Essays on Placebo

Amoxicillin: A Review of Two Articles

The purpose of this paper is two examine two studies on the topic of the efficacy of amoxicillin or amoxicillin clavulanate as treatments for otitis media. The paper will describe the two studies, point out the major differences, and concludes with speculation as to why one study recommends the broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic whereas the other recommends a wait and see approach.

Design of the Studies

Both the Dutch study, Damoiseaux et al. (2000), and the Finnish study, Tahtinen et al. (2011), used a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled design to test the efficacy of amoxicillin or amoxicillin clavulanate. The inclusionary criteria in the Damoiseaux ...

Homeopathic treatment for Insomnia (sleeplessness)

Homeopathy is considered as an alternative medicine practice compared to modern (allopathy) practice. The concept of homeopathy relates to pseudoscience wherein the treatment of an illness is not part of a scientific rationale but the normal recovery of the person. Homeopathy was first introduced by Samuel Hahnemann in 1796 and has been used since then as an alternative treatment for many acute and chronic illnesses. Some researchers suggest that homeopathic medications or agents act like placebo in terms of modern medicine, wherein the recovery or cure of the illness is not due to the medication itself but part of ...

Introduction

A recent report of the International Longevity Center-UK (ILC-UK) indicated that dementia can no longer be viewed as an isolated disorder due to a high prevalence of medical comorbidities, often undiagnosed, associated with it (Scrutton & Brancati, 2016). Patients with dementia also had received a less coordinated comorbidity treatments, resulting to the faster decline of their daily functioning, a reduction in their quality of life (QOL), and earlier mortality events than patients with these comorbidities, but in the absence of dementia. The report also noted other important findings, which exacerbated the need for better therapeutic options in dealing with dementia, ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Chronic pain is a condition of pain caused by an unresolved injury. Usually, a pain is considered chronic, if it persists for more than 3 months. It is not only a symptom of other problems but can be a syndrome having both physical as well as psychological dimensions. In order to evaluate the chronic back pain, detailed history of the patient has to be taken and thorough physical assessment has to be done (Buttaro, 2013).

Evaluation of a patient with back pain

Pain assessment can be done by the use of a mnemonic device, PQRST. P is related to provocative-palliative factors such as ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Differences between a causal and a correlation Causation refers to the cause of something to happen. A causal claim shows that the two events are related to each other in such a way that one event is the effect of the other. Suppose there are two events; b and c, then a causal claim can take the form of “b causes c” in which b refers to the cause and c refers to the effect. On the other hand, correlation shows that the two variables (events) are related to each other in such a way that ...

In an article entitled “Unethical Clinical Trials Still Being Conducted in Developing Countries,” it exposed that even as recent as 2013, there are still clinical trials being conducted in the developing countries in Africa and Asia that violate research ethics. Carome, M. (2014) mentioned that even with the presence of two effective vaccines for rotavirus, United States funded clinical trials are still being conducted without being held accountable for the possible consequences of the trials considering that the illness at hand is said to be life-threatening. Rotavirus is an ailment affecting millions of children worldwide especially in the developing ...

Abstract: The present paper focuses on the examination and presentation of the study conducted by one of the most influential medical institutions – the University of Michigan Medical Center. Thus, the study with its results, including statistical data, is summarized. However, the paper goes beyond the summary in the sense that it explores the significance of it and tries to project its future applicability. Furthermore, some key medical concepts are also discussed in regards to the study in question. The research that will be dwelt upon in the paper dealt with the medical condition known as congestive heart failure. Congestive ...

Abstract

COPD is an illness that primarily affects the respiratory system. It is a treatable and preventable illness that is characterized by persistent and progressive limitation of airflow into the lungs. in its severity, COPD is a condition that requires frequent hospitalizations due to exacerbations that occur once there is a trigger effect or the patient is exposed to an allergen. Within the US, COPD is regarded as the third leading cause of death and there is evidence to show that up to 11 million persons have been diagnosed with COPD (Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Inc, 2015). ...

PHIL 434 Medical Ethics

Short answers 3 point seach What is medical tourism? Medical tourism is “where patients travel overseas for operations and various invasive therapies.” (Connell 2006, p. 1093).

What are 3 reasons people choose surgeries/procedures in other countries?

1. Economics – Even with health insurance, many procedures can be performed for a fraction of the cost overseas. 2. Quality of care – quality of care is increasing around the world to the near equivalent of Western countries. 3. More options- Even with health insurance, many patients find their health insurance companies limit the kinds of procedures they are able to receive.

What is the commoditization of care?

Turning health care into a commodity that is undifferentiated from other competing ...

Efficacy of Ondansetron in oral rehydration

Introduction Ondansetron is a drug that blocks actions of chemicals within the body that can trigger an episode of vomiting or diarrhea (Freedman, 2016). The body has a system of regulating itself and fighting any harmful condition or substance. The medulla oblongata is responsible for the regulation of involuntary actions such as breathing, vomiting, thirst and heart rate. This part of the brain can detect various chemicals and hormones within the blood. When a potentially toxic substance gets detected, the chemoreceptor trigger zone initiates the vomiting process. Ondansetron prevents nausea and vomiting caused by surgical activities or cancer medication. ...

Background

Wound healing is one of the most important processes in maintaining the health of a person. Multiple factors affect wound healing in humans regardless of age. A partial list includes diabetes, hereditary healing disorders, obesity, drugs, alcoholism, smoking and compromised immune condition. Infection, stress, nutrition, and radiation therapy can also contribute to delayed or incomplete wound healing (Guo & DiPietro, 2010). In the start of a wound, an inflammatory response is initiated. Blood vessels expand, helping white blood cells and nutrients to reach the wound. Wound healing is achieved through the processes of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Proper sequence ...

A 1,000 – 1,500 word limit exists

i) What is the research question? In the treatment of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD), is the addition of corticosteroid therapy to standard therapy recommended over standard therapy alone? KD, an acute autoimmune disease that most commonly affects children and infants, results in the inflammation of the medium-sized blood vessels throughout the body. In rare and extreme cases, KD can affect the heart by causing coronary artery aneurysms and other abnormalities. Conventional primary treatment of KD involves the administration of intravenous immune globulin (2 g/kg) and aspirin (80-100 mg/kg) each day until fever subsides. Newburger et al. (2007) have ...

The administration of proper medication is essential to the treatment of a health complication. As such, medical practitioners need to enforce proper measures in the issuance of medicine to enhance the betterment of patients (Bojesen et al. 375). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value of medicines through the utilization of a case study. This study will be in line with the code of conduct for Oncologists since the medical practitioner in this scenario deals with cancer patients. Since the maintenance of confidentiality is essential to the success of the medical practice, the practitioners’ and patient’ ...

Introduction

In this paper, the article titled “Effect of 2-yn− 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementations on cognitive function in older people: a randomized, double-blind, controlled” by Dangour et al., 2010 will be critically appraised. The article describes a study that sought to establish whether 2-yn− 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation has an effect on cognitive function in older people. In the study, a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was used. Reduced cognitive function and dementia in older people continues to increase and pose a significant challenge to the elderly. Several studies have reported an association between the intakes of ...

Culture plays a big role in health, diseases, and healing as well as medical anthropology. Some diseases result from the cultures we adopt, our own cultures as well as our life choices. These cultures and choices may cause the rise of a disease, the healing of a disease or the maintenance of good health. One disease that arises from our life choices is hypertension which involves having a high blood pressure. This paper will aim to compare the different cultures, the choices they make in regard to health care as well as the diseases that arise from lifestyle or ...

Introduction

In this paper, the article entitled “Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the prevention of Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in older inpatients (PLACIDE): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial” by Allen, et al., (2013) will be critically reviewed. The article investigates about Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) which occurs more often in older patients who are 65 and above and are treated with antibiotics that provide immunity against a wide range of bacterial diseases. Clostridium difficile is a dangerous bacteria which can cause AAD, and it can be very harmful to the patient’s health. The researchers “did a multicentre, ...

Hypertension is a health issue which is mostly associated with men and, as such, women are considered safe from its development. However, this myth has been disrupted following various researches that reveal that HBP is not a gender issue affecting both men and women. However, men were found to be more susceptible to developing the illness than compared to women. In this regard, women were also found prone to developing the ailment on the basis of various factors that will be discussed in this paper. In addition, this paper will focus on hypertension in women and the clinical studies ...

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

Quite often, people experience anxiety when faced with a difficult situation, and the anxiety ends once the situation is resolved. Occasional anxiety is a common phenomenon that people face especially before undertaking tasks for which they have little confidence in accomplishing. Besides, whenever confronted with the need to make important decisions, people tend to experience anxiety over the possible consequences of such decisions. In general, anxiety occurs when one is facing a difficult situation, has to make a difficult decision, or is about to carry out a task that one has no confidence in accomplishing successfully. In all these ...

Questions & Answers

Questions and Answers

Every theory must be proved by results of scientific studies. If the theory cannot be confirmed by scientific methods this theory is likely to be wrong. Learning styles theory was not proved by results of any researchers that are why scientist believes that the theory is only a one more psychological myth. Riener & Willingham (2010) indicate that proponents of the idea of learning styles believe that if a teacher knows about learning styles of his/her students the teacher will be able to teach students effectively independently of the content of learning materials. According to the theory ...

Misconception Diary: Brain Myths

I feel that there are so many things about this lecture that showed me that I have many misconceptions about the brain. I am not sure if I can really just pick one misconception about the brain. One of these misconceptions would be the brain may need to grow or get rid of synaptic connections between the neurons. I would never think that the brain would need to lose these connections in order to learn something. I always imagined that the brain would get bigger and stronger with an intelligent person. I don’t know why I have this ...

Creatine is an amino acid. It is naturally occurring i.e. it is made in the body in the kidney, liver and pancreas. Creatine is obtained from foods such as meat and fish. In the body, creatine is converted to creatine phosphate and taken to reserves in the muscle. In the case of extreme intensity, short intervals of exercising such as weight lifting and sprinting it is used as an energy source. The storage form phosphocreatine is converted to the body's energy currency, ATP and used. The fact that it has this use has meant that athletes and body builders ...

Iron deficiency is seen to the most neglected and the most prevalent nutrient deficiency all over the world, and more particularly among children and pregnant women in developing countries. Anemia is defined by low hematocrit or hemoglobin and is used commonly in assessing iron deficiency severity in populations lacking high malaria rates. The high iron requirement physiologically in pregnant women is difficult to attain with most diets. As a result, they receive routine iron supplementation. The studies conducted in the past have given evidence that iron supplementation without or with folic acid does reduce anemia incidence during pregnancy, but ...

Drug consult on “citalopram, methylphenidate, or their combination in geriatric depression” in a “randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial” (Lavrestsky et al. 2015, 561). Elderly patients with symptoms of depression do not show responses as strong as younger patients to anti-depressants. Lavretsky et al. (2015) note that antidepressant therapies are commonly used to alleviate geriatric depression but many geriatric patients “chronic course or relapse frequently after periods of improvement” (561). The quality of life of elderly patients with depression is often greatly reduced because of cognitive impairment (561). The sufferers may exhibit a low response to treatment, difficulty functioning with essential ...

The supplement being tested is Cranberry as it is claimed that the berry is helpful in preventing UTIs in patients with MS. Since it is commonly believed that cranberry is a great food to avoid urinary tract infections.

Urinary Tract Infection

The contagion or septicity in the urinary track that is any abnormality or infection in the bladder and urethra or kidney and ureters are in general described as Urinary Tract Infections (UTI). The urinary system begins from a pair of organs known as kidneys. They are responsible for removing waste and excess water from the body in the form of urine. ...

General features of melatonin

Melatonin is a hormone, which is thought to play an important role in daily processes of humans’ lives, being secreted by the pineal gland, which is an endocrine gland, located in the middle of the brain. After its discovery the first function (which later gave the name to this hormone) was the ability of this hormone to lighten one’s skin color. This experiment was conducted on frogs, however even nowadays everybody knows that our sunbathing results in suntan due to activity of melatonin. This is a so-called skin-darkening effect of melatonin. First discoveries of this hormone were done ...

Question 1: Identify and explain the placebo effect’s function in each step of the scientific method: observation, hypothesis, experimentation, verification.

- Placebo effect can be defined as any effect that cannot be attributed to an actual pharmaceutical drug. It is a psychobiological condition occurring in the patient’s brain upon the administration of an inert substance, coupled with verbal suggestions of clinical importance. The therapeutic importance of the placebo effect is universally recommended and accounting for it has become a standard in clinical drug trials. This is done to discern pharmaceutical effects from the placebo effects and placebo effects ...

The connection between alcohol consumption and domestic violence is one of vital importance in society. Modern culture has found a way to solve many of society’s ills, but the dangers that women and children face from the men in their lives are still all too real. The articles under consideration in this paper look at the correlations between intoxication and domestic violence. The methodologies and studies have similarities and differences with implications on their outcomes. However, the general purpose of both is to look for connections that social planners and public health planners can use to improve public education ...

An investigation into whether polypharmacy in hospice and palliative care patient population can be reduced, thereby affecting quality of life

Introduction Polypharmacy simply refers to the use of several medications by patients. Sometime patients are prescribed several medications than what is clinically allowed or a patient may be given too many pills of drugs despite being clinically indicated. In addition, sometimes the drugs given to patients may not be evidence based but their use is only based on the speculations. Polypharmacy has been described to have a lot adverse effect on patients despite the patients being on medication. Instead of improving the quality of life, polypharmacy may sometimes prove to be adverse on patients. Common consequences of polypharmacy include negative ...

Introduction

After a drug is developed, it is widely tested in the lab for efficacy and safety before it is tested on humans. Clinical trials are conducted using human subjects in five phases before the drug is approved. A drug may be approved for use and then adverse side effects are found during post marketing study in which case it is withdrawn from the market. This paper is an evaluation of cisapride, a drug developed in the 1980s and marketed between 1993 and 1999 before it was withdrawn from the market because of adverse side effects. Post marketing data on the drug ...

Managing Environmental Issues Simulation

Managing Environmental Issues Simulation Colney and Pitts is a California based pharmaceutical company generating annual sales of $50 million. It is the chief producer in America of herbal remedies for prostate illnesses like prostate cancer, prostatitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, incontinence, dysuria, polyuria and nycturia. The company has learned that the Pygeum or Prunus Africana can be found in Aberdares mountain ranges in eastern highlands of Kenya. With this information, the company wants to build a manufacturing plant near the mountain ranges. It has been known that the Pygeum or Prunus Africana can be used as an alternative medicine for ...

X-ray Reading

X-ray Reading Figure 1 The patient in this x-ray image is centred with both lungs apices. The image has also captured the costophrenic angles but some of the bones are invisible in the picture. The reason some of the bone structures are invisible is because of poor reproduction. Additionally, the medial ends of clavicle are invincible thus it is impossible to assess rotation using this image. Another observation is that the trachea is patent and deviated to the right. The image also shows that the heart is deviated to the right. The heart of the patient has a ...

Question 1

This is a descriptive statistics. The teacher is simply collecting and summarizing the data into a descriptive form. The teacher does not make any predictions or inferences. She simply collects data and would need a numerical solution.

Question 2

Inferential statistics is used in this study to analyze the stimuli. Descriptive statistics would be used in the calculation of different measures such as averages, standard deviation, among others. These measures are necessary for comparison. Therefore, both inferential and descriptive statistics would be important in the study.

Question 3

The data of marks scored was arranged in ascending order. 80th percentile implies that the marks I scored ...

Good nutrition is critical for growing children, both for physical and cognitive development. Elementary age children are challenged every day in school and a nutritious and balanced breakfast is critical for them to learn. Many studies have been completed that consistently demonstrate the importance of a good breakfast on learning. According to a study completed by Anjos et al (2013), good nutrition begins with expectant mothers and continues throughout a child’s life from infancy to childhood. The acquisition of nutrients is important for proper brain development. The authors have implemented a large scale research project named NUTRIMENTHE which is examining the effects ...

Influenza Vaccine among Health Workers

Influenza Vaccine among Health Workers

Introduction

Evidently, the human body possesses a remarkable capability, which can however be jeopardized by disease. Influenza occurs as one of the widely discussed diseases whose influence on humans has and continues to raise immense concern across various contexts all over the globe. This can be accredited to the fact that this disease occurs as one of the leading causes of respiratory infections. In fact, influenza remains a significant cause of mortality amongst the elderly populations aged above 65 years. Worth noting is the fact that the pathogenicity of influenza is dependent on environmental factors; hence grouping ...

VTE Nursing Research

Venous Thromboembolism Introduction Venus thromboembolism (VTE) is a condition that includes both pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT commonly occurs when blood clots in deep veins normally in the pelvic veins or in the legs. However, VTE is common any vein in the human body. Patients who develop VTE have a 35% to 65% chance of dying from it. It is important to research on Venus thromboembolism (VTE) because as the third most common cardiovascular disease, it is a leading cause of mortality and mobility worldwide. VTE results from slowing of the blood flow (stasis), damage of ...

Introduction

The healthcare sector has changed significantly due to the rise of chronic and lifestyle diseases, and better educated clients who demand quality services. To meet these challenges nurses have embraced evidence based care to improve quality by enhancing aspects such as safety and efficacy of interventions. One of the most important aspects of delivering quality nursing care is ensuring that nurses have the necessary skills, knowledge and attitude needed to improve care. Giving nurses these skills, knowledge and attitude is the key goal of the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) program. This essay evaluates the clinical management ...

Influence of Coffee on Exercise

Caffeine is a pharmacologically active substance that is consumed extensively around the world today. Various dietary sources of caffeine include coffee, tea, chocolate, carbonated drinks and energy beverages (Goldstein et al., “International society” 2010). Among these dietary sources, coffee is the most significant and widely consumed source of caffeine around the world in the present times. Statistics from North America and Europe show that around 90% of the adults consider themselves as regular coffee drinkers and their average caffeine intake adds up to approximately 200mg per day (Pesta et al., 2013). Chemically, caffeine is 1, 3, 7,-trimethylxanthine i.e. ...

Venous Thromboembolism: Literature Review

Venous Thromboembolism: Literature Review

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a health condition characterized by blood clot forming within the veins. VTE is the third most common cardiovascular condition and is fatal for up to 35% of patients who develop the condition (Deitelzweig, Johnson & Schulman, 2011). This high mortality rate is as a result of poor understanding of VTE unlike arterial thrombosis which is well understood. Although many risk factors have been identified to cause VTE, thrombophilia is one of the underlying cause that characterizes many cases of VTE. Thrombophilia is an abnormality in the ability of blood to clot. The problem which ...

Autism is a mental condition that becomes evident when a child is one to three years. Early detection of the disorder may minimize the symptoms as compared to discovering the condition when one is an adult. Autism is characterized by various degrees of difficulty in social interaction, memory, verbal and non-verbal communication. People suffering from autism have an intellectual disability, low motor coordination and health issues such as sleep disturbances. A number of environmental factors have been found to increase a child’s risk of becoming autistic. This includes maternal illness during pregnancy, oxygen deprivation during birth and the parents’ age at ...

Ethical judgments limit the methods available in the production of knowledge in both the arts and the natural sciences. Discuss.

Candidate Name:

Candidate Number: Production of knowledge is heavily dependent on ethical impositions. In arts and sciences, for instance, there are ethical boundaries that guide the manner in which information should be shaped and created. The extent to which these ethical arbitrations limit production of knowledge in the fields of arts and natural sciences depends upon the artist or scientist. In some cases, the artist or the scientist can choose to either disregard these ethical principles or find another method ...

[College]

Abstract

The “Ginkgo Biloba: Evaluation of Memory” study is about the effectiveness Ginkgo Biloba herbal medicine, which’s primary purpose is to increase cognitive health in aging patients through double blind and placebo controlled study. The study included 3072 out 7709 participants randomly selected from four communities in the US i.e., Hagerstown, Maryland; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Sacramento, California; and Winston-Salem and Greensboro, North Carolina over a period of 20 months from September 2000 to May 2002.

Ginko Balboa: Evaluation of Memory

The Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory study is about Ginkgo Biloba herbal medicine, which's primary purpose, is to increase cognitive health in aging patients through double ...

Substance abuse contributes to a variety of social problems, including social disorders, disease transmission, family disorders, and criminal behavior. A variety of biological, psychological, and social factors are potential causes of addictive behavior. Therefore, it is important to resolve the causes relevant to each individual in order to resolve addiction. Long-term success is achieved only when the causes of addiction are addressed, but treatments also need to consider short-term goals like preventing relapse during the withdrawal stage. Biological influences can make individuals susceptible to substance abuse. Various studies identified chromosomal regions in the human genome that can cause physiological ...

Introduction

Eating disorders are largely encountered during teenage and young adulthood even though they sometimes appear in childhood or later in adult life. The diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders is a challenge aggravated by the affected individuals aversive tendency to seek treatment. (Becker et al., 1999) (Steiner & Lock, 1998). Eating disorders are veritable medical illnesses and tend to be frequently overlooked in the face of other coexisting diseases like Anxiety, Depression and substance abuse syndrome. The revisions incorporated in the fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) envisage better classification and characterization of this group ...

Abstract

Cocaine has a variety of physiological manifestations. Cocaine is a local anesthetic that was discovered in the sixteenth century. The characteristic of being a local anesthetic is the primary attribute for its application in medicine. There are a number of compounds that have been recently created that are more effective than cocaine for the purposes of anesthesia. Cocaine also has the characteristic of being a potent vascoconstrictant. The applications of vascoconstrictant are effective for the implementation of throat and nose surgery. The application of cocaine in the nose and throat areas has the characteristic of deterring bleeding. Cocaine also has influence over the sympathetic ...

Marijuana raises controversial debate from time to time on the significance of its legalization. Although, many people attach massive demerits to the substance, others find exclusive benefits in the substance. The benefits of the drug may range from medical to economical. There are unique medicinal benefits that come with the use of marijuana. The economic benefits of the substance may be attached to the tax revenue that the drug attracts to an economy. The first medical benefit of marijuana is that it acts as the pain reliever. There are some diseases that cause extensive pain to the patient, ...

Introduction

Cigarette smoking has been regarded as one of the most single causes of death in developed countries. It is however the most preventable cause of deaths. Cigarette smoking account for one (1) among every five (5) deaths in the United States and more blatantly has been the major cause of premature deaths. Worldwide statistics indicates that in every single minute over ten (10) million cigarettes are purchased (Wilkes, 2008). While being a major case of health concerns, the issue has also gained momentum as a major issue of social concerns. The blaming games have been vented against key players in the ...

Acupuncture is considered one of the ancient traditional Chinese medical practices, whose age cannot be precisely defined, but is generally believed to be approximately 2000 years. As medical experts of the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services define it, acupuncture is a technique that involves stimulation of the points in the body, often by inserting thin needles into it (Lao et al., 2014). It is believed that every human has the energy of life called qi, and this energy flows in the human body through the meridians that are the streams ...

Problem Statement

Most medical scientist and psychiatrists have defined depression as a mood disorder that often results to incessant feeling of extreme sadness and loss of interest in most activities that one used to enjoy. Depression has various references; the condition could be referred to as major depression, major depression disorder or clinical depression. Depression results to a variety of emotional and physical problems because the condition affects one’s thinking and behavior. Depressed people find difficulty in doing everyday tasks and experience severe hopelessness. Depression affects 19 million adult Americans, meaning it is the leading mental disorder in the U.S. Studies ...

Introduction

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be described in the generality as the development of persistent and characteristics symptoms which leads to difficulties in normal functioning. This is usually due to an exposure to a life-threatening event or experience or an event that can be perceived by the individual as a life-threatening or causing serious injury (Alexander, 2012). These cases are widespread, and the range of events that exposes an individual to this disorder cannot be streamlined to any particular aspect of life. The behavioral responses to the events and the perceptions of the individual about the event have a significant impact on ...

Deception is the most unethical activity that can be associated with scientific communication. This may take place during data gathering or during experiments. One common practice in the medical field is the use of the placebo in their experiments. Here, patients are given tablets saying that such items are drugs to cure their ailment. To test the efficacy of the real drugs, placebo tablets are given to the control group. Even the ones who are taking only placebo feel that they are getting better.. The placebo effect or the healing effect is often experienced durng control trials. Wampold et ...

Obesity among adolescents in Saudi Arabia

A 2013 study by Abdulrahman Obaid Musaiger (University of Bahrain, Manama, Bahrain) and Nisreen Zagzoog showed interesting patterns in dietary habits and lifestyle among adolescent girls in Saudi Arabia. The study was designed to explore how differently girls from private and government schools live, in a dietary and health perspective. Most health and dietary surveys were traditionally focused and limited to government schools, but the research undertaken in the study took on a comparative aspect. A cross-sectional survey using multi-stage, stratified sampling was carried out on adolescent schoolgirls. The research design is experimental in nature. The research used placebo and control ...

Introduction

The common cough often makes no alarm at all, especially when it comes to determining the causes or the risks that come with it. However, when a simple cough becomes exuberating, it often calls for distinct attention which usually requires medical assistance. With this consideration in mind, it is then important to note what makes a cough extensively alarming and how it should be given proper attention to for the sake of imposing fast recovery on the patients being attended. For instance, the case of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease requires specific medical attention that usually involves both medication and respiratory therapy. ...

Following the American Psychological Association’s Guidelines

Placebos and Ethics Introduction The only thing second in the medical field to successfully treating a patient is doing it ethically. Ethics are supposed to be held in the highest degree by doctors and nurses in order for patients to feel safe and optimistic about the treatment they receive. Treatments, under the Hippocratic Oath and several moral and ethical maxims must be provided in a safe, ethical manner in order for them to be considered justified practices. Examples include delivering chemotherapy to cancer patients, and antibiotics to patients with viruses. Other instances may involve obtaining conscientious permission from the ...

Abstract

Childhood depression often gets undiagnosed and gets untreated because many parents do not know what the symptoms are like and they get assumed to be normal psychological or normal emotions. Mood change is an important sign that should get looked out for. The participants for this study are college students. A hundred college students were used to conduct this experiment. Equal number of female and male participants was chosen for the experiment. Medical consultation was a problem cited by participants. The experiment revealed that childhood depression affects boys as much as it affects girls. Proper sensitization needs to get carried ...

The practices of shamanism date back at least as far as the Neolithic ages and possibly the latter parts of the Paleolithic ages of mankind's prehistory. Here, shamanism is defined as a set of ritualistic practices that are used in conjunction with an understanding of a larger framework of the cosmos to engage in ritualistic practices that were goal-directed. This practice was the role of the tribal shaman who entered altered states of consciousness to heal a sick person, among its many other applications. Contrary to popular belief, the practice of ritualistic shamanism directly led to the nearly-overnight birth of modern, systematized ...

Introduction

Knowledge is defined as the accurate understanding or acquaintance with areas of human survival. The more advanced understandings we have with on environment represent our improved survival. Humans traditionally gain knowledge through two sources. The first is through books. Books have always been the elementary source of knowledge from a very tender age. Children are not the only a group that use books or other written sources to gain knowledge but also adults. Despite the fact that books are very informative, experience is also another vital source of knowledge for humans. Experience is very vital as it uses real situations ...

ANSWER-1

Psychoneuroimmunology works on the bases of nervous system and its connection with immune system. Placebo effects work on the similar concept of inducing the effect on the nervous system. It stimulates the immune system to counteract the disease. The difference between both modalities is that in PNI, the use of pharmacology, medicine, psychiatry is used to derive a specific outcome from the patient. In case of placebo, there is no outcome. It has no effect on the condition. It acts by misdirecting the nervous system and immune system. So, in a way, both modes of treatment have a certain similarity.

ANSWER-2

Yin and ...

In recent years the perception of the effects of marijuana both positive and negative have been increasingly discussed in the public arena. Many people contest that there are no negative consequences of marijuana use. The fact of the matter is that in order to consider something as having negative consequences, it does not need to directly cause death from an overdose. There are many other avenues, some more direct than others that a drug can cause negative consequences to the user directly in addition to collaterally in the case of family, friends and others in society. It has been proven ...

Introduction

Genetically modified organisms also termed as GMOs have their genes altered by genetic engineering techniques. Over the past 10 years, many organisms have been genetically modified/altered for numerous purposes. Some of the micro-organisms that have been altered are yeast, bacteria, plants, fish, insects and mammals. GMOs form the base of genetically modified food and crops. GMOs have been utilized in scientific research for the betterment of human life. GMOs are known for their potential benefit to mankind in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, healthcare and scientific research. (Phillips T. 2008) GMOs are organisms whose genes are modified or ...

Vitamin C helps manage stress

Vitamin C helps manage stress

Introduction

Stress is part of life but an ongoing stress can take a toll on the body. It can lead to digestive problems, weight gain, poor memory, fatigue, moodiness, muscle pain, and headaches. High levels of stress can increase the risk of heart attack and diabetes. Reducing stress provides a good way of staying healthy, increasing productivity and enjoying life more. When the stressed person lacks enough instruments and emotional support, they must device more practical ways of reducing stress. The good news, however, is that consuming certain foods and nutrients, at the right amount and time, ...