

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is among the most common virus diseases in the world. The virus is spread through direct contact of the skin. Even though there are over 100 kinds of the virus affecting different body parts, it is the kind that affects the human genitals that is most common. The infection affects people of all ages. Human Papilloma virus is also said to be the greatest cause of cervical cancer in women. Cervical cancer is the second largest killer cancer in the world. This type of cancer affects mostly women above 40 years of age. The spread ...

- Introduction
With water being an essential component necessary to many aspects of domestic life, it also represents an integral component in many industries. Due to water’s inherent solvent properties, water extracted directly form freshwater sources such as lakes, rivers, and aquifers are often times full of absorbed minerals and pollutants unfit for human consumption. Due to this, a variety of methods have been implemented in order to purify water from surface and sub-surface sources. However, the world’s water sources vary greatly in purity to begin with, which results in some methods being much more labor intensive ...

Effectiveness and action of different antibiotics on bacterial cells

Introduction
Antibiotics are used to kill microorganism or inhibit their ability to multiply (DIANE Publishing Company 73). Different antibiotics kill bacteria and other microorganisms with varied effectiveness. A simple mechanism of determining the effectiveness and action of antibiotics on bacteria is using the zone of inhibition method (DIANE Publishing Company 112). This experiment requires application of an antibiotic chemical to an inoculated plate. The culture in which bacteria are to grow and reproduce is then incubated after which observations are made to identify the zone of inhibition. A clear zone on the plate is an indication that the ...

Project 1-1

Incorporating system security in a company is always an effective way of minimizes common loses brought about by system attacks. Microsoft has introduced several mechanisms for boosting computer security systems. Kulkarni, Ravindran, & Freeza (2007), various practices recommend various practices that assist in preventing systems attack by viruses. First, the server should be password protected to ensure only authenticated users access information from the company computers. The system administrator should cross check each authentication and determine its location in order to keep records of various login-in details from different clients. Second, Nishida and McCormick Company should ensure all the risks ...

Introduction

An eEnzyme is kind of a protein and, like all proteins, proton is composed of a chain (or chains) made up of the 20 different amino acids found in most living organisms. The sequence of the amino acid chain(s) determines the 3-D shape of the protein, and its shape to a great extent determines its properties. and it has a 3-D shape. Enzymes act in aqueous solutions to facilitate used in biochemical reactions by lowering the energy barrier, but they are not themselves changed or consumed by the reaction. This is referred to as catalysis, and enzymes are biological catalysts. to make ...

This article provides astonishing findings about the role that bacteria plays in the health of periodontal disease. This article was written by Zhimin Feng and Aaron Weinberg, and it shows the interaction between the bacteria and human tooth. According to this article, bacteria and eukaryotic cells have a complex in interaction that involves a complex process. This process is meant to allow human beings live in harmony with bacteria that are within them. Periodontal diseases according to the article involve a series of infections on the periodontal tissues. This is a serious condition, and if not treated in early stages it can lead ...

Dengue fever is an infectious disease found in the tropics and caused by the dengue virus. It is a febrile illness which is potentially fatal. It is caused by the mosquito transmitted viruses. There are four known serotypes, namely; Dengue virus1 ( DENV-1), Dengue virus 2 (DENV-2), Dengue virus 3( DENV-3) and Dengue virus 4 (DENV-4). It is also known as the break bone disease. Dengue is a major public health problem, the global incidence and severity is on the increase, due to urbanization, overpopulation and global warming. It is now endemic in more than a hundred countries in the world. It was ...

Lab partners

The transformation of bacterial cells using Puc18 plasmid as a vector
Abstract
In molecular cloning experiments, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism and then broken into smaller fragments through digestion with restriction enzymes. The fragments of restriction enzyme digestion are then ligated /combined with some vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. These recombinant DNA molecules are then introduced into a host organism. When the host organism replicates, the recombinant molecule is replicated together with it. With time, large populations of transformed cells or clones are generated expressing the genotype and phenotype of the inserted ...

Introduction and Background

In assessing the impact of microbes in the New South Wales (NSW) health system, it was discovered after laboratory testing evaluating Part A and B categories different types of colonies were discovered, for laboratory 1 evaluations. In laboratory 11specimens used in this experiment were blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid; sputum, swabs from and

Mucous membranes.

Bacteria colony morphology:-. E Coli. This bacterium appeared to be creamy, shinny and rose to a level of 2-3 mm. M Luteus. This one was yellow shinny circular and rose to 1-2 mm. Fungal colony morphology; Saccharomytes cerevsaie ( yeast) and Aspergillus nidulans ( Mould ). Precautions must be taken while ...

Summary:

The world today is characterized by inequity in terms of the distribution of resources and socio-economic growth. Many places in the world are extremely poor. These places lack adequate development in terms of health care, social empowerment, and economic stability. One of the areas that exhibit the characteristics above is the Wallo Rural area (WalloRA), which is located in Sub- Saharan Africa. This area has a population of about is 30,000 people. The high levels of poverty in this area make the Wallo Rural Area a closed society in terms of access to information and basic amenities. Due to this ...

With the advent of mobile phones and the mobile space, there is a great opportunity for attackers to gain fraudulently. The mobile phone space is growing exponentially and this is attractive to the attackers who are looking for platforms which are paying. The internet has catapulted the attacks so that they are using mobile phones to attack the users. This is the reason as to why mobile carrier should protect their users. Most attackers target the carriers to get their attacks to their users. There is therefore the need to ensure that the channels through which the attackers use to ...

Introduction

Health care is one of the fields facing very difficult legal and moral issues in the society. Professionals in health care are put in a hard position while executing their duties due to the underlying moral and legal implications involved. Health policies regarding Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), abortions, end of life care and many other aspects vary from state to state as well as the international level. There are no internationally accepted standards that determine in finality how doctors and health care providers should handle such matter. Laws and constitutions have attempted to provide guidelines as to how such ...

The fight against pathogenenic microorganisms to achieve a better life has been a continuous process. Rapid changes are seen as researches are embarking upon various forms of studies but there are certain discoveries that always seem greater. The New York Times published an article, which focus on the advancement in microbe genome sequencing technology. The article title "The new generation of microbe hunters" explored the challenges, the need, and future benefits of the new technology.
This publication provides a summary of some medic's perception and discussion of the current rapid infective process of microbes on human health in a neighboring city and ...

Preventing Systems Intrusions

A) Malware is any program or file that is designed to interfere with operations, gain unauthorized access to computer resources and amass information that results in loss of privacy, among other intrusive behavior. Malware affects computer systems in a number of ways by turning off automatic updates and disabling exceptions in the Windows firewall. Malware is able to achieve this through setting exceptions in the windows firewall by routinely executing any maliciously destructive programs. This is accomplished by using the Actex content that is found in a computer’s security system. In particular, malicious software is used to compromise systems where ...

Land and sea polluted with petroleum-based synthetic and natural substances have led to the development of techniques using biological organisms for clean-up. The technique is called bioremediation. “Bio” refers to biology and “remediation” to clean-up. The types of microorganisms used are bacteria fungi and actinomycetes. Bacteria can be used for bioremediation under anaerobic or aerobic conditions. Actinomycetes are generally anaerobic and grow from spores forming filaments and branches. The applications and environment for optimum bioremediation varies depending on the pollutant and the biological organisms. Different combinations work better depending on the temperature, substrata and other environmental variables. The goal ...

Abstract

This is a report on Hepatitis C virus infection in Australia discussing the population at risk, clinical presentation, management, and issues with vaccine production. The findings in the report show that injecting drug users among youths are the major group at risk. The presentation of the disease could be in acute or chronic form. The management is not 100 percent achievable due to unclear reasons but the drugs are effective. There are major side effects associated with the drugs hence there is a need for pre and post testing counseling. The major issue with the infection is the absence of vaccine ...

This manual identifies bacterium according to their functional attribute as well as according to their structure and arranging them according to a certain specific familial arrangement (University of Idaho 1). For instance, in this study and using Bergey’s Manual, we are supposed to identify the species and genus of a sample of bacteria. By using the Bergy’s manual and through identifying the bacterium according to their functional attribute as well as according to their structure and arranging them according to a certain specific familial arrangement; the following is derived

• Gram-positive cocci bacteria
• Micrococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp,
• Streptococcus spp,
• Enterococcus spp
• ...
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1. What is a local area network?

Local area network (LAN) is a type of computer network that connects devices and computers within a limited geographical area, such as school, home, office building or computer laboratory (“Local area network,” n.d.). Its main distinguishing characteristics from wide area networks are smaller and limited geographic area, higher rates of data transfer and absence of need for leased telecommunication lines. It is convenient to use LANs in the areas with limited space, which can be as small as one apartment, or as large as a university campus. They are also often used for business purposes, as they have a number of benefits that ...

14th April, 2011.

Objectives/Aims

1) The aim of the experiment was to scrutinize food samples for the presence of microorganisms using the Australian Standard (AS) techniques to establish quality and safety of food produce for consumption.
2) The experiment is also aimed at comparing standard and new techniques of food sampling. This will assist in establishing the most efficient, convenient, cheap, reliable, sensitive and easy to use technique in analyzing food samples for the presence of microbial organisms.

Introduction

Microbial organisms in food can either be useful or poisonous if consumed. For years now, microorganisms have been used in the ...

Abstract

In the experiment, the main objective was to compare the efficiency of two treatments in terms of Ajax and Hand sanitizer. The class was divided in two groups and Group A performed hand washing with Ajax while Group B used the hand sanitizer as hand washing agent. Cultures of the dominant hand by imprint method using Petri dish agar were done on each subject before and after the application of hand washing agents. The inoculated agar Petri dishes were incubated for a week at 37°C. Colony counts of the organisms identified were made. The mean change in the number ...