Genetics Term Papers Samples For Students

Choose a gene that has been implicated in a human developmental disorder

FOXP2 is a gene that codes for a member of the transcription factors’ forkhead /winged-helix family, FOX. It is situated from base pair 114,086,309 to base pair 114,693,771 on the chromosome 7’s long (q) arm at position 31. The gene has 42 distinct introns, which include 41gt-ag and 1 other. The first FOXP2 report depicted 19 exons, of which two, namely 3a and 3b, are variably spliced into transcripts that cover about 300 kb on the chromosome 7q31 (Lai, Fisher and Hurst).

Several alternative transcripts, as well as protein isoforms, have been predicted on the ...

Summary of the Popular Source

The popular article attempts to report on a study that links people’s satisfaction or dissatisfaction in marriage to their gene composition. The article bases its arguments on this study to try to explain the reason why some people happen to enjoy their marriages while others do not. It also explains why the prevailing emotional climate affects people’s ability to enjoy or dread marriage as associated with their respective DNA characteristics.

The article argues that a gene variant called 5-HTTLPR has been discovered to be linked with the influence of certain emotions on marital satisfaction. The specific strain of this ...

Introduction

Blood consists of erythrocytes and leucocytes suspended in it. Blood is pumped from the heart to the body through the arteries and it enters back in the heart through the veins. Blood without cells is known as plasma while serum is the straw colored liquid obtained after the removal of the clot. Plasma contains different proteins, nutrients and waste materials. There are different cases of blood disorders observed in humans.

Blood cells and platelets

The most abundant cells in the blood are the anucleate, biconcave erythrocytes. They contain a red pigment known as hemoglobin (Hb) that carries dioxygen (O2). Hb contains four subunits each ...

Introduction

Handedness can be considered as the use of the hand for better, faster and more precise performance or control in certain tasks. In the concept of handedness, right and left hands are considered, and generally the use of one hand more than the other is considered. However, there are four kinds of people in terms of handedness: right-handed people, left-handed people, mixed-handed people, and ambidextrous. Left-handedness is less frequently found than right-handedness. Researchers have found that left-handedness is fairly more common in men as compared to women (Papadatou-Pastou, Martin, Munafo, & Jones, 2008).

Theories of left-handedness

Several theories have been presented in order ...

The discovery of DNA as the genetic material was one of the landmark events in the field of biology. By confirming DNA as the genetic material scientists made a huge leap that has advanced the cause of medical science to a great degree. While discussing the discovery of DNA as the genetic material, we mostly speak of Friedrich Miescher (1871), the man who discovered DNA. After the discovery of DNA a significant number of studies were conducted that proved DNA as the genetic material. Then Griffith, (1928) conducted studies on bacterial transformation and indicated that genetic information can be transferred from one ...

Introduction

This is a hereditary disease that has slow brain striatum atrophy (Gil and Rego). For several years, a Huntington’s disease patient may go through unrestrained movements, mental impairment and behavioral commotions. Finally, Huntington’s disease patients get totally reliant on a caregiver. The disease is an autosomal dominant condition that affects the equally two genders.

Statistics

The statistics of the Huntington’s disease indicate that out of 100,000 individuals globally, 5 to 10 will have the condition. The disease can attack males and females of every ethnic background (World Health Organization). It is prevalent globally, but, there are geographic regions where ...

Nature vs. Nurture

Abstract
For centuries man has been trying to determine what makes a person moral. Some have theorized that babies are born with an innate sense of morality while others debate this theory with their own beliefs that human ethics are molded by their environment. Those in the field of psychology have long endeavored to find commonalities that would explain human personalities. Even though all humans have similar traits there are also many ways that make us all unique. In the search to understand the relationship between commonality and uniqueness, several different theories of personality have been developed ("The study ...

#1 MAKE OBSERVATIONS
Some genetic diseases are very common in people with certain heritages. Examples include sickle cell anemia in persons from African descent, Tays Sachs in Jews from Germany or Eastern Europe, and cystic fibrosis in Caucasians.
#2 ASK QUESTIONS

Is there a way to narrow down genetic issues specific to certain heritages?

#3 HYPOTHESIS
There are factors within a person’s genetic code (DNA) and factors within the way persons of a certain heritage live that concentrate genetic issues within a particular heritage.
#4 PREDICTION
Genetic issues will be the result of changes within the affected individual’s DNA that mean they have differences in the way their ...

Introduction

The secret to a long life has always been a fascinating topic and an appealing scientific inquiry. People are interested with the elixir of life. This is because everyone wants to die old and extend their stay on earth. The whole of humanity embraces youthfulness and life, in general. The manner by which people live is also paramount. Most people anywhere in the world are interested with health and wellness. Public health has also become a necessity while modern medicines and several technologies are trying to slow down the natural processes of ageing (Manning, et. al., 2012).
Most popular longevity factors ...

Introduction

On the quiet morning of August 6, 1945, the United States shocked the world by dropping an atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima, Japan. Hiroshima was a main industrial city with that had a projected population that was somewhere around 400,000 individuals. On a bright day, A B-29 bomber was loaded with the Atomic Bomb and shipped out of the air base at 2:45 a.m. local time and the next thing people knew, an entire city went up in smoke at exactly 8:15 a.m. This essay will examine the atomic bomb and the devastating effect it had on the Japanese ...

Introduction

An article published by the Cochrane Collaboration and posted in the Cochrane Library in 2012 caught my attention. The article stated that no quasi-randomized or randomized clinical trials of gene therapy for sickle cell disease have been documented. The article further stated that no conclusions and recommendations are attributed to the application of gene therapy on sickle cell disease (Olowoyeye & Okwundu, 2013). This statement inspired me to evaluate the current developments in gene therapy that targets sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease is one of the oldest genetic disorders and yet few attempts have been made to develop gene ...

- Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins is a protein that comprises of RNA binding proteins. It is a complex made up of RNA & proteins that is characterized by binding of premRNA. This occurs in the nucleus during the transcription and post transcriptional stages of preMRNA. The protein has different roles which include; prevent formation of secondary structures by preventing folding of pre-mRNA, inhibit the interaction with other proteins, usually has a link with the splicing apparatus and transportation of the mRNA away from the nucleus. This type of protein is a multidomain protein with multiple RNA binding proteins. RNA recognition Motif which is the commonest ...

Introduction

Firstly, the rules of competition required that there be no competitor with an undue advantage over the other. This was simply the case when it was rumored that some men competed disguised as women so that they could win in athletic competitions. It was also alleged that intersexed individuals competed as women in order to gain an upper hand. It was for this reason that gender verification was started. The eligibility of a competitor to compete in any sporting event is decided solely on sex.
Previously, women paraded nude in front of a team of gynecologists in order to have ...

Introduction

This is a rare birth defect whereby the joints between the bones of an infant close prematurely before the brain is fully formed. It is a condition where a baby is born with an abnormal shaped skull. The premature closure of the baby’s bone sutures changes the skull’s growth pattern and this leads to abnormal head shapes and facial features. This condition causes a baby to be born with a deformed or an abnormal shaped skull. This skull deformity needs to be attended to since it causes problems with normal brain and skull growth in infants.

There are four main types of ...

Introduction

Genetic evolution refers to change(s) in inheritable traits occurring across succeeding generation of organisms. The change (evolution) is responsible for the diversity at all levels including the molecular level e.g. genetic variations, individual organisms in the same species (intra-species variations) and among species (interspecies variations). It is believed that all organisms emanated from common ancestry about 3.7 billion years ago and then evolved over time to the present biodiversity. Therefore all organisms have some shared traits at the morphological and molecular level with the species sharing a more recent ancestry having more similar traits. The process of evolution involves ...

Mental disorders are a common illness in the society. Scholars and medical practitioners have taken time and effort in attempting to understand the causes and treatment methods for these conditions. However, since the biological processes that leads to mental illnesses are quite difficult to understand, several hypotheses have developed to assist studies. Genetics and other environmental factors have been associated with numerous mental disorders. This paper first evaluates the issues of mental disorder such as depression and provides review into the genetics involved. Then the paper reviews studies into twin cases, association and neurodevelopment disorders. The research will then argue ...

The introduction of biotechnology in the field of crop science has seen vast development of useful processes and products over the years. Biotechnology has already been applied in the fields of medicine, agriculture and animal science as stipulated by (Taylor). A genetically modified crop entails the transfer of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from a bacterium or gene to another specimen. Characteristics are contained in the gene and are germinated to enable the crop to copy the characteristics (Halford). Genetically modified foods have existed since the early 1990s and attracted various nations to employ this technology (Gura). However, the field is still ...

Definition and reaction to video

Epigenetics refers to the study of changes in organisms where those changes are caused by modifications of gene expression and not alterations of the genetic code. The video on “PBS Nova ScienceNOW Epigenetics” from YouTube, gives the numerous ways in which epigenetics is manifest in the lives of identical twins. It uses real life cases of numerous twins from diverse ages to assert that differences that exist between identical twins especially on behaviour and mannerisms are a result of epigenetics.

Discussion of epigenetics article

The article titled “Epigenetics: The Science of change” by Bob Weinhold discusses the core issues about epigenetics and why ...

In 1872, the 22-year-old George Huntington presented a paper describing an elaborately outlined inheritance pattern of a disease, which during the time was referred to as "chorea." In his paper, which was presented at the Meigs and Mason Academy of Medicine at Ohio, George described all the features of the adult-onset form of the disorder and outlined the disease’s autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance. Although the mechanism underlying the inheritance pattern of the disease was not understood until the rediscovery of Mendel’s works, his paper was so comprehensive that George Huntington quickly became widely acclaimed. In fact, he ...

The rediscovery of Mendel's works on heredity in 1900 became the foundation to investigate more on genetics. However, the acceleration of the study of genetics was slow, taking more than half a century later for Watson and Crick to crack the chemical basis of heredity. In fact, their proposal, the double helical structure of DNA, became the beginning of modern biology. Over the next 30 years, the advent of recombinant DNA technology allowed us to sequence specific DNA segments (Collins & McKusick, 2001). Note that mapping specific regions of a particular DNA offers explanations to many traits, including behaviors, disorders, ...

Description

The Rett syndrome is originally known as cerebroatrophic hyperammonemia. It is a rare genetic disorder which commonly affects women although there are cases where it could be found in male patients. It is considered as a postnatal neurological disorder which affects the grey matter of the brain. Rett syndrome is also considered as a progressive disorder which affects the development of the brain. It is also considered as one of the common cause of mental disorders among women. It occur about 1 in 10,000 births and it typically develops at age 6 to 18 months. The signs or ...

Introduction

Bipolar disorder alias maniac depression is characterized by mood swings between lows( depression) and highs( mania), or a combination of these two at times. While depression is one of the most common features of this illness, maniac episodes are, usually, marked by a mix of irritability and anger, with or without euphoria. As such, the mood symptoms in the disorder may take four forms:

Mania: A period of persistently irritable mood accompanied by increased sense of self-esteem and optimism.

Depression: A period of unhappiness leading to changes in sleep, appetite, and indifference with the usual groove.
Mixed Mania: The stage when mania and depression coexist.
Hypomania: The state of persistently elevated mood marked by a ...

Introduction

Autism is considered a neurodevelopmental problem. The disease comprises problems with language skills and social communication, and relevant repetitive behaviors. The total number of children in the United States affected by autism is 1 in 88 children, and the ratio of 4:1 males versus females exists.
There is a saying about autistic children that if you are able to know ONE child with autistic symptoms, you only know ONE child with autism. That is to say that each child with autistic symptoms is unique and rarely shows similarities in symptoms amongst them. However, where from do the symptoms of ...

DNA, the basic unit of inheritance, has a long history which takes us thousands of years back into the past. It is highly important to have apt knowledge of DNA. In its truest sense, our knowledge of DNA begins with the results of the experiment conducted by Gregor Mendel in the year 1857. He is known by the name of “Father of Genetics”. The study of genetics was further taken ahead by Friedrich Miescher upon his discovery of a substance which he called as nuclein in the year 1869. Later on, he progressed with his experimentations and discovered another ...

Introduction

Schizophrenia is a disabling brain disorder which has severe and chronic symptoms. Study has shown that 1 percent of American citizens suffer from this disorder. People suffering from this disorder often believe that other people can read their minds, control their thoughts or they are planning to hurt them. People suffering from this illness get extremely agitated causing them to get withdrawn. Patients suffering from this mental disorder seem okay, until they talk and one realises that they are not making sense. The patients are unable to concentrate, making them unable to care for themselves. They have to rely on ...

Depression

Psychodynamic psychology also called dynamic psychology is the chronological approach to the study of psychological forces and state of the mind in relation to human characteristics stressing the connection between unconscious and conscious procedures with effects to general mental functioning. Dynamic psychology is directed to the idea that humans life undertakings affects their unconscious and conscious ideologies and motivations which in turn correlate with the feelings, character, and general nature of behaviors. Freud the psychologist suggested that the conscious and unconscious parts of the brain come into conflict with each other, resulting to an observation known as repression. This ...

Substances abused and implications of abuse

Substance abuse and drug addiction have been a running debate as many young people get used to drugs. Drug abuse victims today have filled healthcare centers and emergency departments because of health damages caused by drug use. The most commonly abused drugs include alcohol, tobacco, cocaine, marijuana, and heroin. According to McKetin, McLaren ,Lubman & Hides (2006), the use of cocaine, heroin and marijuana causes the most adverse effects on victims of drug and substance abuse. James Adams is a now a 20 years old man who has been addicted to cocaine. He is half-American half-Asian and has been using the drugs frequently ...

In Search of Henrietta

There are certain events in human life that might change the course of one’s life. There are also some human lives that might change the course of history and evolution of human civilization in general. Speaking of such people, some might imagine famous warlords, rulers of Ancient kingdoms; other would think about inventors, scientists and geniuses who were shaping their epochs and forthcoming generations; some might think of political leaders who lead their countries to prosperity and victory in global wars. In most cases, no one would have thought of an ordinary Afro-American woman in her thirties, who ...

Introduction

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by behavioral symptoms such as inattentiveness, impulsiveness and hyperactivity. The exact reason for ADHD remains unknown. However, research indicates that ADHD runs through families, which means that the condition is inherited from one’s parents (Brown, 2005). Other cases are thought to be caused by an individual’s environment, although the environment plays a minor role compared to genetics. In the United States, American Psychiatric Association approximates that 5 % of children have ADHD (Brown, 2005). The percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD continues to increase, with statistics indicating that this percentage ...

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is defined by DSM-V as a developmentally inappropriate and disturbed attachment behavior that is characterized by underdeveloped attachment towards the primary caregiver. RAD was introduced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition (DSM-III) in 1980 and is considered as one of the disorders of infancy as it is thought to occur as early as 9 months of age (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Attachment could be defined as a predisposition of an infant or child to seek comfort from a specific attachment figure, whom they consider as their primary caregivers. RAD is a condition where ...

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Every year, various types of cancer kill millions of people. The problem of cancer disease is unique because of its complexity and importance to humankind. Cancers affect all segments of the population, causing enormous damage to society. Although malignant tumors are extremely diverse and complex for the perception, the risk factors and mechanisms of development of cancer are well known enough so that it becomes possible not only to heal, but also to engage in cancer prevention. Cancer is the most difficult and dangerous disease, since it can ...

Introduction

When looking at the topic of bipolar disorder, it is imperative to know exactly what the disorder is all about. This is done by one asking themselves what is bipolar disorder? Bipolar disorder is defined as a mental disease that causes a person to have unusual behaviors such as shifts of moods, lack of energy and the inability to carry out the normal day activities (Mitchell, 2004). The disorder is also stated to be called as the manic depression. It has been said that the symptoms of the disorder are very severe and therefore, one needs the assistance of ...

Introduction

Pesticides are substances or a mixture of substances whose main aim is to destroy, repel, prevent or inhibit the action of any pest. A pest is any form of an insect, plant pathogens, weeds, birds, mollusks, nematodes (worms), and microbes that destroy human foods while in the field, during transportation or in stores. In addition, a pest can destroy other human properties apart from food or help spread harmful diseases. Pesticides are classified into five categories: a chemical substance, a biological agent, disinfectant, antimicrobial and a device. Since pesticides find use in both our homes and in farms, they have the potential of causing ...

Introduction

The process of learning in animals and humans come through a series of situations that come together to motivate, and ignite the brains and enable them to repeat specific actions in the face of certain circumstances. The basic logic presented by psychologists and biologists is that there is intrinsic motivation based on the brain which controls the nerves and models of an animal or human being. This implies that an external variable triggers an extrinsic motivation that gets the organism to ignite the internal or intrinsic motivation in order to undertake certain actions and internalize it in order to ...

(College/University/Institute)

Thesis Statement: Alzheimer’s affects the cognitive functions of individuals in a number of ways.

Introduction
“Alzheimer’s” is a form of dementia that renders the person with memory, cognition and dispositional problems. Manifestations of this disease do not arise overnight; these signs develop over time and worsen as time to the point that the condition can interfere with the person’s daily tasks and activities. The condition is the best known form of “dementia,” a universal term commonly associated with memory loss as well as the loss of a number of intellectual functions that can significantly disrupt the person’s daily routines (Alzheimer’s Association, 2016). The condition cannot be reversed and ...

Executive Summary

Technology is one of the best scientific developments that have brought about economic, social, and political change in most of the world’s economies. Nevertheless, there are varied reactions on the effect of technology on the environment, the economy, religion, culture, and politics among a host of many social, economic, and political phenomena. Conversely, these factors also affect technology in different ways as will be discussed in this paper. Nevertheless, selecting technology for a specific situation depends on a list factors that either support or oppose such incentives.

Introduction

Science and technology are the current century’s most influential challenges since it affects ...

Abstract

Tests intended to measure human intelligence have evolved to give a better picture of human intellectual behavior. These are nothing but Intelligence tests. These measure the functions of mental ability like judgment, reasoning and comprehension. Although, it has benefits, certain pitfalls appear to dilute its validation. This is unnecessarily leading to age and minority discrimination. With this trend, people developed views that intelligence testing could discriminate against old people and minority groups; while others are opposed to such views.
On the other hand, intelligence testing is not fully validated for minorities such as African –American. They do perform well ...

Celiac Disease

Introduction
This is an autoimmune disease of the gastrointestinal tract. It is also known as celiac sprue, although this name is of less use unlike before. The term sprue simply represent a descriptive term in Dutch and it was used then as a term to describe a disease state characterized by diarrhea, emaciation, apthous stomatitis, and mal-absorption (Cited in Green & Cellier, 2007). Different components has been reported or implicated in the development of the condition. Important predisposing features are the diet, immune response, genetics and environmental factors. The genetic factor contributes in a minor population although there are several people with the ...

Introduction

This paper discusses the persistent racial discrimination in the United States of America. It goes ahead to specifically focus on Cain Herman. It does this by using John Hartigan’s, Race in the 21st Century: Ethnographic Approaches. In this book, Hartigan explores the theme of racism and other forms of discrimination in the USA. According to John Hartigan, discrimination is the belief that one person is more equal than the other due to race, colour, tribe, language, creed, polical affiliation, place of birth, gender or age. Naturally, people are diverse. However, we may be unjustified to cling on our ...

Taking a trip down memory lane my personality has undergone many changes; certain aspects of my personality have remained the same whereas others have considerably changed. At times it becomes tricky describing my personality because one day I presume I'm very extroverted while the next those around me feel I'm introverted. However, I have learned to embrace all these changes positively as they continue to shape me into a better person. For years, certain aspects of my personality such as my height and skin color have remained consistent for a long time. After undergoing all the adolescence changes, I ...

Introduction

Schizophrenia is a mental illness or disorder that affects a considerable amount of people around the world. The mental illness adversely affects the neurological and psychological functioning of the individual that lead to skewed perceptions of reality and hallucinations. Most schizophrenic patients have distorted perceptions of reality and portray atypical social behavior along with vague thinking, various pretenses, and lack of emotional or social engagement (Keshavan & Diwadkar, 2012). Schizophrenia patients usually develop other mental illnesses, including depression, substance abuse, and anxiety disorders. Although schizophrenia is not as prevalent as other mental illnesses, a severe condition involves a broad range ...

Implications of Change in Healthcare Delivery System on nurse leadership

Technology drives most of the healthcare delivery system and the changing technology has resulted in the transforming face of modern healthcare system. The practice of nursing becomes quite dynamic when seen in purview of the technological advancements and their implications (Melnyk et al., 2012). For example, genetics and genomic field has encountered a substantial change as large number of diseases, risk factors, therapies and treatments have genomic elements which are influenced by lifestyle and environmental factors, thus having a greater impact on nursing practice. This compels the nurse leaders know more about genomic and genetics to effectually teach and ...

INTRODUCTION

There are many different conditions, diseases, infections and disorders that can negatively affect human beings, damaging their bodies, compromise overall health, diminish their quality of life and very often lead to the sufferer’s death. Polycystic kidney disease in one of these more serious conditions. Polycystic kidney disease is an incurable condition that encourages the growing of cysts which can overtake the kidneys, cause them to malfunctions and even fail all together. More than 600,000 people in the United States are living with polycystic kidney disease and the condition contributes to more than 5% of all cases of ...

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness because of its symptoms. Patients who not only hallucinate but also are quite paranoid could inflict harm not only on their own lives and well-being rather; their negative traits could also influence badly on the lives of those close by. Because of the same paranoia, these patients are quite likely to shut themselves out from the rest of the world and to choose social isolation. These situations could be quite problematic for not just the patient rather for the people that surround him/her as well. Considering how many people suffer from the mental ...

Introduction

Childhood obesity has become a serious and a major health problem. It is a condition characterized by excess fats in the body and it negatively affects a child’s overall well being and health. The diagnosis of obesity is based on body mass index (BMI). Cases of childhood obesity have been on the rise (Cdc.gov., 2016). It has necessitated the need to recognize obesity as a serious health problem and concern among the heath fraternity. However, in most areas, the term overweight is used instead of obesity as it is less stigmatizing. BMI is acceptable method for determining obesity ...

Science is a methodical approach to the study of the natural world. Most of the questions related to the existence of the world, the past, and future are answered using the observational methods ("The nature if science and the scientific method", 2016). Science not only reflects the truth, but it allows understanding what the most correct fact with the evidence itself is.
Scientists test all their nature explanations using experiments, observations, and mathematical models; though the scientific methods tend to change and the confirmation is done through observations and experiments only ("The nature if science and the scientific method", ...

Abstract

This paper examines what mood disorders are and what individuals with a mood disorder are likely to face. This document encompasses the different types of mood disorders and how they affect an individual in a varied manner. Most importantly, the biological basis of each has been discussed at length. Depression is the most common mood disorder, and that is why -in one way or another- all other odd disorders are likely to revolve around depression. In general, when a person has a mood disorder, they face extreme mood - either too happy, too anxious or too sad. All these ...

Law Regarding to Drones and Biometrics

Executive Summary
This paper talks about drones and biometrics. These are two things that are taking over our world today since they are new inventions. Due to this, they need to be studied longer since this is their time. In this article, we look at both these inventions, the laws that govern them, the threat they pose to their environment as well as a recommendation on how they can be utilized better.
I. Present Scenario for drones and biometrics.
a. What is Drones?
Drones are defined as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that are controlled in one of two ways, ...

Introduction

Every individual has a unique or different personality; however, some types of personalities are categorized as a disorder. A personality disorder demonstrates some psychiatric symptoms that can cause serious issues with others. A personality disorder is a complex and highly challenging to treatment providers. An individual with avoidant personality disorder or APD is difficult to treat because of his or her extensive emotional, social, and cognitive avoidance . APD is a severe mental health condition wherein the patient has a lifelong pattern of deep feeling of inadequacy, distrust of others, extreme sensitivity to rejection, and extreme shyness. The individual suffers from the disorder and tries ...

- What is the Topic?
The objective of this paper is to discuss a selected topic in the field of ethics. The selected topic to be discussed was the ethical validity of the principle that suggests that the good of many outweighs the good of one. This paper will revolve around this ethical dilemma and its applicability in Henrietta Lacks’ case, perhaps even in the case of her family.
- How is Henrietta and her family involved?
The bottom line that makes this paper relevant to the principle that suggests that the good of the many outweighs ...

Syntax is the study of principles and rules for sentences’ construction in natural languages. Syntax also studies the patterns of sentences and phrases’ forming. It exists in human communication only. Many scientists study this phenomenon and are trying to understand why it is not a characteristic feature of other living beings.
Researches worked out several theories to explain the evolution of humans’ syntactic language. Regarding the human’s anatomy that contributed to syntactic language development, Joshua B. Plotkin and Martin A. Nowak state in their article that “everyone knows around 50,000 words in his primary language. The words ...

Introduction

Cyberpunk is a form of science fiction that emerged in the latter half of the 20th Century. This genre of science fiction involves the envisioning of a near future that is characterized by scientific advancement in the form of cybernetics an information technology. This advancement is however coupled with societal order breakdown where chaos and anarchy reigns. Many of the cyberpunk narratives revolve around conflicts between technological experts like hackers or even conflicts between technological mega-corporations. A lot of cyberpunk plots are set in dystopian societies marked by massive cultural rot as well as the use of advanced technology to propel ...

Introduction

The thyroid gland is an essential gland found in various vertebrates, and has thyroid follicles (comprised of thyroid epithelia cells), which are supplied by a dense network of blood capillaries. The thyroid tissue’s main function is the biosynthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormone, which is an essential biological molecule existing in either of two forms, T3 and T4. The activity of the thyroid gland is controlled through the neuroendocrine system, which involves the hypothalamus and the secretory actions of the pituitary gland. TSH plays a key role in stimulating the thyroxin-binding globulin (TGB) and the uptake of blood iodine ...

Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that tries to concentrate more on what people term as abnormal in life. This is mainly in terms of behaviors which are considered as deviant from the expected code of conduct. In any case, any strange or rare experience in behavior makes one to be treated as abnormal. Most of these disorders are extremes of the normal circumstances and are mostly caused by imbalance in some physiological processes, biological factors or even some physical factors. Several symptoms can be used to describe the disorders whereby some of the factors are unique to a disorder ...

Introduction

This paper examines and discusses research into the origin of human language, considering religion-based ideas, anthropological and genetic evidence, as well as archaeological (indirect) evidence, that researchers have used in attempting to determine when language was first used by humans as a means of communication.
It also considers the way language(s) evolved, spread and diversified, and some impacts that language has had on our culture and society.

Language Origins

Chapter 1 of “The Handbook of Linguistics” written by Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy of Canterbury University (2001, 2003), speculated how our early ancestors communicated; what sort of language they used, its degree of ...

There are several elements, which constitute the classification of an individual as either male or female. Determination of one’s gender is influenced by interplay of social, biological and psychological factors. Expression of a patient’s gender identity is crucial in a clinical examination of a patient. Genetic gender is vital in determining whether an individual is male or female since males and females have distinct sexual organs. However, gender is also psychological and involves the awareness of an individual and their reaction to biological sex. Sexual orientation is they key here, as well as the gender roles and gender identity. People ...

1.0 Introduction
Food safety refers to the science of handling, processing, storing and transporting food in such a manner to minimize chemical and pathogen contamination. The essence of this discipline is to protect man from food related health hazards. Food can be a culture for growth of pathogens and can very easily absorb and carry harmful chemicals used in production and processing. Thus, food has the ability to transmit disease causing microorganisms as well as hazardous chemicals. In addition to this continued use of genetically modified foods poses a health risk to the future generation and genetically degrades the environment. Despite ...

Humanistic and Biological Approaches to Personality

Introduction
Personality refers to the characteristic aspects of an individual both internally and externally. Internal factors refer to the motives, feelings, perceptions and attitudes of an individual while the external factors refer to bodily actions, speech, gestures and habits. In looking at these features, there has to be an element of consistency in the personality traits. In a given situation there is the way an individual would react and it is commonly known by peers and family.

Maslow Personality Theory

Maslow introduced a hierarchy of needs which he argued influenced a person’s personality. In the first hierarchy an individual is concerned with fulfilling ...

The world's populace increases by approximately 80 million people each year, according to the population reserve website, Population Connection. And with most of this inhabitants occupying comparatively small urban areas, it is not astonishing that population density is a mounting cause of concern. And while there are many unconstructive impacts of high population densities, there are also a few constructive ones.

A person living an area with a high population density will recurrently be making contact, deliberately or not, with the area's other human inhabitants. A municipality's busy sidewalks, subways and, buses, all serve as centres for the transmission of pathogens. An ...