Layer College Essays Samples For Students

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks is an endeavor to make computer resources unavailable to the legitimate users. A DoS attack will try to consume as much resources as it can so as to deny legitimate users the chance of having services or resources available to them. There are several categories of DoS attacks. The DoS attacks are not the same in terms of how they are perpetrated. Depending on the method of perpetration, one category of DoS can be easy or hard to stop. 1
A denial of service attack involves sending numerous communication requests to the ...

Sarma, K M, and Lani Sinclair. Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History. Earthscan, 2002. Internet resource.

In this book, Sarma, a former secretary and acting consultant of UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme) together with Anderson and an Environmental Protection Agency of the US published about the history of environmental issues as per researches done by UNEP. They talk about how the ozone layer agreement was successful and inspired the entire world community to handle the ozone layer problem and several other environmental degrading issues. The history covers the media coverage, diplomacy, science, business policies and technology stories ...

Abstract

Ozone layer depletion is a phenomenon in which ozone layer in the stratosphere thins out making it possible for the direct penetration of UV rays into the Earth's surface. This can lead to an array of harmful effects on human health, plants, and animals and can even trigger climate change. Chlorofluorocarbons are recognized as the primary cause accounting for 80% of ozone depletion. Though a lot of steps have been taken around the world to reduce ozone depletion, it may take about few decades more to completely heal the ozone layer due to the long standing stability of CFCs in the ...

Exploring the Transport Layer

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) over IP protocol (TCP/IP) protocol suite has four layers: link, network, transport and application layers. TCP and User Datagram Protocols (UDP) operate at the transport layer and TCP is connection oriented and ensures data delivery while UDP is connectionless and has no mechanism to check data delivery.
In the “three way handshake” in TCP, the sender/client sends a connection request to the server using a SYN (synchronization) message (a bit flag in the TCP header sent with an initial sequence number and the maximum transmission size (MTU)). On receipt of the SYN message, the ...

Routing: the network layer is the one responsible for routing packets in the network. The network layer is responsible for host-to-host communication. To facilitate communication a global addressing scheme is used to identify the host computers in the network. The address is used for routing packets to the destination computer. During packet routing in the network a number of problems may occur that may prevent the packet from reaching its destination. Some of these issues may include the incompatible in addressing between the sending and the receiving computer. In some case the packet size compatibility issue may also arise, differing protocols ...

Role of the integumentary system in protecting the body

Introduction
Human body, like all higher order vertebrates, relies on multiple organ systems for maintenance of homeostasis, the integumentary system is but one of them. Anatomically, the integumentary system has two components :the cutaneous membrane(the skin) and its accessory structures. The skin comprises of the dermis and epidermis whereas the later include hair, nails, and exocrine glands located in the dermis. Interestingly, both the cutaneous and accessory structures share a common embryological origin: The ectoderm (Martini 2005, p.151). With respect to functioning, the skin is involved in a variety of physiologic functions, the most obvious being protection of the ...

Introduction

The atmosphere by delineation refers to the gaseous composition together with other particles that surround the surface of the earth. In the atmosphere, there are gases, and the solid particles that are in suspension. Scientifically, the atmosphere is divided into four major layers. Using the ascending order, the first layer is the troposphere that rises about 10-13 km from the surface of the earth. This is closely followed by the stratosphere that rises over 50km above, them the thermosphere that rises between 80-480 km, and lastly the exosphere that goes beyond the 480 km and gradually dissipates in the ...

Internet of Things

Abstract page
Internet of things (IOT) refers to a system of interconnected digital and mechanical machines, computing devices, objects and things which have their own unique identifiers and ability to transfer data and communicate over a network without the need of any human interaction. The term IOT was coined in 1999, but became famous after the onset of RFIDs. It is estimated that by 2020, around 30 billion devices around the world will be wirelessly connected to the internet of things. The research on IOT has been going in various fields like healthcare, home systems, retail, transportation, insurance etc. ...

OSI Model and Transport Layers

The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model is composed of seven layers defining the stages in which a specific data needs to undergo on a network. It is a standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984. The layers includes the physical, data, a network and transport for the lower layers specifically call the media layer or transport set. The upper layer more commonly referred to as the application set or hosts layers includes the session, presentation and application layers.

The lower layers of the OSI model is responsible for low level functions like routing the data, addressing and control ...

(Name of the class)
(City, State)

Introduction

TLC or Thin-layer chromatography refers to a technique that is applied in the separation of mixtures that are not volatile (Reich & Schibli, 2007). The process is done on a sheet of plastic, glass, or aluminum foil that has been coated using a thin layer of material that is adsorbent such as aluminum oxide, silica gel and cellulose (Sherma & Fried, 2003; University of Colorado, 2014). This adsorbent layer is referred to as the stationary phase. The sample is usually applied using a capillary tube on the plate, and the sample is taken up the plate through capillary ...

The data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model, specified by IEEE standard 802.2 is divided into two sub-layers; the Media Access Control (MAC) and the Logical Link Control (LLC) sub-layers. LLC sub-layer is bounded above by the network layer (OSI layer 3) and below by the MAC sub-layer. It thus provides services to both of these layers.
LLC frames data into Protocol Data Units (PDUs) by adding a header that contains the control information used for error control and flow control. The header also contain the Source Service Access Point (SSAP) and Destination Service Access Point (DSAP) ...

(Chemical Vapor Decomposition)

Introduction

Photovoltaic solar panels are designed for direct conversion of solar energy into electricity. They consist of a plurality of solar cells (cells) which are made of silicon, one of the most abundant elements on earth. Structurally, the photovoltaic solar module is electrically interconnected solar cells having output terminals for connecting the loads. Each cell contains a semiconductor layer 2: positive and negative. On the silicon layer is applied to one particular substance, whereby an excess of electrons. This forms a negatively charged n-layer. On the other layer created deficiency of electrons and becomes positively charged (p-layer). When a photon of ...

Transport Level Security

- This level of security exists below the application layer. It mostly comprises of the secure socket layer and the transport layer security.
- Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
- According to Kizza (2009), the Secure socket layer is a cryptographic system applied in the Explorer and Netscape browsers. It is used to manage the security of message transmission in the Internet (Newman, 2009).
- The SSL uses a public key that can be utilized by anyone and a private key only known by the recipient of the message (Newman, 2009).
- It is designed to offer encrypted end-to-end ...

Rapid prototyping is the most convenient way to get a replica of a three-dimensional design CAD-generated 3D application way.

These physical models can be only aesthetic and useful for the study of the potential market of the product, or they may meet some or most of the mechanical requirements which would have the final piece, offering, in this case, the possibility to perform functional tests and approval before there even preliminary molds.
That man made his hands the means that would shape the objects that determine their evolution, devised object, the object designed: tools, utensils, art, and beauty, among others. Use of science was done to create the elements that should give matter and harmony with their creations.
...

The ozone is a layer of gasses in the stratosphere that protects life on Earth against ultraviolet rays from the sun (Aggarwal et al., 1). Anthropogenic activities leading to the emission of nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons can result in the destruction of the ozone layer. Organohalogens also contributes to the destruction of the ozone layer (Lee, 858). The depletion leads to secondary ozone layer close to the ground called terrestrial ozone layer that is responsible for the degrading effects on humans, plants, and their environment.
In the article published on August 27, 2009, on the New York Times, Dean ( ...

The connectivity issues between the end user and the DB Unit 2 can be understood with the help

Of OSI model reference. First a small description about OSI model.

Layers of OSI model:

1. Application Layer: Acts as an interface between the user and the software itself.
2. Presentation Layer: It is responsible for data representation, encryption and decryption.
3. Session Layer: Starts, maintains and terminates all new or ongoing sessions.
4. Transport Layer: This layer ensures reliability and flow control, either by TCP or UDP.
5. Network Layer: Provides the best path or selects the route between the source and the

Destination.

6. Data Link Layer: It is responsible for transferring data between network entities and also

Corrects errors that may occur in the physical layer.

7. ...

Corals are mostly found near or at the shore of lakes and other large water bodies. This means that coral gives a cross section of the soil stratification layers which can be assumed to have been each as top layer at a certain period in history (Bruckner, 8).
Closely examining the coral, the different layers usually have different compositions. These compositions are the ones that help in depicting the climatic conditions that existed at the time of the layer being top layer of the soil (Paul, 3).
If one layer of the coral can be closely examined and compared ...

Protection of Ozone Layer

Ozone layer refers to natural gas in the upper part of the atmosphere and is made up of three oxygen atoms. It prevents harmful effects of the ultraviolet rays from harming humans and other organisms on the planet. It is normally found in the stratosphere. However, research and studies reveal that there is a gradual depletion of the ozone layer. Ozone layer can be protected through international and domestic action. For instance, there should be a restriction of imports or exports, and manufacturing of chemicals that will deplete the ozone layer. This can be easily attained by registration and ...

Environmentalists around the world have long been bringing up the case of the depletion of the Ozone layer. Yet, it is a pity that despite the importance of the Ozone layer and seriousness of the issue, the world at large, has continued to turn a blind eye towards the problem. The Ozone layer, which is basically a gas in the lower stratosphere of the atmosphere, much like super charged oxygen. The importance of the layer lies in the fact that it protects Earth against ultraviolet rays from the Sun. The sheer seriousness of the depletion of the Ozone layer can be gauged ...

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Introduction

System of road network is needed for any developed country and it is a vital part for infrastructure development.
Main subjects of this study are pavement defects such as alligator cracking, bleedings and potholes. Such pavement distress as potholes and alligator cracking cause serious negative effects and decrease the lifespan of pavement. Additionally, the safety on road is questioned due to bleedings of pavement since the friction between car and pavement significantly decreases, meaning that the braking path increases. This study is concentrated on studying ...

Source: InfoSec Institute Web article, January 2016

Summary: This article was about Information security governance and Risk Management in CISSP domain. In the article some basic guiding principles for the security are highlighted, the security's fundamental principles revolve around the CIA i.e. confidentiality, integrity and availability. Confidentiality confirms that the data is confidential through personal identifying information, integrity ensures the accuracy of the data and it is not modified by anyone else and finally availability ensures that whenever the data is needed, it is available i.e. no DOS attacks or any other attacks stops the access of the data. The risk management talks about the analysis ...

Rapid prototyping is a set of various techniques that is usually used for fabricating a model or a sample using 3D computer aided design. The rapid prototyping allows prompt and effective collection of data necessary to produce a sample or a particular detail. Historically, the method was used to convert drawings into fabricated samples and details. However, the entire group of techniques is comparatively recent, as the first available options became available with the advancement and penetration of digital machines. The development in rapid prototyping is a result of progressing technological advancement and a high demand in machine tool ...

Cloud Security Solutions

Private and public cloud solutions have been gaining much popularity however there are security issues that have gained a higher priority. Cloud security is a vital part of CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) triad for data security. The cloud functionality in itself is robust and well-paying for customers; however operational security is a concern that is being addressed by vendors. The adaptation of cloud technology has been rapid and fast paced. Cloud security issues over the cloud environment have hindered the growth of cloud industry resulting in a far lesser growth as was expected of the new technology (Donovan).

Emergence of Cloud Security Standards

...

On page 362 of the textbook, figure 12.9 shows LLC PDU in a generic MAC frame. What is the highest and lowest percentage of the length of the MAC frame could be LLC PDU data?
The lowest length for LLC PDU data varies from 16 to 20 octets. Encrypted and framed LLC PDU data has the highest (maximum) length of 1560 octets. Octets is the first name for byte.
In the Ethernet MAC frame, the data segment has a minimum length of 46 byte. Why do we have to have a minimum size of data in this frame?
A ...

Environmental Issue

Climate Changes and Ozone Depletion

The weather is changing but where and when is very unpredictable. Sometimes it is changing in slow ways but sometimes weather events are very extreme and dangerous. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 reported on the “probability of the world being three degrees Celsius hotter by the end of the century and of a distinct possibility of it being almost six degrees hotter” (Lovelock, 2008, p. vii). This is a very scary prediction Ozone depletion is a different type of problem although Henson (2008) has said that the ozone depletion problem does have some ...

(Tutor’s Name)
(Assignment)

Summary Report 1

What factors contributed to the problem?
Volcanic activity is a major contributing factor to the issue of climate change. The eruption of volcanoes leads to the release of large quantities of water vapor, ash, dust, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, these sulfur dioxide molecules will react with water vapor leading to the formation of sulfuric acid, which is then spread all over the world through winds. The sulfuric acid formed in the atmosphere can significantly affect the amount of solar radiation entering the Earth’s surface and thereby the ...

Introduction

The hydrographic printing technology was developed in 1988. The investigator Motoyasu Nakanishi of company Kabushiki Kaisha Cubic Engineering registered the first patent for the hydrographic printing technology on 26 July 1992. The principle is almost the same of the current hydrographic printing technologies where a transcription film is inserted in a painting apparatus with water. The machine transfers the painting film to the surface. There are many applications in the hydrographic painting in the automotive industry, interior design and industrial applications. The needs of customization and personalization are the force that gives the energy to this industry and the ...

The name of educational institution

We live in an age that is witness to what many are calling the Third Industrial Revolution. 3D printing, also called additive manufacturing, moves us away from the Henry Ford era mass production line, and will bring us to a new reality of customizable, one-off production. The focus of this research is: history of the 3D printing, the impact on the progress, the factors affecting the 3D printing technology and the socio-cultural impact. Challenge of the research is to describe the history of the development of 3D printing technology.
3D-printer is a special device for outputting three-dimensional data. Unlike ...

[First Name Last Name]

The increase in diversity among working environments have introduced some challenges in the way of solace and consolation amongst employees, clients, and suppliers from different cultures, societies, and ethnic backgrounds. This type of consoling, supporting, encouraging and comfortable environment can only be developed if the business organizations can effectively deal with the numerous issues of differing attributes of the individuals. Certain factors and aspects should be considered by business organizations to accomplish an effective and prosperous working environment. Developing solace among diverse workforce has become significant for every organization in order to ensure the smooth ...

NETW206: Introduction to Switching

In practice, it is common to interconnect switches to achieve redundancy. When switches are interconnected, the network is redundant and cannot fail even if one of the connected links gets faulty. This is a common technique in computer networking. However, this interconnection introduces serious problem in the network known as Layer 2 Switching loop. Layer 2 traffic is traditionally classified as unicast, multicast and broadcast. Unicast, multicast, and broadcast are varieties of network communication mechanisms required for the normal operation of the network. In the case of multicast and broadcast in MAC, for instance, the switch needs to forward the ...

The sun is about 864000 miles wide and filled with sweltering hot gases. Hydrogen is the most abundant element present in the Sun, composition of the Sun by its constituent mass is 71% hydrogen (H), 27% helium (He) and 2% other heavier elements. Inside the Sun the gravitational pull compresses the gases, and increase the temperature and pressure at the core. (CAIN, F., 2009) The temperature is about 10000°F on the surface and more than 28 million degrees Fahrenheit at the core of the sun. The pressure at the core of the sun is 250 billion times the ...

Introduction

Thin-film optics is a division of optics that deals with the very thin structured layers of materials. The condition of exhibiting thin-film optics is that the thickness of the layers of the material should in order of visible light wavelength usually about 500nm. At this scale, layers can have remarkable reflective properties based on the difference in refractive index and wave interference between layers, the substrate and the air. The effects called thin-film interference alters the way the optic transmits and reflects light and they are observable in oil slicks and soap bubbles.
A dielectric mirror also called is ...

The earth’s atmosphere can be defined as a series of progressively arranged “shells” or “spheres” held to its position by the force of gravity. Just to mention, the earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure to the earth’s surface which is referred to as the atmospheric pressure. In addition, the earth’s atmosphere covers a region of about 480 kilo meters around the earth’s surface after which exists the exosphere. Also, the earth’s atmosphere is further divided into heterosphere and homospere. Homospere is the layer 80 kilo meters just above the earth’s surface that has a uniform chemical composition ...

The monitoring of the Gigabit Passive Optical Networks (GPONs) is based on the optical coding (OC) technique and which is the most cost-effective monitoring technique. The performance of the OC technique relies on the design of the implemented hardware and on the design of the address code chosen. With an increasing number of GPON users, the address code selected must has the ability to support a number of code-words that are equal or larger than the available users.
The main purpose for this research is to improve the GPON monitoring system using the OC technique. This research has developed ...

Introduction

Fire is described as the visible result of an oxidation process in the chemical reaction known as combustion. Combustion occurs between an oxidant (source of fuel) and oxygen which results in the release of heat and the source of fuel being converted into another form (Grimwood et al., 2010). When heat is released, light is produced either as a flame or glowing. The fuels which bring about combustion are mainly organic compounds like hydrocarbons which may be in the solid, liquid, or gaseous phase.
The part of the fire which is visible is known as the flame. It is ...

Hawai'i was the 50th state to join the USA. It comprises 132 islands and is said to be the home of volcanic islands. These islands reside in the Central Pacific Ocean. Moana Loa is one of the top most active volcanoes that had formed the island of Hawaii in the ocean (Networks, 2016). The movement of plate tectonics has resulted in the volcanic eruption and, however, the volcano towering and presence of valleys had a significant impact on the economic value.

Theory of plate tectonics

Plate tectonics theory explains that upper layer of the earth’s surface is segregated into various plates that ...

Instituion

1. What is the potential impact of supersonic transports (SSTs) on the ozone layer?
An alarming ozone loss has been reported in the past decades, and studies showed that this global problem is attributed largely to human activities. Advancement in technology resulted in the development of high-speed air transport that are economically competitive compared to other forms of aircrafts. There is, however, the associated risk that supersonic transports can impact in the destruction of the ozone layer due to the large amount of atmospheric pollution that it emits. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology carried a study on the possible ...

In the artistic oil canvas paintings of James Whistler, Nocturne, Vincent van Gogh, Starry Night, and Barnett Newman, Midnight Blue, the three components of art namely form, subject, and content tend to create the difference in the artistic talents displayed. The artist used the elements of art such as line, color, texture, shape, and value to produce a form. However, each of the artistic pieces tends to display varying degree of application of the artistic elements. This variance tends to create the observable difference in terms of shape, color, or texture of the pieces. A bid to compare and contrast ...

Introduction

Irritant contact dermatitis results from the exposure of the skin to irritants. The function of the skin is to protect an individual from dehydration, irradiation, mechanical trauma and direct exposure to harmful sensitizing irritant chemicals (Johansen, Frosch and Lepoittevin, 2010). Perturbation of the skin barrier may lead to development of irritant contact dermatitis. Jack’s line of work, which deals with using abrasive solvents and chemical are a cause of the irritation he is experiencing. A small perturbation of the skin might have resulted to an entry of an irritant, which further impaired the skin causing an increase in irritation ...

Pavement distresses are distortions in the pavement surface and the subgrade either due to poor design or external factors. Distresses shorten the lifespan of a pavement and pose a danger to the road users or causes discomfort. This is a paper on the different types of road distresses, causes, and the mitigation measures which can be taken to remedy the distresses.

Rutting

Rutting is the accumulation of slow permanent deformation due to continuous densification of pavement layers caused by the shear displacement of the subgrade. Shearing causes uplifting on the sides of the rut. Rutting occurs along the tracks of heavy vehicles on a ...

Cancer is a disease that has been reported to claim millions of lives a round the globe and has many forms. Cancer is defined as “a malignant form of tumors, which are tissue masses that arise through mutations in the genes that govern cell growth and division” (Arndt, 2010). Skin cancer is just one of the many types of cancer that affects people and most commonly in the United States. It is a disease whereby cancerous cells are found on the epidermis which is the outer layer of the skin or uncontrolled growth of skin cells. This cancer affects the skin tissues and ...

Network Protocols

A network protocol is a set of rules that manage the communication between two or more computers within a given network. This set of rules determine given characteristics of a given network, such as allowed physical topologies, access method, speed of data transfer and types of cabling.

Common network protocols include:

- FDDI
- Token Ring
- Ethernet
- ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
- Telnet (Telephone Network)
- SSL (Secure Socket Layer)
- FTP*SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
- SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol)
- HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
- HTTPS (Secure Hyper Text Transfer ...

Introduction

Environmental pollution has over the past few decades been a subject matter of discussion among many states. The main reason behind this can be associated with the increasing rate of environmental degradation and the adverse effects that this reason can impose on the well-being of human existence (Zhao, 2010). The United Nations Environmental Program ( UNEP) has been holding annual general meetings where stakeholders from all over the world meet and discuss crucial factor and measures affecting the environment. It has become adequately clear that over the years crucial environmental factors have become the prime subjects of discussion globally right before ...

1. In reference to Object Identifier tree, Figure 9.3 in the textbook a)What do you expect the subject of the standard 1.2.840.113549 to be? (Make a guess).
I would expect it to deal with ethical issues and how the internet is used safely. With the internet use increasing by the day, there is a need to ensure that the content that is being used and uploaded on the internet is ethical. b)Where in the tree would a new Microsoft file format for a new product be placed?
A Microsoft file would be placed under the ISO member body.Microsoft is a ISO member ...

IT 331 Week 2

IT 331 Week 2
Describe the series of connections that would be made, equipment and protocol changes, if you connected your laptop to a wireless hotspot and opened your email program and sent an email to someone. Think of all the layers and the round trip the information will likely make.
The first thing you need to do is to turn on the wireless hotspot and to search for the available Wi-Fi connections. Choose the needed one and enter the required login and password; this information acts as the encryption key that transmits traffic. Then, open the email app; ...

Critical Analysis for Management

Introduction
Organizations are entities that comprise of people and/or systems. Organizations are neither a completely harmonious setting nor or they battlefields where conflicts define their structure. Instead, organizations can be stated as something which political negotiations define. Essentially, the very survival within an organization is an act that is heavily influenced by politics.
Human and material resources together form an organization. Out of these two most important resources, it is the human resources of the organization who work in transforming the material resources into an end- product or service. For transforming the material resources into finished goods or services, ...

Introduction

The black hat hackers have always purposed to exploit any vulnerabilities they find. Once they find a big target, the chance of concentrating on attacking it is high. Most of the organizations that use networks would be foolish to always feel comfortable with their existing network security features. Networks have a lot of points through which the hackers can intrude and mess around with the firewalls as well as the intrusion detection systems. It is important that an organization’s management identifies the possibility of risks. The risks are identified by first analyzing the specific malicious attacks that have ...

In the 1976 publication of Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry, Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon present the physical symbol system as a means of perfecting artificial intelligence and bringing it as close to human intelligence as possible. According to the authors, because physical symbol systems “are capable of intelligent action,” then all general intelligent action[s] that humans are capable of must engage a physical symbol system (Newell and Simon 118). Subsequently, just as biologists understand the cell as the basic unit in living organisms, symbols make up the “roots of intelligent action” (Newell and Simon 119). For ...

Supporters of the amendment claim that nuclear energy serves an important role in the energy mix because it helps in meeting the future generation’s energy demands. Proponents of the policy’s amendment claim that nuclear power provides clean energy because using nuclear energy does not destroy the ozone layer through emission of greenhouse gasses. Those who support amending the policy claim that nuclear power provides a solution to sustainable energy because producers can achieve continuous production of nuclear energy.
Opponents believe that the nuclear power has dangerous effects on human beings because the process of producing energy involves ...

Question 1

The type of bloodstain evidence at the scene is a cast off pattern. According to Becker (2005), a cast-off pattern normally results in blood striking nearby surfaces such as walls, floors and ceilings. A cast-off pattern indicates that a blunt force trauma to the head. The large wound on top of the head is indicative of repeated use of the blunt force weapon on the victim.
The first step in the documentation process of the room would involve conducting an initial scan of the room to ascertain the evidence present. This would then be followed by photographing of the scene in ...

INTRODUCTION

Toofa Beauty Salon is a business enterprise offering beauty services and solutions. In a bid to expand more in the beauty industry, the store desires to establish a website where it can interact with its users more rewardingly. This paper details the development of the website of the company. The website puts in place the best industry wide practices for availability, access, navigation and usability. Specifically, this specification report explores the accessibility techniques employed in the development of the website, website description, design and implementation. It also includes evaluation mechanisms and validation and testing Aspects. Finally, it will provide recommendations for future ...

Affiliate institution

With the proliferation of information technology organizations and businesses have adopted its usage as leverage in boosting its business activities. Networking is inevitable in 21st century business environment. This networking involves businesses, customers, suppliers, regulatory authorities among other key business participants. Each party has its own system which is not compatible with each other. Internetworking technologies comes in handy to solve the problem of interoperability amongst the various business systems (Comer, 2008).
Computer network has been defined as the interconnection or linking of two or more computing components and resources (Akyildiz, et al., 2002). Internetworking emerged as means ...

Water and Its Unique Properties

Water is has a unique physical and chemical properties which are essential to life and to the earth processes such as climate change. Water molecules generally consist of one oxygen atoms and two hydrogen atoms. However the atoms do not share equal electrons thereby making water slightly charged—exhibits polarity. Water molecules interact with other water molecule through a weak hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonds allow water to interact also with other polar substances. Water is known as the universal solvent. Thus, it has the capacity to dissolve various polar substances like ammonia and nonpolar substances such as methane (Freudenrich, 2011).
...

- Introduction
Air pollution is one of the greatest concerns in modern-day United Kingdom. The issues have been in the public domain in recent years; with different entities proposing different mitigation methodologies towards sustainable resolution of the problem. The United Kingdom has a thriving economy that has played a key role in global economics. Like many developed countries London is based on an industrial-led economy. There are millions of residents who work and reside in London. These workers act as appendages to the UK economy, but are also affected by the very economy that they contribute to. For the purposes ...

Introduction

A natural phenomenon is any non-artificial event not produced by human activity but may affect humans. Natural phenomenon includes weather, decay, erosion and volcanic eruptions. Most natural phenomena are termed harmless.
Erosion is the process which leads to the removal of material from a section of the earth. Erosion may occur when solids such as rocks are weathered and transported to another place by wind, water, and ice (Toy, Foster, & Renard, 2002). Although soil erosion is a natural process human land use such as deforestation, industrial agriculture and urban sprawl have profound effect on erosion. A certain amount of ...

1. Explain exactly how routers route packets.

The routers employ the use of packet switching whereby, packets are directed towards a specified route and the transit is logically addressed from their source towards the ultimate destinations through intermediate nodes. The routing process usually directs the forwarding of packets on the basis of routing tables which has a record of the routes to various network destinations. Most of the routing algorithms make use of only one network path at a time whereas the multipath routing techniques enable the use of multiple alternative paths. A router typically organises and controls data flow among the computers on the network and other network ...

The key aspect of e-business is its focus on digitization of business operations from a traditional narrow range perspective to a technological wide range perspective that proves significant to businesses that rely on the internet for their functioning and success. Fundamentally, e-business is a broader concept and it is concerned with using the internet and related technologies to integrate and redesign an organization’s internal activities, processes and external relations, and create new ways of working that are significantly different from, and very often far superior to, what was possible or conceivable some years back. Moreover, interest in e-business has been driven ...

The key aspect of e-business is its focus on digitization of business processes. The universal connectivity permitted by the growth of the internet and a standardized way of communicating across different computing platforms is shifting the balance of importance from the physical world to the digital world.

Fundamentally, e-business is a broader concept and it is concerned with using the internet and related technologies to integrate and redesign an organization’s internal activities, processes and external relations, and create new ways of working that are significantly different from, and very often far superior to, what was possible (or conceivable) in the ...

a) Elements of Ecology
In “Kampung Boy”, the author has portrayed an intrinsic biography of a Muslim boy born in Kampong in Perak. How the young boy grows up in rural Malaysia is explained in a vivid fashion, from which the reader is able to draw various inferences on ecological factors and their influence on childhood. The Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System Model analyses the child development paradigm in a framework of simple yet meaningful relationships with environment. The essay focuses on how these elements have been embedded in the childhood of the Kampung Boy.

The Microsystem

Urie Bronfenbrenner has identified microsystem ...

Overview

Polyvinylidene fluoride is one of the polymers that are used as membrane material. This is because of its outstanding properties. Besides its comparatively high amount of fluorine, the polymer also has a high level of crystallinity. The result of these properties are exhibited in the performance of the Polyvinylidene fluoride polymer. For instance, the chemical stability of Polyvinylidene fluoride in chlorinated solvents and environments that are highly caustic and acidic is very high. Another property of the polymer is its hydrophobicity. This means that it is not compatible with water. This would create challenges if the polymer were to ...