Calcium Research Papers Samples For Students

Vitamin C and calcium: daily needs and food sources

Vitamin C: daily needs and food sources
The daily need of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), depending on the labor intensity and the age is 64-108 mg for men and 55-79 mg for women.
Scientists have concluded that 1200 mg of vitamin C per day helps to prevent falling ill during flu epidemics. It is actually sufficient to take only 100 mg, but after an appearance of the first signs of the disease, the dose should be increased up to 1 g.
For those who smoke a pack of cigarettes per day (20 pieces) the dose should be increased by ...

Hypercalcemia refers to the condition where calcium levels are above normal in the blood. Presence of too much calcium in the blood may result to endless complications and defects to an individual’s body parts. No severe signs are experienced in the human body until the the accumulation of the calcium levels hits the abnormal levels. Patients with high levels of calcium in their blood stream will experience constant dehydration and this will lead to frequent intake of water hence constant urination (Marcocci & Cetani, 2011). This is as a result of the kidneys being involved in filtration of high ...

Apart from increasing bone mineral density, decreasing bone loss, and reducing osteoporosis risk, calcium also confers protection against colorectal cancers, reduces cardiovascular disease risk, and improves management of body weight (Office of Dietary Supplements, 2016).
Epidemiological studies have shown that in individuals consuming 700 to 1200 milligrams of calcium per day, colon cancer risk was reduced by 31 to 45 percent as compared to those with lower daily calcium intake. Randomized clinical experiments have also demonstrated that in subjects taking 1200 to 2000 milligrams of elemental calcium per day, the risk of adenomas, which are precursors of colorectal tumors, ...

Urolithiasis refers to the condition where there is the formation of urinary stones as well as their location in the urinary system. While the term urolithiasis refers to those stones that are in the ureter, nephrolithiasis also known as renal calculus refers to those stones that are found in the kidney, and cystolithiasis (vesical calculi) refers to the stones that are formed or located into the urinary bladder (Pearle, Calhoun, & Curhan, 2007).
The urinary stones also known as calculi refer to the hardened mineral deposits forming in the kidney. The stones originate as microscopic after which they develop ...

Rickets can be referred to as the softening, as well as weakening of bones, commonly due to an extreme and extended deficiency in vitamin D. Vitamin D enhances phosphorus and calcium absorption from the digestive tract. A vitamin D deficiency renders maintenance of proper levels of phosphorous and calcium difficult resulting in rickets. Addition of calcium or vitamin D or o the diet in general corrects any resulting problems for a child. Rickets resulting from a genetic condition may need extra or other medications. A number of skeletal deformities resulting from rickets may require restorative surgery.
Symptoms of rickets include ...

The regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis in the body occurs thorough an endocrine pathway called the renin angiotensin (RAS) pathway. This is a multistep pathway in which two step conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I by rennin and subsequent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) occurs (Fig 1a). The RAS involves a number of peptides, receptors and enzymes partake in this highly regulated system. The angiotensin II, however, is the key biological player of this pathway. Uncontrolled activation and improper regulation of the RAS pathway leads to hypertension, organ failure and eventually death. ...

The regeneration of nerves throughout the human body has been a subject of much interest in biology recently. The unique characteristics of both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide insights into the mechanisms occurring after once damage occurs. A good understanding of tThe differences between these mechanisms also may lead to new therapies for nerve-damaged patients, including stroke patients. Following injury, the nerves in the CNS of an adult mammal will not regenerate, while the PNS will. These differences appear in every stage of axon regeneration.
Within hours of axotomy, the PNS begins ...

INTRODUCTION

Modern society is surrounded on a daily basis by toxins and pathogens, along with the potential development of any number of diseases and disorders, all of which can be harmful to people and, in some cases, lead to their inevitable death. However, nothing is more difficult and disturbing than when the individuals afflicted are children. Diseases that specifically affect children have garnered as great deal of dedicated research and study. One of the most harmful of childhood ailments that can have permanent and long lasting effects is Rachitism, or as it is commonly known today, Rickets. This childhood condition is ...

Abstract

The paper articulates the electrolyte and fluid study by describing functions and location of various body fluids and factors that affects variations in fluid compartments. These body fluids involves Body fluids involve blood plasma, mucus and lymphatic fluid, saliva and gastric juice, and other fluids such as tears, sweat, semen and vaginal secretions. The functions, regulation, sources and losses of the main electrolytes in the body are also described. The paper also outlines the basic principles of some of the processes that occur in human body such as osmosis, filtration, active transport and diffusion.
In order to understand ...

Abstract

The literature defines hypertension as a medical condition experienced when the systolic blood pressure (BP) is equal or greater than 140 mm Hg or when the diastolic blood pressure is equal or greater than 90 mm Hg. Additionally, it offers a description of systematic, cellular, as well as molecular causes of hypertension. High blood pressure within the arteries is referred to as systemic hypertension (SH). The primary role of the systemic arteries is the transportation of oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. The constriction of the arterioles (small arteries) is responsible for the high ...

“Too much milk may be bad for your health” is an article made by Dennis Thompson which tackles about the side effects of excessive drinking of milk. According to him, “calcium in milk can help strengthen bones and prevent osteoporosis”. As such, many individuals, including adults, drink milk due to the benefits it may bring. However, excessive drinking may lead to serious health complications which might endanger their life. According to the new study, adults who drink three or more glasses of milk each day have higher possibilities to incur fatal diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular malfunctions (Thompson). ...

The musculoskeletal system is responsible for all body movements. The skeletal component of the muscular system provides a structural framework for the body, which protects the internal organs and provides the shape for the body. It acts as the storage for calcium and phosphorus and plays a part in mineral homeostasis(Davidson, 2002)

Functions of the skeletal system(Haywood, 2008)

The role of the skeletal system can be classified into five categories: protection, structural support, movement, mineral and chemical storage and blood cell production.
- Protection: The strong material that makes up bones protect the internal tissues and organs of the body like the brain, ears, eyes, spine, ...

Bone mineral health is critical topic in the general fitness of athletes, more so female athletes. In determining the bone mineral health, experts analyze the mineral density in bones. The bone mineral density is calculated by measuring the mineral content in one cubic centimeter of bone. The higher the bone mineral density, the healthier the bones of the involved individual are and better for an athlete. In this regard, female athletes ought to ensure that they have high bone mineral density so that they are able to able to compete effectively and put their bodies into the strenuous conditions ...

Abstract

Bones are formed through a process known as osteogenesis from three different lineages. This process takes place through two different methods, which are intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. A large increment in bone mass takes place in childhood, as well as puberty, through the formation of endochondral bone. At this point, growth hormones are known to play a role. This paper will focus on the process of cartilage and bone formation and the stimulation of bone formation by the growth hormone. There are a number of factors that regulate the formation of bone, while growth hormone affects a number of factors related to ...

Abstract 3

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Properties and Uses 4

Sources of CO Emission and Toxicokinetics 4

Exposure Limits for CO, Sampling and Analysis 6
Protocols for Industrial CO Sampling and Analysis 6
Carbon Monoxide in Substance Priority List (SPL) 7
CO Contaminated Superfund Site 8
Carbon Monoxide Explosion Case Study with Recommendations 8
References 10
Abstract
Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas, which results from incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels, and has several applications such as effective reducing agent and manufacture of various hydrocarbons. CO is a major indoor air pollutant, and is released when combustion is carried out in confined spaces such as mines ...

Introduction

Athletics and fitness play a comprehensive role in ensuring that individual’s gain adequate health. This is evident by the fact athletes are often found to be healthier than people who seldom engage in any form of exercise. It is also crucial to note that the positive implications of athletics are not limited to assuring robust health alone. Instead, the positive implications of sports extend to the fact that it enhances an individual’s academic performance, not forgetting the fact that it reduces the occurrence of depression. This analysis depicts the manner in which sports play a colossal role in enhancing ...

Osteomalacia is a disease of the bones where there is an impaired mineralization of the bones. The poor mineralization of the bones is caused by a long-standing hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia usually associated with chronic vitamin D deficiency. It is differentiated from rickets in that it is a disease of adults and not of children. In children the manifestations are slightly different due to the non-closure of the epiphyseal growth plates. (Robbins, 2009, pg. 433)
There are several causes of osteomalacia, the most important being the aforementioned vitamin D deficiency. However, chronic acidosis as in diabetes, renal disorders, disorders of vitamin D ...

A mother pleading her child to drink a glass of milk or an old woman inquiring about vitamin supplements is a common scenario that is observed in daily lives. It is not only the elders but also the nutritionists, doctors and the experts who are often emphasizing on the intake of leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, fish and the standard eight glasses of water. Such instructions are often associated with its underlying benefit which is explained by the presence of vitamins, calcium and other minerals. This makes the mind wonder as to why the intake of nutrients is incessantly stressed upon? The ...

Bone soaked in vinegar

Observation on Bending
The notable observation when the bone was bent: It just bends easily. Upon application of pressure on the soaked bone on vinegar, the bone bent easily since the vinegar had eliminated the calcium content which is responsible for the toughness and or hardness of the bone.

Baked Bone

Observation on Bending
On bending the bone after baking, it was inflexible, hard as compared to the one soaked in vinegar. An underlying reason is that water that initially was present was drained by the heat during the baking process. On smashing the bone it broke easily into ...

Introduction

Good nutrition plays a vital role in maintaining good health as well as in the prevention and management of various diseases. In order to maintain healthy organs and strong bones, and to produce hormones necessary for the proper functioning of organs, the body needs carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and fats. In consequence of dietary changes, both first world and third world countries are increasingly being affected by chronic diseases. In reality, diet-related chronic ailments such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and arthritis are the most common cause of death in the world today[ CITATION Pec03 \l 1033 ]. In this paper, ...

Introduction

Wen highly trained, motivated and talented athletes meet for competition there is a very small margin of defeat and victory. When everything else is on a level platform, nutrition becomes the determinant between losing and winning. Many athletes ignore key dietary issues and only focus on supplementing their diet with vitamins, minerals and proteins. Any professional athlete knows the value of nutritional support when it comes to performance(Perez-Schindler, Hamilton, Moore, Baar, & Philp, 2015). There is a lot that is involved including energy requirements, body mass, the type of foods, the sport involved and much more. All these factors ...

Physical body effects occurring during the aging process

The skin is one of the peripheral body organs that clearly indicate changes in the aging process. It is evident by the continual loss of skin elasticity in adults. In the process, wrinkles are formed alongside the pigmentation related to senescence. Collagen and elastin are protein fibers whose presence makes the skin consume slack and stay adherent tightly onto the underlying skin structures (Abdulraheem, 2014).
Changes in the eyesight are prominently evident in the elderly, especially those above their 50s for whom their decline in visual acuity seems to be accelerating. The reason most elderly people above 50s use ...

Abstract

The method of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) focus on the exploitation from the heat contained in deep warm rocks associated with restricted penetrability. Although that particular extraction is just feasible when the reservoir penetrability is actually sufficient to make sure a liquid circulation in between injection as well as production water springs. Financial utilization associated with enhanced geothermal systems has to do with normal or even induced nutrient precipitation as well as associated reduction in permeability from those methods even though it might inhibit liquid flow within well casings or even in rocky fractures as well as therefore decrease heat ...

Abstract

Cars have always played an important role in the course of human development. In the past, man had a vision to introduce an invention to transport people along long distances. To turn the vision of a self-propelling automobile into reality, it took the development of a reliable combustion engine that operated on liquid fuel. In 1672, the first steam-powered vehicle as a toy for the Chinese emperor was built by Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China. As the automobile industry grew, so did the rate of environmental pollution. Car engines are considered to be the prime source of air pollution. The ...

Osteoporosis refers to a disease that is characterized by reduced bone mass as well as bone tissue deterioration. The disease results in an increase in the fragility of the bone and increases the chances of bone fracture. The bones that are at risk of breaking include bones of the spine, hips, shoulders and wrist. Osteoporosis is commonly referred to as a silent thief since the loss of bone mass occurs with no symptoms appearing. Incidents of fractures resulting from osteoporosis occur more often than a combination of stroke, heart attack and breast cancer. The disease is also the most common bone disease ( ...

Introduction

Biomass is a biological material obtained from a living organism or a recently living organism. The word biomass is derived from two Greek words; bio meaning life, and maza meaning mass (Demirbas, “Fuels from Biomass” 43). Biomass means non-fossil and bio-decomposable organic matter (originating from plants, animals and microorganisms). The products, byproducts, residues and waste from agricultural processing, all constitute biomass. Bio-waste simply means non-fossil and biodegradable waste that is composed of organic matter. Bio-wastes include food and kitchen wastes, garden and park wastes, and wastes from food processing plants. Bio-waste is therefore an element of biomass.
Non-fossil wastes that are ...

Introduction

Waste biomass is usually in the form of manure, agricultural residues, municipal sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, and industrial bio-sludge which can be converted to animal feeds, alcohol fuels or industrial chemicals. There are various processes which are employed to convert this waste into the respective useful end products rather than being dumped away. The complexity of these processes depends on the kind of technologies being used. Conversions of waste biomass into renewable energy forms play a major role in reducing the dependence on crude oil and thus promote economic growth. The process of waste biomass conversion to useful products ...

Outline
Thesis: Conversably, chocolate is good for human health as it improves cardiovascular healthiness,
heart functioning, prevents cancer, as well as brain stimulant.

Arguably, human health is the most important issues in the globe today. Therefore, people in the world would like to know entirely everything that can be good for their health. In this case, chocolate is very good for human health. Chocolate is a substance prepared from the seeds originated from a plant known as cacao. Several products of chocolate are accessible on various markets. Undeniably, the products range from cocoa, which is powdered to white chocolate. ...

Inquiry

This paper provides a response to the inquiry: "How does the structure/specific property/shape of ceramic biomaterials influence their performance in hip implants?" The principal objective of coming up with the script is to analyze the existing literature on the use of ceramics as biomaterials. A lot of research is underway to optimize the use of ceramics in hip implants. The following subsections cover the literature on the effect of the shape, specific structure, and structure of ceramics as hip implants.

Introduction

Biomaterials are now an active area of research in Material Science Engineering globally. The term ‘biomaterials’ describes a wide ...

Every person is obliged to the right to eat for a healthy living. However, some people especially children do not get enough food to eat, or when they do, they eat without necessarily wondering about the kind of foods they eat, something that can result to malnutrition. Malnutrition is a body condition that develops when the body fails to get balanced nutrients as well as minerals and vitamins required for body development. Malnutrition can also refer to as poor nutrition, falling under either over nutrition or under nutrition. Over-nutrition is a condition where people get more nutrients than the ...

Enjoying food is an important constituent of the good life. The possibility to enjoy various dishes makes people feel satisfied. However, sometimes, people are deprived of pleasure from food because of allergies.
Usually, immune system is a functioning in a befitting way, complicated mechanism. This amazing nature miracle is able to protect the body from numerous invaders. Immune system identifies infected cells as well as cells, which is going to be tumors. However, it is not works that good. Allergies are the effects of immune system’s mistaken functioning.
Food allergy - a state of organism, characterized by hypersensitivity ...

Food is a necessity of a man. Currently exists the understanding that the food provides a considerable influence on a person. It gives energy, strengths development, and health. You can be sure that human health is 70% dependent on the food. Food is the main source of most diseases, however, with its help it is possible to get rid of long-term illnesses. Elevated levels of blood cholesterol, obesity, tooth decay, diabetes, impaired fat metabolism, hypertension, constipation, increased uric acid in the blood or gout - this is an incomplete list of so-called "diseases of civilization" that were caused by ...

Impact of climatic change on the Great Barrier Reef

Climatic changes refer to lasting and significant changes in the weather patterns characterized by statistical distribution over a period spanning decades or hundred thousands of years. These changes may encompass extreme weather conditions and may happen due to variations in solar radiation reaching earth, biotic processes, volcanic eruptions, melting of the polar caps and plate tectonics. Certain activities undertaken by humans have also been recognized as contributing to negative climatic changes such as global warming. This climate change has threatened earth's ecosystems. The recent harsh change in the climate such as an increase in temperature takes a great toll on the ...

Introduction

Cells are independent units of life. However, when a cell becomes part of an organism, it becomes part of a tissue and organ system. Cells in a tissue are joined to each other and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cell junctions. There are three kinds of cell junctions: Occluding junctions, anchoring junctions and communication junctions. Occluding junctions occur in the epithelium where the adjacent cells are so tightly sealed together that even small molecules cannot pass. Communicating junctions allow the exchange of chemical and electrical signals between cells. Anchoring junctions are the ones which attach a cell either to its neighbor or ...

The Name of the Class (Course)

The Name of the School (University)
The City and State
Introduction
Literature Review
According to Geopolymer Institute (2014), Joseph Davidovits discovered Geopolymer concrete. Joseph Davidovits is a French National born in 1935. Geopolymer concrete is as a result of a reaction of source materials. Constituents of source materials are alumina, silica, and alkaline liquid. Geopolymer has a 3-dimensional structure. They are manufactured using low amounts of temperature. The manufacture of Geopolymer involves mixing several products. These products are alkali metal hydroxide and aluminosilicate. Aluminosilicate acts as a binder. It is a constituent of aluminum and silicon.
Research shows that Geopolymer ...

(Author’s Institution)

Introduction

In its natural state, Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless and odorless gas. Its significance in preserving life on Earth is demonstrated through Carbon cycle, a process that begins with the use of CO2 by plants for photosynthesis and ends with the release of the same compound into the atmosphere by the dead and decomposed plants and the animals that feed on them. This cycle is continuous and ensures that the supply of Carbon (a vital element of life) is sufficient. This paper, however, focuses on the disastrous effects of excessive CO2, released into the environment.

Overview

CO2, along with a ...

Bioinformatics combines the subjects of biology, mathematics and computer science in to a single field of study. There are various tools available for the biomedical researchers so that they are able to find out the desired biochemical, genomic and medical information. Search programs, data base storage and software programs are some types of bioinformatics tools that help in the analysis of proteomic and genomic data. The web based tutorial of bioinformatics programs will be used in this study to analyze the most important enzyme of fertilization called phospholipase C-gamma. This tutorial will use the bioinformatics tools easily acquired from the ...

Abstract:

Strokes are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Key to prevention and control of strokes is a thorough understanding of their etiology and the pathophysiologic processes that occur. A review of the literature regarding cerebrovascular disease was undertaken to more fully understand the changes that lead to strokes. The causes are manifold and there are many risk factors that may lead to pathology causing a stroke.
The third leading cause of death in the United States is stroke, it is also the cause of significant neurologic disorders and morbidity. A pathological process involving the blood vessels ...

Balanced diet and regular exercise are important for all persons, particularly school-age children (6-12 years) as it is a critical time in growth and development. Childhood nutrition is essentially and significantly important in growth since it is the determining factor of the child’s health. Growth is steadier and slower in childhood than in infancy, with studies revealing that at the ages of 12-13 most girls reach peak height rapidity. Among boys, a significant ratio is also noted to follow suit with majority reaching their peak height 2-3 years after the girls. Adequate nutrition will help school age children grow to ...

There are three major types of gallstones classified as pure, mixed and combined depending on the composition of the three essential components which are calcium carbonate, bile pigment, and cholesterol. Firstly, the pure class has another set of categories designated as purely cholesterol, pigment or calcium carbonate stones. The pure cholesterol stones are large, oval and mostly radiolucent. Some stones deposit in the macrophages found in the mucosa of the gallbladder resulting in high cholesterol levels. Secondly, mixed gallstones are the most prevalent of the three broad categories, with a prevalence of 80% of all the cases of gallstones. ...

The Problems of Physiotherapy

Abstract
Keywords: exercise, nutrition, physiotherapy, obesity, diet.
This paper will look at the effects that a lack of adequate exercise and nutrition is having on our population from the point of view of a physiotherapist.
While physiotherapy is a normal part of many patients’ rehabilitation and recovery, the general lack of both exercise and healthy diet which has become a feature of many societies in developed countries has led to a situation where a stable loop is formed: people injure themselves due to a lack of exercise putting undue strain on their joints, physiotherapy is prescribed, and healing is ...

Introduction

Nutritional needs changes throughout a person’s life that if not properly assessed may lead to malnutrition. Malnutrition is the state of the body lacking important nutrients or having excess or imbalance of energy. According to studies, 16% of people over 65 years and 2% of people over 85 years are malnourished. Studies also show that approximately two-thirds of people occupying hospital beds are above the age of 65 years (Ahmed & Haboubi, 2010). Malnutrition is associated with a number of health outcomes such as poor wound healing, slow recovery from surgery, higher hospital readmissions, and deaths. Malnutrition is high ...

The growth of a person is considered to be a very complex process. There are diverse elements that impact a child’s development and growth throughout its life cycle. These elements could be grouped into two – environmental and hereditary. One of the environmental elements is nutrition. Along with other factors that impact growth, including migration, altitude, climate, and urbanization, as well as migration, nutrition impacts retardation or the increase hereditary abilities of a person.
There is a close correlation between nutrition and growth. The process of cell multiplication, as well as their size, necessitates a sufficient supply of amino ...

Geology of Mars

Similar to Earth, all of the planets, including Mars, are defined by geologic processes. Of course, these geologic processes and conditions differ among the planets depending on various factors, such as the relative distance to the sun, composition of the planet, vulnerability to impacts and collisions, etc. Of all the planets, Mars is the closest to Earth-like conditions (Head 1).
On the surface of Mars, as well as all of the telluric planets, the most abundant minerals are silicates. On Mars, the origins of most of the silicates are of basaltic to andesitic basaltic. On its surface, the main ...

Carlsbad Cavern National Park 2

General Information 2
Geology 4
Climate 8
Wildlife and Biodiversity 9
Environmental Issues and Concerns 10
A Day in the Park 10
The 8th wonder of the earth Carlsbad Cavern lies in the heart of the United States of America in New Mexico. The park has an approximate of 118 caves and attracts an estimated number of 500,000 tourists yearly. It lies in the underground world and provides an amazing scenery to any tourist who visits the park. It offers vast subterranean chambers, incredible cave formations, and unique features. Touring the park will require some walking, crawling and ...

The purpose of this paper is to develop a fundamental idea about the phenomenon of Supernovae and their significance in understanding the nature of our universe. This paper shall be trying to make an in-depth analysis of different types of supernovae that had been observed in universe and also the factors that cause them. Even though the paper does not go deeper into the technical aspects of observing supernovae and the characteristics of their each type, a significant amount of study has been conducted to make an understanding of how they are observed and the characteristics that make each ...

Introduction

Drugs may be categorized through the chemical form of the ingredient which is active or even through the method it is utilized to treat specific conditions. It will as a result be realized that each drug may possibly be categorized into several drug classes. By definition, antacids are actually agents which purely neutralize gastric acid as well as raising the pH of gastric. They are in most cases utilized to treat dyspepsia plus peptic ulcer symptomatic relief. Antacids are in fact a form of medication which can possibly control the levels of acid in stomach. It will be documented that they ...

Introduction

Pollution of the environment is one of the oldest problems in the history of civilization. Man has long been considered the environment primarily as a source of resources, seeking to achieve independence from it, to improve the conditions of its existence. While population and the scale of production was small, and very extensive natural spaces, to achieve the goals we were willing to sacrifice some of the untouched nature, exactly as some degree of purity and water. This process in our relatively closed, not unlimited world cannot continue indefinitely. For example, it is estimated that each year for every person ...

Likened to oxygen, the human body requires a balanced diet in order to purpose appropriately. A balanced diet, therefore, is comprised of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins. However, it is worth noting that proteins remain the most essential food nutrient in the human body explaining why it constitutes 75 percent of the body excluding water. The roles of proteins are diverse and they handle the normal healthy living conditions. It is from that rationale that this paper will be endeavoring at elucidating and giving further details on the components of protein in bodybuilding. Equally, the paper will elaborate the various ...

Pasteurization is a process that involves heating of raw milk to a certain temperature within a given set of time. This process kills harmful bacteria found in unpasteurized milk, for example, Salmonella, Listeria and E coli responsible for food borne illnesses. These bacterial organisms are responsible for human diseases such as Typhoid, diphtheria, Listeriosis and tuberculosis. The process was first initiated by Louis Pasteur in the year 1864. Pasteurized milk can stay for a certain period without refrigeration. However, refrigeration especially after opening the seal, is still necessary because of some nonpathogenic bacteria that because food spoilage and is non-receptive for heating.
...

B1.Nowadays the development of a culturing technique to populate scaffolds is the greatest challenge in the field of tissue engineering. In this work, it will be shown how the spinner flask dynamic cell cultures should be used to populate hydroxyapatite microcarriers (HA-MC) for bone tissue engineering [B1].

Introduction:

B3 In bone tissue engineering, the most widely used scaffold materials is Calcium phosphate ceramics (e.g., hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate), and that due to their special properties, they are osteoinductive and osteoconductive [1–4].
B2 So far a vast variety of shapes and sizes have been developed, and it’s proved that the ...

Somali Community

Nutritional habits among members of the Somali communities are normally influenced with the religious values, traditions and family habits, education, and ensuing healthcare counsels from the area. However a small section of the community also involves in drug abuse which can at some extent influence their nutritional habits. Under the religion of Islam, certain foods are prohibited while others are allowed. In this regard, the Somali people may avoid foods such as baby formulas, cheese and yoghurt due to the concern that they may contain pork. During fasting, people normally eat foods such as samosas, manadazis, homemade cakes among others ...

SECTION ONE: QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Question: At what age did you have your first child?

Answer: I was 21 years old.

2. Question: Were you married by then?

Answer: Yes.

3. Question: Did you discuss with your partner what time to have a child or did it just happen?
Answer: We had planned to have children after two years of marriage as I was still in college be we discovered I was pregnant after our honey moon.
4. Question: How did your husband take the news of your pregnancy earlier than you had planned?
Answer: He was surprised and feared that it would affect my education but all the ...

Abstract

Autism is not a physical disability. It is a neural development disorder that falls under the umbrella of developmental disorders. There are several other types of autism spectrum disorder, or ASD, including Asperger’s syndrome, Rett syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder, among others. Children with autism display various attributes that affect the developmental aspect of an individual such as the behavioral, communication, and social interaction. This becomes apparent during childhood and continues on to adulthood. Properly diagnosing whether a newborn baby is autistic is difficult during the infancy period because the behavioral symptoms associated with it have not yet fully been developed ...

Bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery) is a term used to define a number of surgical interventions used to treat extremely obese patients. In the past decade, many patients have chosen bariatric surgery as a treatment option for obesity. In 1998, doctors performed 13,000 procedures compared to over 220,000 in 2008 (Farraye & Forse 13). It is highly likely that this trend will continue because of the growing epidemic of obesity in the developed world. This paper holds the position that bariatric surgery is effective for treating morbid obesity but medical practitioners should not glorify it as a cure because it is expensive ...

INTRODUCTION

Soft drink is also popularly known as soda, soda pop and pop. They are usually non-alcoholic but contain carbonated gases. Regular soft drinks contain fructose and diet soft drinks contain aspartame instead of fructose. Aspartame is 160 times sweeter than sugar. Fructose has been associated with high visceral fat accumulation in mice, which ultimately results in obesity. Obesity does not just mean being overweight, but also means the person is at risk of hypertension, heart problems, high blood pressure, fatty liver syndrome and is at risk of developing diabetes. Studies show soda drinks corrode the calcium out of the ...

History 366

The Cave of Winds
Note: In this paper you will read about “Cave of Winds” which is considered one of the most famous places in Nigeria. The paper gives an overall picture of the place. First, the history tells that how it was discovered and visited. While discussing about geopraphical process, the paper highlights the limestone that goes back very nearly 500 million years in which Cave of the Winds was framed. The paper also throws light on a number of rocks found in the Cave of winds.

History; The Cave of Winds

Colorado Springs is famous for its history, yes, additionally for its ...

Introduction

Expansive soils form a major challenge to many civil engineering structures. According to Al-Rawas and Goosen (507), expansive soils are major problem since they have a high potential to react to changes in the moisture content. Increase in moisture content causes the expansive soils to swell and when the moisture content decreases, the volume of the soil reduces. Consequently, the alternate swelling and shrinkage causes cracking in lightly loaded civil engineering structures such as foundations. Additionally the cracking can be found in airports, pavements, and retaining walls.
A common foundation failure that is related to soils is cracking. Cracking affects ...

Ahmad Al-Obaidly

Abstract—In this experiment, a hand dynamometer was used to measure the grip strength of a subject. The forearm muscles were engaged in an activity, and the grip recorded. The electromyogram (EMG) activity was related to the grip strength by making a graph of the maximum grip strength against area under the EMG activity’s absolute integral during the contraction of muscle. Data was recorded from the dominant and non-dominant forearms of the subject and the electrical activity of each forearm compared to its diameter. Prolonged grip strength was also recordings and forearm EMG activity made to determine fatigue rate in both ...

WHI Trial (Writing Group for the WHI Investigators; JAMA)

What was the main objective of the WHI study?
Assesment of the most commonly used combined hormone preparation in the US for health benefits and risks
When and why was the subject enrollmentstopped early (specific statistical reason)?
After 5.2 years. This was due to harm from the breast cancer.

What was the design of the trial?

16608 postmenopausal women underwent the study over 8.5 years

Who monitored the “double-blind” data? How often?

Safety monitoring board.Monitored semiannually.

How many women: screened, randomized, assigned to either arm?

373092 – Screened, 16606 – Randomized, 8506 – Estrogen, 8102- Placebo
Why was the dose of E 0.625 mg/day and P 2.5 mg/day in a single tablet chosen?

Highest amount without damaging the subjects

Why was an “intact uterus” necessary for entry ...