Essays on Hepatitis

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Introduction Cirrhosis is caused by liver injury that results in fibrogenesis and inflammation. These problems result in collapse of liver structures and significant distortion of hepatic vascular structure. This distortion leads to elevated resistance to portal blood flow as well as portal hypertension. Moreover, hepatic synthetic dysfunction is also caused as a result of these problems. Clinically, liver cirrhosis is considered as an end-stage disease that could result in death until liver transplantation is performed (Tsochatzis, Bosch, & Burroughs, 2014). Liver cirrhosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in most of the developed countries. In ...

Vitamin K

The body requires vitamin K as it plays a crucial role in the blood clotting process. Sources of this vitamin may be from food eaten and in some bacteria found in the intestines of human beings (CDC, 2016; a). New born babies need to be provided with the vitamin K medication at birth since, first of all they have got little of it stored in their systems as only a little amount can pass through the placenta, secondly, the bacteria responsible for manufacturing them cannot be found in their intestines and finally, the vitamin K contents found in breast ...

The topic I have chosen for this assignment is “Home health care patients and safety hazard at home”, from the risk assessment topic. This teaching exemplar can be used to educated home healthcare nurse’s organization. Sollecito & Johnson (2013), identified clinical microsystem as the place where most of the errors and mistakes that affect health care quality and safety arise. The clinical microsystem is formed by healthcare personals who work directly with the patient and their families (Sollecito & Johnson 2013). Background: Home health care is a fast growing industry. All of the healthcare that is provided at home comes ...

In global societies, discussions concerning the use of animals in medical tests for research are uncomfortable and controversial. Modern technology often broadcasts horrific photos of procedures being conducted on helpless creatures accompanied by claims of untrustworthy results and skewed statistics. In the long run, animals will continue to be used for testing in laboratories until the value of the practice is diminished. “The benefits of animal research have been enormous and it would have severe consequences for public health and medical research if it were abandoned “ (Festing and Wilkinson, n.p.). This paper will present information regarding whether animal testing ...

Abstract

The Vietnamese are unusual and even unique people. Despite the fact that this nationality was influenced by three world religions - Confucianism, Hinduism and Buddhism, and each religion had a significant impact on the historic course and development of the Vietnamese society. Culture of the Vietnamese people is unique and distinctive, and the process of its development has been lasting for the third millennium. The Vietnamese have many interesting and unusual traditions that they are likely to follow in order to keep their identity among the representatives of another culture. Language and cultural barriers are two main reasons why ...

(Case Study Report)

Part 1

Question 1. A. What are the key steps of the investigation of an outbreak? According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, epidemiologists follow a systematic approach in order to pull off a “quick and clean” outbreak investigation (CDC, 2012). The following procedure includes the ideal system in carrying out an outbreak investigation: (1) field work preparation, (2) confirm the existence of the reported outbreak, (3) vet the current diagnosis, (4) conduct a working definition of the case, (5) start recording individual cases, (6) apply descriptive epidemiology, (7) construct a hypothesis, (8) verify the hypothesis, ( ...

One health problem that is a challenge to the global arena is the AIDS/HIV infection. In developing countries like those in the Sub-Saharan Africa, there are about 24.7 million individuals who are positive with the HIV virus, and only 39 percent of the adults receive an antiretroviral treatment (AVERT, 2016). This means that their adult HIV prevalence lands at about 4.7 percent, which is a lot higher than that of the U.K. that is a developed country. In the U.K., there are only about 103,700 individuals who are positive of the HIV virus, which means their adult HIV ...

NAMEUNIVERSITY

Emerging infections are defined by Friis and Sellers (2014) as infectious diseases which were just lately identified and classified taxonomically. The majority of them can cause strong and dangerous epidemics. The term is opposed to the term reemerging infections, which denotes “. . . some ‘old’ diseases, for example, tuberculosis or syphilis, that were renewed because of changed conditions in the chain host-agent-environment (Friis and Sellers, 2014). Beltz (2011) describes such emerging diseases as HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, Lyme disease, Respiratory distress syndrome, Lassa fever, Cholera and others. In most cases emerging infections are not caused by mutations in a pathogen (Beltz, 2011). Lashley ( ...

Introduction

Healthcare is a broad domain that requires proper planning and resource mobilization to guarantee the successful realization of various objectives that characterize its dispensation in the contemporary world. In most cases, professionals in the healthcare sector are involved in initiatives that improve services to the communities that they serve. The agency under consideration works to alleviate the states of individuals affected by the HIV-AIDS scourge in Canada (CDC, 2010).

Description of the Issue

The agency is largely concerned with the provision of solutions for HIV-AIDS and all opportunistic diseases associated with the condition. Besides HIV-AIDS, the agency targets infections such as viral hepatitis, ...

Based on the latest report by the CDC (CDC, 2014), the total reported number of acute hepatitis B in 2014 in the United States was 2,953. The incidence rate for these cases stood at 0.9 cases/100,000 populace. Additionally, after variations have been made to factor in under-ascertainment and unreported cases, the predictable figure of hepatitis B cases in 2014 stood at 19,200 cases (CDC, 2014). In the same year, the CDC documents a total of 2,196 incidences of acute hepatitis C which was documented in 41 states. This data accounts for an overall incidence rate ...

Amongst the major infectious diseases, hepatitis is one of the most important diseases affecting a huge number of populations worldwide. Hepatitis is majorly caused by virus or other contributors to the inflammation of liver. It can be infectious or non-infectious. It is a big concern to deal with the disease as it is responsible for taking huge tolls of life with its remarkable symptoms in function loss of the liver due to factors like liver scarring (cirrhosis) or liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) in extreme cases (NHS, 2016). Viral hepatitis is considered to be the cause of hepatitis occurrence in ...

INTRODUCTION

In the modern era there are a plethora of diseases, conditions and disorders that can affect individual’s health, well-being and quality of life for people all across the world. Whether it is from cancer to infections or from diabetes to HIV there is always the possibility of contracting or developing disease. However, not all diseases are contracted or developed due to an external influence, there are some that originate from the inside; such conditions are generally referred to as an autoimmune disease. This means that the problem involves an individual’s own immune system, perceives their own body ...

The History of Vietnam

The Vietnam War has a major influence on people's perspective of Vietnam as a business environment. In recent years, the Vietnamese economy has been on the rise since 2012. There is a lot of bilateral trade going on between Vietnam and the United States amounting up to over 6 billion USD (UKTI Team in Vietnam, 2013). Vietnam should be considered for business ventures since it offers a large number of opportunities. Vietnam is among the top ten fastest growing economies in the world. The government of Vietnam is also calling for foreign investors to invest in Vietnam in various ...

Nurses often play a very critical role in the implementation of healthcare policies; this is because nurses are well conscious and have a better understanding of healthcare systems and delivery mechanisms. Healthcare policy process becomes more efficient and also effective when all relevant stakeholders are involved in its formulation and implementation. The current U.S healthcare system is undergoing a lot of reforms in trying to conform to the new laws, regulations and policies put in place by various government agencies. The goals of these reforms are reducing healthcare costs, enhancing accessibility and improving the quality of care (Benton, 2012). ...

Question 1

Compare and contrast the concept of metagenome and microbiome. The microbiome is a term used in describing the entire habitat; it includes microorganisms and their genomes and the surrounding environmental conditions. The microbiome is defined based on the biotic and abiotic factors in a specified environment. On the other hand, metagnome can be defined as a collection of genes and genomes normally from the members of the microbiota. Microbiota is an ecological community that includes symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms that share our body space. The analysis of microbiome can be done for a large number of samples and can ...

Dentistry is a profession in the field of medicine that studies the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of various infections and conditions that affect the oral cavity such as the oral mucosa, tissue, and jaw disorders among other conditions. Dentistry professionals include dentists and other dental team members such as dental assistants, technicians, therapists, and hygienists. The dentistry team should raise awareness on the problems they face and come up with the solutions to curb them. These problems limit the dentists or rather discourage them from performing their duties appropriately. Most of the problems they face include the ease of ...

Immunizations in Children

According to World Health Organization (WHO), “Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine” (World Health Organization). This definition of WHO can be further elaborated by saying that the concept of immunization works by stimulation of the immune system. The immune system performs the function of protecting the body against disease causing agents. In its healthy condition, the body’s immune system has the ability to recognize any invading microbe. The leucocytes identify the microbes and produce antibodies against them. These antibodies are capable ...

Background information

Malaria, a mosquito borne transmissible disease of both human beings and some animals is a pertinent disease in the 21st century which accounts for more than 650, 000 deaths annually (WHO, 1147). The prevalence of malaria is highest in the tropical and subtropical regions. Adverse effects of the disease is an equally major public health issue that affects maternal and child health. In the developing countries, malaria is a leading cause of maternal and child health. Consequentially, it is a pertinent public health disease. This manuscript offers a succinct analysis of the disease while appraising its causative agents, life ...

Childhood Immunizations

Spring - 2016 Vaccination is a medical manipulation during which certain antigen of the infectious agent is being administered into the organism to induce the primary immune response. The first contact with the antigen is being accompanied by activation of the immune system and the emergence of a subpopulation of lymphocytes, which are able to specifically recognize the antigen. As a result, during the contact with the infectious agent, the immune system is able to react faster. While the purpose of vaccination is the prevention of disease, it can still occur, but in less severe form and with minimal ...

Vaccinations have always helped every person who is vaccinated. Vaccinations have prevented numerous illness and disabilities since the time of their invention. Some diseases such as whooping cough, mumps, and measles still a pose huge threat though they can be prevented through vaccines. Many children in United States are suffering and being hospitalized, resulting in deaths every year due to this threat. I support vaccinations because they are safe, very effective, and any child who is vaccinated develops an immunity to fight illness faster than a child who is not vaccinated. Vaccines are thoroughly tested for safety and continuously ...

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates all employers to provide a safe, healthy and accident free workplace. The objective of OSHA is to ensure healthy workplaces by setting up standards for employers, which they accomplish by training the employers, education and assistance. The mission of the OSHA is to save lives, prevent injuries, and protect the health of America’s workers, and as a part of the Department of Labor, OSHA promotes worker safety and health in every workplace in the United States . OSHA requires employers to act in accordance with the General Duty Clause of the ...

Hepatitis type B viral infection is a common and serious disease that is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV is a DNA virus with partial double strands and belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family. One-third of the world’s population is believed to have been infected by HBV of which 6% have chronic HBV infection. Depending on the rate of infection and carrier rate, the world is divided into low, medium and high endemicity regions (Franco et al. 75). The HBV resides in the bodily fluids of an infected individual and is transmitted via the same (Aspinall et ...

The Targeted Group

Hepatitis A description Hepatitis A is a disease of a liver caused by a virus known as Hepatitis A. some reported cases shows that the illness is caused by consumption of either food or water contaminated with fecal that has the virus (Gossner & Severi, 2014). Therefore, the most common causes includes:

Consumption of raw or else undercooked shellfish sourced from sewage polluted water

Not washing hands clean after diaper exchange Poor individual hygiene by persons who prepares the meals. Diagnosing of Hepatitis A The most fundamental diagnosis is through the blood test. Thus, if a person thinks that he or she has Hepatitis A, it is advisable to seek the diagnosis ...

Hepatitis- A Review of Viral Disease

Abstract The liver is one of the key and principal organs of the body and virus of hepatitis potentially develops an inflammation of the liver due to an increase in particular enzymes. There are many types of hepatitis, but the commonly known virus is hepatitis A, B and C. Hepatitis has a long history since the time immemorial due to inadequate sanitary conditions. The infection of hepatitis A is related to picornavirus, and major symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, fever, and anorexia. Moreover, the visitors traveling to endemic countries are at higher risk. Hepatitis B is related to ‘serum ...

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and its disease Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) appeared, initially, in the early years of 1980s. Since then, the disease has become one of the most important health challenges for researchers from around the world. It is considered as one of the most important killers of humans since its first diagnosis in the U.S. in 1981. The number of newly infected cases of AIDS is increasing every year. Absence of knowledge about the disease is one of the key issues leading to AIDS. Moreover, it has been found that people keep on engaging ...

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Cirrhosis is basically a critical stage of fibrosis in liver. It is caused due to many diseases associated with liver such as hepatitis. Liver is one the most important organ of the body it performs many vital functions of the body. Some of the main functions performed in liver are, formation of blood protein that help in clotting, transport, immune system. It also produces bile which helps in emulsification of fats. Apart from these it also have storage functions such as it stores ...

HCV or Hepatitis C virus infection has over 5 million people affected in US (Chak, et al., 2011) and over 120 million people worldwide hence a global health problem. This virus belongs to Hepacivirus genus and Flaviviridae family (Lindenbach, et al., 2007) with six genotypes and with more than seventy subtypes. In approximately 85% infected individuals it may be unresolved, hence representing a significant hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis cause. It is viewed as commonest cirrhosis cause and chronic liver disease in the world. It also represents the main liver transplantation cause in USA, Europe, and Australia (Thimme, et ...

Kansas City Metro Areas

General overview The majority of facilities supporting the homeless are shelters, thus they may have the waiting list. Moreover, there is an eligibility criterion and the list of requirements, i.e., a candidate shall prove employment search, or have dependents.

HOMELESS POPULATION

(816) 483-9927 http://sheffieldplace.org/, Executive Director Email: ST Eligibility Criterion: single mothers and homeless families. Homeless mother with up to five dependent children, or in the third trimester of pregnancy. Services provided include housing and transitional programs for mothers, children and families. The organization is linking the homeless with employers and housing. Services are suitable for urban immigrants and ethnic minority ...

Hepatitis B virus do not need presentation - its statistics tell about it more as there are more than two hundred million infected people in the world (Sundaram and Kowdley, 2015). In many patients hepatitis B infection leads to the development of the liver cirrhosis and other complications, can cause decompensation of the liver function and lead to death. Prevalence and malignant course of this infection make it a major challenge for modern medicine. Reviewed article lists and shows clinically proved and effective methods of the hepatitis B management. The discovery of a vaccine became the turning point in ...

What is Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis is an infection which damages the liver organ known to be responsible for processing of different nutrients, filtering of the blood, and fighting of infections. Hepatitis B is a continuous type of hepatitis infection caused by a double-stranded DNA virus known as Hepatitis B virus (HBV) (Trépo, 2014). Hepatitis B infection can either be acute or chronic. Acute Hepatitis B occurs during the first 6 months of infection while Chronic Hepatitis B is the term used to describe the instance where the virus stays in the body and the person develops a lifelong disease (Centers for Disease ...

Law enforcement officers on the streets need to come across people that are either hurt, injured or they can be criminals that are armed and can attack or harm them. In their defense, these officers might need to attack as well, and that may cause contact with blood or exchange through droplets in the air, and if any person is infected with a blood-borne disease, then they are at risk to catch the disease as well. (The Workplace Safety Store, 2012). As it happens, diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and most importantly HIV are very common in ...

Article 1

a. The study (Balaraman & Mathew, 2006) presents the experimental investigation of cyclosporine production by Tolypocladium fungi. This is the experimental research. b. The authors found that the maximum production of cyclosporin was significantly (at 0.05 level) higher in glucose (8%), casein acid hydrolysate (3%), malt extract (2%), peptone (1%), and amino butyric acid (0.5%), comparing to medium with lower glucose content (4%).

Article 2

a. The paper by Irum & Anjum (2012) is a full-size research paper on experimental study of methods to enhance cyclosporin by Aspergillus terreus by mutation induced by UV and chemical mutation. b. The mutation resulted in morphological ...

HL has a multiplicity of complications all which are attributed to his lifestyle. HL has a history of drug abuse and his list of medication all but indicates that his drug abuse lifestyle has had a significant impact on his general health, his body systems and his body organs. HL could probably be having Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension (Cárdenas, 2014). The Cirrhosis could be as a result of alcohol consumption which has then the damage of his liver and probably gastric varices which is a precedent of Hepatitis C condition he already harbors. The gastric varices has led ...

Chronic liver is among the leading causes of death among the Alaska Natives and American Indian population. The Alaska natives and the American Indians make about 1.5 percent of America’s population. They are a group of Americans living in poverty and affected by various health conditions including chronic liver disease. The chronic liver disease accounts for about 4.8 percent of deaths in Aboriginal Northern American population. The chronic liver is a condition that damages the liver, which is an essential organ used in the digestion of food and getting rid of the toxic substances in the body. Chronic ...

1. Identify the health behavior theory used in this article. The studies explained in this article rely on social cognitive theory. Since the studies are aimed at developing theoretical-based and culturally appropriate interventions to promote Hepatitis B testing, a theoretical framework had to be developed. Health Behavior Framework was developed. The framework relies on Social Cognitive Behavior since it shares various constructs with the social cognitive theory. 2. Identify the level of intervention targeted by the intervention (individual, interpersonal, community). The interventions developed in the trials were implemented at individual and community level. Concerning the individual level, knowledge of ...

Microbial Genetics

This is an area of study within microbiology and genetic engineering that studies the inheritable characteristics of microorganisms. It is an area of study of great significance in the field of health and medicine. In this essay I will be focusing on this significance both positive and negative as it relates to the field of health and medicine and the new ways in which genetic engineering is finding its application. HIV infection usually infects cells with CD4+ markers. The other markers that are essential in making infection of these cells possible are CCR5 and CXCR4 without which cell entry ...

Johnson & Johnson has gained relevant experience in the field of public relations, given that the group of companies was founded over thirty years ago; it definitely had a role in the evolution of public relations. Indeed, J&J has been held aloft in the PR world for nearly 30 years as the torch-bearer of the “right way’ to handle a crisis (Yaxley, 2010). Its public relations personnel, strategies, implementation process and assessment have matured over the years. Johnson & Johnson is a holding company which majorly deals in pharmaceutical products which are under constant scrutiny due to issues of quality ...

The history of pathology testing is dated back to the 3rd century BC, when Greek scholars such as Herophilos and Eriasistratus began systematically examining dead bodies. At the beginning of the first century AD, several Greek, Roman and Arabian physicists made significant developments in the understanding of the pathology of tumors. In the 18th century, Giovanni Morgangi correlated the symptoms of his patients with the pathological evaluations o the autopsies. The discovery of the circulation of blood by William Harvey and the emergence of microsby is regarded as the foundation of modern pathology. The 19th and 20th centuries experienced ...

“Saboteur” by Ha Jin is the short story I chose to do my literary analysis on. It is a story about a man, recently married, sitting and having a meal with his new wife while waiting for their train to arrive. Next to the couple, a couple of police officers acting rowdy splash tea onto Mr. and Mrs. Chiu’s feet. Mr. Chiu stands to reprimand and complain about their inappropriate behavior, only to be taken to jail. While in jail, he is pressured to make a false confession blaming himself for being arrested due to public disruption. He refuses and is placed back ...

A majority of workers have a common belief that only healthcare personnel are at risk from exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens; however, every worker in an organization can be exposed to it when they least expect it. In order to prevent and secure themselves from these dangerous and infectious organisms, workers must obtain accurate training and be educated about specific precautions, which is the goal of this training program. This training session has been developed to let employees receive education about the hazards linked to bloodborne pathogens and what protective measures they should adopt to prevent themselves from exposure to these ...

Introduction

If a person has sex, they may also have a sexually transmitted disease, with restrained or perceptible signs. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD), also known as venereal diseases (VD), are diseases that transmit significantly between humans through human sexual behavior, containing vaginal intercourse, and other forms. More recently the term sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has begun to be preferred, as it covers a broader range of meaning; an individual may be infected, and may possibly infect others, without having a disease.

Some STDs can also be communicated through the use of IV used drug needles between an infected person and non-infected person, over ...

Hepatitis is one of the most serious causes of liver disorder and dysfunction, which is responsible for one to two million deaths a year. Hepatitis can occur as infectious or non-infectious. Although major causes of hepatitis include viruses, the other common causes are autoimmune liver disease, obesity, alcohol, tobacco consumption and certain other medications and herbs. Viral hepatitis is a viral-induced necroinflammatory disease of the liver caused by one of the hepatitis viruses, namely, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E and Hepatitis G . Hepatitis and A and E are enterically transmissible viruses, while Hepatitis B, C and ...

The new drug for hepatitis C treatment comprises a combination of both Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir which are both novel direct-acting antiviral agents.1These agents possess great potency against the hepatitis C virus.2The high cost of the new hepatitis C can be justified with several reasons. Both Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir may be administered as single tablets which may have or lack ribavirin and are to be taken once per day for a duration of 8, 12, or even 24 weeks.3 A justification for the high price of up to $1000 per pill, and $84,000 for a therapeutic duration of 12 weeks with sofosbuvir ...

Question 1

Are there possible criminal aspects of HIV/AIDS? Consider the case law presented in your textbook and elsewhere, and explain. Please provide specific examples.

The intentional spread of HIV is considered a criminal act. Pozgar (2012, p. 362) describes the case of an inmate who knew that he was infected with both HIV and the hepatitis virus. He was also informed of the ways that he can transmit the infection to others. He bit two correctional officers knowing that he can possibly infect them in this way. He was consequently charged with assault and battery. In State of Louisiana v. Schmidt, ...

Scenario question Part 1

Following an intentional biological attack, many different disciplines and agencies would become involved in the investigation. In a case which local water supply has been determined to have been intentionally contaminated with a disease agent, what disciplines/agencies (public health and otherwise) do you think would be involved in the investigation, and what might their roles be? Why would epidemiology be important?

The operative concept in this scenario is intentional. The established evidence is one highly suggestive of a terrorist attack. Therefore, besides public health intervention the department of homeland security officials must intervene for safety of citizens. Next human resource should be ...

Life is a boon to every living kind. It has been the system of nature that one depends upon others for their survival. The dependency can be in different format. It can be either for the food, support, and different other variables. Humans being the social creature are dependent upon one another for their survival. The dependencies are upon the biological and physical needs of people. One helps other upon their survival fulfilling their needs at various different levels.

Human body is composed of different organs sharing common features with other bodies. Unlike some organs, different biological units are classified ...

Introduction

This paper focuses on various tests to determine whether there is need for Red Cross to sort/classify the blood into the various blood types; type A, type O, AB, or B. The aim is to allow the Red Cross to know the supply of each blood type available at any time to help people in need. Another advantage of sorting the blood into various types is that blood can then be stored in a safe place under the right conditions to prevent the blood from spoiling. The paper begins with analysis of the Business Research Methods that emphasizes on testing ...

Introduction

Liver is an important organ in the digestive system. The selected infection is hepatitis C. This viral infection affects the liver and then results in the liver enlargement. This form of hepatitis is one of the major challenges worldwide since its discovery and this could be attributed to the absence of a vaccine against the viral infection. Another important contributory factor is that of the prolong period of inactivity of the virus within the host before clinical manifestation. These all contribute to the level of destruction of the liver caused by the virus.

Etiology

The main aetiology is by the hepatitis ...

Clinical presentation

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is the gradual loss of kidney function over time. It is also referred to as chronic kidney failure. It is a condition that develops when the kidney malfunctions and fails to perform its major functions of removing metabolic waste and excess water. Metabolic wastes filtered from the blood are excreted in the urine and include electrolytes and excess fluids (Inzucchi et al., 2012). When these metabolic wastes build up in the body they cause serious complications that makes one feel sick with complications such as nerve damage, high blood pressure and anemia. The major cause of ...

Biology of Disease

Mode of action of;- Dexamethasone The Glucocorticoid receptors are discovered intracellularly in all tissues. They enter cells through inactive dispersion and structure a complex with a receptor protein (Rhodes & Hartnoll, 2002, P.10). This intricate then experiences an irreversible enactment and enters the cell core, where it ties to the DNA, hence prompting organic impacts instigated by these hormones, which include expanded hepatic gluconeogenesis, as well as expanded lipolysis (Ahmed, 2007, P.13). Dexamethasone is utilized to treat numerous provocative and immune system conditions, for example, rheumatoid joint pain and bronchospasm. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, an abatement in quantities of ...

Introduction

Water degradation is the contamination of water (inland water that’s not saline) with materials or substances that result in the water being unfit for human, plant or animal use. Pollution may occur from chemicals, fecal waste, pesticides, sediments, petroleum or heated substances. Water sources that have been polluted are unfit for fishing, swimming, and the water is unfit for human consumption. Water quality degradation is, as a result, diffuse contaminants at the source with the spatial as well as the temporal variability that’s associated with the sources (Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change, 2007). It is more difficult to ...

Based on Youth Risk Behavior Studies (YRBSS) conducted during the past three decades, approximately 81.6% of teenagers enrolled in 9th to 12th grade, surveyed in 1991, responded that they had tried at least one alcoholic beverage in their lifetime (“Trends,”2013). That same year within this group, approximately 50.8 % admitted to having at least one alcoholic beverage during the thirty-day period leading up to the time of the survey. While these numbers appear to have declined according to more recent statistics (2013), 66.2% having tried a drink at least once and 34.9% admitting to at least one drink thirty days ...

Introduction

In today's world being a fierce debate about whether marijuana be legalized or not. In some countries, the legalization process has been completed. At the same time, many countries do not support the legalization of marijuana. Supporters of marijuana legalization point to the freedom of choice of every person: to eat or not marijuana should be decided by people, not the government. For example, alcohol is also harmful to health and is the cause of many problems with the law because of alcohol abuse occur worldwide each year, millions of road accidents. However, alcohol is legal in many countries. Opponents ...

KU Version March 2011

At the end of the case study, the scholar will be able to: Identify the steps of the investigation of an outbreak; Describe the characteristics of an outbreak in terms of time, place and person; Use descriptive epidemiological data to generate hypotheses; Use analytical epidemiological data to test hypotheses; Formulate recommendations for the control of an outbreak. Part A cluster of acute hepatitis in Provo, Utah Provo is a large municipality located in the North of Utah, close from the border with Wyoming and Idaho. The population of Provo was 6,185 in ...

Introduction: Hurricanes are common disasters in US causing maximum damage in the coastal community. They are the worst and costliest of all national disaster and can sometimes extends to areas far away from the coast. Hurricanes are defined as giant, spiraling tropical storms, with a wind speed of over 160miles/hr. Force generated by the storm, can cause catastrophic damage to houses, buildings and causes landfall. It can kill humans, animals and destroy natural landscape. (Parker & Shapiro, 2008) Hurricanes in US, has its origin ether in Atlantic or eastern Pacific Ocean. Hurricane season in Atlantic, begins in June and ends ...

Introduction

The United Nations (UN) estimates that the number of amphetamine abusers to be between 13-53 million globally and most of them are between 15-64 years old. Amphetamines are a group of psychoactive drugs that induce a stimulant effect on users. However, they are associated with a high level of psychological dependence and potential for both mental and physical toxicity-related problems (Sevak, William, and Rush). Being body stimulants, amphetamine's abuse has potential for adverse effects on the abuser. Amphetamines elicit both mental and physical symptoms in active users and those on withdrawal/rehabilitation. Some of the side effects of amphetamine abuse include behavioral ...

Causative agent

Chickenpox is a disease that is highly contagious, and its causative agent is varicella zoster virus (Wood). Historical information The history of the term chicken pox that is documented as being used from 1684 is not dependably known. There have been speculations that it was derived from chickpeas, on the basis of their resemblance of vesicles to chickpeas (Belshe).

Transmission

It begins with vesicular skin rash on the head and body. It is transmitted through the air and it easily spreads via sneezing or coughing by affected persons or via direct contact with the rash’s secretions. The patient ...

Hepatitis B Vaccination to Infants

Introduction Hepatitis B is considered to be very common in the United States. A study that was conducted shows that over one million Americans are considered to be infected by Hepatitis B and over half of them have no idea they are infected (London, 2011). It is an illness that is very infectious. The virus responsible for Hepatitis B is called Hepatitis B virus. It spreads when un-infected person comes in contact with the semen, body fluids and blood of infected person and it founds itself inside his immune system. This mostly happens through sharing of needles during ...

Facts

The case under scrutiny is named as Echazabal v Chevron USA, Inc. This is a case about a legal tussle between a man called Mario Echazabal and the firm for which he used to work viz. Chevron. The reason why Echazabal decided to sue his employer Chevron was that his employment offer was rescinded due to direct threat reasons by Chevron. The company came up to such a decision because they came to know about the ill-health of Echazabal and also that it was getting damaged due to him working in the cocker unit of the refinery. Echazabal was later diagnosed with Hepatitis ...

Cover letter

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February 2nd 2014

I am pleased to submit my manuscript entitled “Hepatitis B immunization in newborns.” Myname is [Fill in your name ]. I am submitting this manuscript for review This paper is on the safety of vaccines used in Hepatitis B imunization. Several vaccines have been found to contain substances that once in the system of the infants may cause diseases such as lymphoblastic leukemia. This paper focuses on critiquing a journal article by Francois et al (2005): Vaccine Safety Controversies and ...