Essays on Nervous System

Introduction and Literature Review Draft

Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders present with various behavior challenges (Ludlow, Skelly & Rohleder, n.d.). Self-stimulatory is among the many behavior challenges with which children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder present (Cunningham & Schreibman, 2008). This behavior entails the repetitive body movements. The self-stimulatory behavior in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder is related with various senses. Some of the senses highlighted by Edelson (2017) include visual senses such as hand-flapping repetitive blinking, and staring at lights. The self-stimulatory behavior involving the auditory senses include the snapping of fingers and the tapping of the fingers. Others senses that are related ...

Abstract:

The purpose of writing this report is to determine the nature, occurrence, and pathophysiology of sleep-wake disorders after sustaining Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and their impact on recovery and relation with other effects of TBI, along with analyzing treatment options. It also presents in the meaning of sleep-wake disturbance or disorder, a method of assessing, sample characteristics features like time and severity of TBI after the injury occurred and control of significant impacts like pain, anxiety, depression or medications. Because sleep wake disorders found in human beings who get affected by mental illness. This will lead to many problems ...

Neurodegenerative Disorder

Introduction Neurodegenerative disorders refer to debilitating health care complications that occur because of slow degeneration of nerves cells. Neurodegeneration process is the progressive deterioration of structure and functionality of neurons in human body systems (Kovacs, 2016, 189). Ideally, neurodegenerative disorders represent the long-standing challenges in the field of basic science and clinical medicine. This is because of the persistence showed by the illnesses despite the unending attempts to adopt solutions to mitigate their health effects and severity on patients. The diseases affect the neurons in the human brain. As a result, it causes instabilities in the brain and spinal ...

Victimology

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a condition usually brought about by witnessing terrifying and in most cases life-threatening events. Such events are mostly psychological in nature and may include natural disasters, war or even other situations that may invoke the feelings of fear or helplessness. Inasmuch as a number of people may recover from the aftereffects of post-traumatic stress disorder, others experience symptoms that get worse with time which are then referred to as the product of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Any experience that acts as a threat to oneself is bound to trigger a fight or a freeze response to ...

Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to the next

The transmission from one neuron to another is characterized by exchange of electric charge across the membrane of each neuron (Fields, 2014). An unstimulated neuron would be polarised (McCance 2014). In the polarized state, there is difference in the electric charge across the membrane. However, during exchange, a neuron is said to undergo polarization, wherein there is an excess of Na+ (sodium ions) outside and excess of K+ (potassium ions) on the outside (Fields, 2014). Nerve impulse is transmitted through the process of polarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization (McCance 2014).

Compare the structure and functions of the CNS and PNS.

The nervous system comprises of the central nervous system (CNS) ...

The Corpus Callosum is the largest commissure, which facilitates communication between the right and left hemispheres of the brain. The views on the value of the Corpus Callosum are varied: from the most "useless" to those defining the higher cognitive functions of human brain structure. According to modern concept, the role of Corpus Callosum is not limited to the transfer of information. This commissure enables meta-control of the information in both hemispheres, as one of them must establish the function of its processing (Banich, 1995). Corpus Callosum not only transmits sensory information, ensuring its double representation in every hemisphere, ...

Abstract

The immune and nervous systems are two body structures that have different functions. Moreover, most people may not be able to readily identify the and the relationship between these two. While the immune system is responsible in protecting the body from destructive and invading pathogens, the nervous system is tasked to relay information to the brain. This process allows for the proper coordination of the different functions of the body. In general, the concept of the connection between the nervous and the immune systems stems from the theoretical idea of stress. Stress is denoted both as a physiological and ...

Mechanics function of the spine

The human body is meticulously designed with a complex and specialized skeletal system that helps not only provide support and structure for the body but enhances motion and stability. The spinal cord is the extension of the brain and it forms an essential part of the central nervous system. As people age the mechanics of the body are altered (NiosiOxland 2004). Degenerative processes are inevitable and as such, the facet joints, discs and vertebrae are affected. These degenerative issues of the spine include the degenerative disc disease, which is well known; others include Slipped discs, Spinal stenosis Osteoarthritis and ...

Summarize the role of each of the 12 human body systems.

Skeletal System: The role of the skeletal system is to provide a framework to give support and act as a defense for the soft tissues within the human body.

Muscular System: The role of the muscular system is to be accountable for all movement within the human body.

Cardiovascular System: The role of the cardiovascular system is to be accountable for the movement of nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and cellular waste products all over different parts of the body. Digestive System: The role of the digestive system is to transform food into energy and basic vitamins to nourish the whole human body. Endocrine System: The role of the endocrine system is to regulate the activities of all of the ...

Abstract 3

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Properties and Uses 4

Sources of CO Emission and Toxicokinetics 4

Exposure Limits for CO, Sampling and Analysis 6 Protocols for Industrial CO Sampling and Analysis 6 Carbon Monoxide in Substance Priority List (SPL) 7 CO Contaminated Superfund Site 8 Carbon Monoxide Explosion Case Study with Recommendations 8 References 10 Abstract Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas, which results from incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels, and has several applications such as effective reducing agent and manufacture of various hydrocarbons. CO is a major indoor air pollutant, and is released when combustion is carried out in confined spaces such as mines ...

1.Diaphoresis is a medical condition of the body that an individual often sweats because of a drug side effect or symptom of a disease. Motor dysfunction has associations with the nerve and muscle center responsible for movement; this term defines the improper functioning of the muscle. Cyanosis is a condition related to the low supply of oxygen in the blood where the skin color of an individual as well as mucous membranes appears to have purple or blue coloration. The peripheral nerve connects the central nervous system and the brain to the entire body neurons; any damage or pressure ...

Developmental psychologists study how humans develop throughout their lives. Their studies often rely on differentiating between perception and sensation, as a human develops over the course of its life. It is important to understand how these two concepts are connected and what makes them different, in order to understand problems faced by developmental psychologists. These two facets of human existence seem integrated, yet are completely different from one another. This paper will attempt to define and distinguish between perception and sensation, discuss problems for study that these concepts present developmental psychologists, and discuss practical problems that the study of ...

(Author Name) (Course Name/Number) The human brain is simply fascinating, and although it is at the very core of all human reasoning, intellect, and ability, it is still largely unexplored and misunderstood. The physical and social sciences have collaboratively conducted hundreds, if not thousands, of studies aimed at understanding the connection between the brain and human behavior, but even more interesting are the physiological processes that are intertwined to create a roadmap of human behavior, response, and consciousness that drives our very existence. These physiological processes are comprised of nervous systems functions, sensory system functions, and brain functions, which ...

Introduction

David Eagleman’s (2015) book entitled The Brain details scientific discoveries about the way the human brain processes information. The book details the ways in which one’s sensory capabilities and sensory processing activities formulates the way in which one interprets the external environment. It is the combination of sensory capabilities and the processing of sensory input that is largely responsible for the “reality” that one experiences (Eagleman, 2015). The external environment or what humanity would collectively call “reality” is not necessarily what truly exists. Reality may in fact be more subjective or internal than previously thought. Therefore, one ...

The human brain is the most complex part of the human body that is very hard to understand. Our brains behave in a way that neuroscientists and psychologists have never understood. Its ability to control body functions and consciousness is one of the most challenging section that these individuals are still struggling to figure out. The human brain capacity of 1350 cc and it is made up of a very complex network of neurons that develop during the last three months of development (The Function of the Human Brain, 2016). The way we perceive the world around us is ...

Trace elements refer to chemicals that form parts of important enzymes found in the body of a living organism occurring in minute amounts, less than 0.1% by volume (Anonymous, 2015). Trace elements are available in the natural environment and play a critical role in the survival of all living organism. Individual elements attract molecules from the environment and convert them to various products needed by the organism. Examples of trace elements are iron, copper, zinc, manganese, boron, molybdenum, iodine, cobalt among others. However, the following paper analyzes only three of these trace elements namely, copper, iron, and zinc.

Copper

Introduction ...

The generic drugs are normally copies of the brand name drugs and normally contain the same ingredients and serve the same purposes as the brand name drugs. However, the major difference that exists between the generic drugs and the brand name drugs is that the generic drugs normally cost less than the brand-name drugs (Goldberg 275). Brand name drugs have a higher price because of the consumers’ perception that the brand name drugs are of higher quality.

Explain the beneficial use of amphetamines.

Amphetamines are drugs that are used to stimulate the central nervous systems. They are applied in the treatment of ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity ...

What is Manual Therapy?

Manual therapy, otherwise known as manipulative therapy is a form of physical therapy that is normally used by physiotherapist, massage therapist, chiropractors, osteopathic physicians, and occupational therapists. This form of therapy is commonly used in the treatment process of musculoskeletal pain and disability through manipulation and kneading of human muscles, joint manipulation and mobilization. The wide use of manual therapy has benefited numerous individuals and is being widely use globally. In definition, there are three major forms of manipulative therapy, such as mobilization, manipulation, and massage. The difference between mobilization and manipulation based upon the regulatory standpoint is that ...

The function of golli-MBP is less understood than that of the classic MBP. However, golli-MBP is believed to play an important role in various physiological activities such as the regulation of calcium (Ca) homeostasis especially in oligodendrocytes (OLs) and in T-cells ( Paez et al., 2007). The latter authors investigated this particular property of golli-MBP using fluorescent protein clones, cell lines and imaging techniques. It was revealed that when overexpressed in OL cell lines (N19), the golli proteins activate the elaboration of processes and sheets which retract rapidly following a depolarization with high potassium ions (K+). Simultaneously, a substantial augmentation ...

The issue/ problem

The case concerns Mr. A. His medical condition relates to terminal cancer that is affecting his lower spine and pelvic bones. The problem with his condition is the complexity of the situation. The patient has decubitus ulcers since the skin around his pelvic bones has developed bed sore and pressure sore. At one point, nurses do not know whether to keep on turning him to avoid any further skin breakdown while other nurses insist that he has to remain in the present position to stop causing pain to the patient. Also, it is critical since Mr. A has a ...

The grouping of conditions, persons, or activities that the society may find to be against their virtues, finds to be offending them and later condemns them with the strongest terms in the same society. The fact that some acts may be found to be positive and negative to a group of people in the society and unacceptable to others. In respect to the topic deviance maybe considered to be going against the societal values and agreements (Henry 6).

Example of Deviance

Child Kidnapping Kinsley is a child from a village in New York. The boy was living with the parents in the ...

Black Cohosh

Black cohosh is also known as black snakeroot (as the name appeared in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia in the year 1820), bugwort, columbine-leaved leontice, tall bugbane, cordate rattle top, rattleroot, macrotys, papoose root, and battleweed. Its Latin name is Actaea racemosa or Cimicifuga racemosa. Macrotys actaeoides is also a synonym for the drug (Frostburg State University, frostburg.edu). It belongs to the Ranunculaceae (buttercup) family (Kinghorn A 2). The plant was first described in 1690 in Phytographia by Leonard Plukenet as Christopheriana facie. Later in 1751, it was named as Actaea racemosa by Linnaeus. However, the name was later changed into ...

Self-Knowledge

Self-knowledge is the process of self-awareness, understanding your deep essence, the meaning of life and your physical and mental capabilities. This need was originally laid in a person, as opposed to animals. A human makes almost everything in his life himself: selects the target, makes and corrects his mistakes, builds relationships with other people. Having come to an understanding of the meaning of his abilities, he becomes interesting not only to others, but also to himself, his personal self-esteem, quality and fullness of life increase. “I” concept is an individual's perception of himself and his role in the world. ...

There is a growing awareness among clinicians and researchers alike (despite a paucity of solid, supporting epidemiological data) that the eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia, are appearing in certain segments of the population at an increasingly alarming rate Lucas, Beard, Kranz, & Kuriand, 1983). These are eating disorders that can have quite similar manifestations and different origins (sometimes they are endocrinological, while sometimes they can be therapeutic or even psychological-psychiatric). However, the main cause of these diseases is a distorted view of own body and an altered attitude to the process of nutrition. The term anorexia nervosa means nervous ...

REGULATORY BEHAVIOR

The role of the nervous system. The fact that nervous system is the direct and influential regulator of human behavior is widely recognized by scientific communities all over the world. Actually, all the elements of sophisticated structure of nervous system work in concord in order to provide appropriate behavioral responses for any irritant or provocative. Consequently, the principles of coordinative work of nervous system constitute the issue of paramount importance for psychologists. Talking more specifically, both central and peripheral nervous system do take part in behavioral regulation. For instance, spinal cord (the constituting part of central nervous system) works ...

Alcohol is a substance which has been consumed by people for centuries, and its importance lies in social, religious and cultural settings. However, the consumption of alcohol is taken in a restricted manner because it has certain repercussion for the user when they take the drug in large amounts (NCBI, 2016). According to the Drug Enforcement Association (DEA), alcohol is not exactly listed under any of the schedules as other drugs partly because it falls in the range of spirits and liquefied drinks which are not equated with other drugs that are of a different capacity (DEA, 2016). Alcohol ...

Therapeutic recreation is a form of health practice that is focused on interventions to make people with disabilities to feel better. These interventions aim at improving their cognitive, social and physical functioning as far as any disability is concerned (Coyle and Shank 102). The definition of the word ‘disability’ is not clear to many people. Disability is seen to involve a lot of other things other than what is commonly known and perceived by most people as a disability. The Americans with Disability Act defines a person with disability as “anyone that has physical or mental impairment which limits ...

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), stroke is the fifth leading illness that causes death in the United States. It is described as one of the primary causes of adult disability (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Approximately 800,000 people in the U.S alone suffer from a stroke annually. This figure translates to one American dying after every four minutes (Caplan 19). Owing to the serious prevalence the disease represents, the illness has received requisite attention regarding prevention and treatment techniques in an attempt to reduce its incidence. As a result of its quick ...

Gene Typing Tay-Sachs

Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited metabolic disease of lysosomal lipid metabolism, and it is caused by the mutation of genes encoding the HEXB gene. It is a very severe genetic disorder which occurs in children in most cases and results in progressive destruction of the nervous system of the affected individual (Walker, 2007). The factors that cause the occurrence of the diseases is the absence of the hexosaminidase-A (HEX-A) enzyme that is very critical to have in the human genetic system. The lack of the HEX-A enzyme causes the accumulation of a fatty substance known as GM2 ganglioside in ...

The nervous system (NS) denotes a collection of human body organs as well as connections, which have expressly differentiated cells referred as neurons or other specialized biochemicals, tissues, and supportive cells that assist in the normal working of the human body NS (Swanson, 2015). The human nervous system helps in addressing acquisition, processing, understanding, storing, as well as coordinating or transmitting signals in the body. Therefore, many body organs, as well as sensory organs, possess discrete and different roles. The nervous system (NS) can be categorized into two, that is, peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as central nervous ...

Introduction

In 2014 Flint Michigan found itself captured in the national headlines after high levels of trihalomethanes (THMs) and lead concentrations were found in the water system. This was after a terrible decision was made by the Flint Michigan city council of switching the water supply from a Detroit plant treated water system to the local Flint River water supply. The decision was made because the city council officials believed that the new proposed water system would assist in saving a lot of money little did they know that they would cause a significant problem to the society. Soon after ...

While much has been hypothesized regarding paranoia, it is of the essence to note that it mainly connotes to a condition whereby an individual develops a feeling of suspicion towards others. Precisely, persons suffering from paranoia tend to harbor the thoughts that other people are against them. In fact, paranoid individuals tend to think that other people intend to harm them (Sarkar et al., 2012). As a result, paranoia makes people develop certain behaviors aligned to being highly conscious. A reflection on the lives of every individual depicts the fact that at one time in life, an individual develops ...

For over the years, there is a relative increase in cases of children with birth defects. Recent statistics with regards to the American babies suffering from birth defects reveals that for every 4 and a half minutes, there is a new case of baby born with a birth defect, which can also be summarized as 120,000 incidents of child birth defects every year, and it is expected that the number of child victims will rise for the succeeding years (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Birth defects on newborn babies may affect almost any part of their body ...

(Author, Department, University,

Corresponding Address and email)

Abstract Fibromyalgia is a muscular disorder characterized by pain, sleep disturbance, and fatigue. In case of pain, certain “tender points” can develop in the body, which are highly sensitive to any kind of pressure. This disorder is most commonly found in women as compared to men. Patients of rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune disorders have more chances of developing the disorder. It is often difficult to diagnose as the symptoms are vague and generalized. Although, exact cause of the disorder is not clear, increased sensitivity to the signaling of central nervous system, genetic factors, and psychiatric aspects ...

Chapter #16:

Question 1. Insect-eating birds will decrease in number since their source of food has been reduced. The birds may also migrate to warmer areas during this period.

Question 2.

The habitat is the specific place where the organism lives e.g. a fish’s habitat is water. On the other hand, niche is the position and the role played by the organism in an ecosystem. It includes how the organism obtain food and shelter, the mode of survival, and the mode of reproduction (Sutton & Anderson, 2009, p. 46). For instance, a lion’s niche in the ecosystem is that of a predator.Question ...

[You’re Name]

The short movie on yoga by Yoga instructor Seane Corn informs about the benefits of breathing, and the breathing methods that help in keeping the mind and body healthy. Yoga has been existing since ages and many people have benefitted using it in their daily lives. Breathing in Yoga does not only help keep a person physically healthy, but also helps in relaxing the mind and makes a person mentally healthy. The video shows the different types of breathing techniques which have a positive effect on the different parts of the body. Every part of the ...

How to address the appointment with Chloe

Children, especially toddlers suffer from many complications that physicians find difficult to establish because the victims cannot express themselves. A health professional presented with the case of a young child uses available literature and professional skills to plan for the patient’s appointment. One of the most common examinations used by doctors to diagnose children with developmental problems like Chloe is neurological examination. The doctor examines the child’s nervous system that includes the brain, the spinal cord, and the nervous systems originating and ending at these sections (Dulac, Lassonde & Sarnat, 2013). Chloe presented some clinical symptoms and medical ...

Influence of Temperature and Neurotransmitters on Heart Rate in crayfish

TA for the Experiment: Introduction The cardiovascular system achieves key physiological functions in animals. Particularly, crayfish (Procambarus clarkia), also known as freshwater lobster, have been used to study physiological processes. This is because it is easier to study them in this species than in any other organism. In Crayfish, the circulatory system is open. Blood moves from the heart through the arteries and goes back through the open sinuses. Their heart is located in the cephalotorax, in front of the first abdominal segment, in the dorsal portion. Basic heart rate beat and rhythm in adult crustaceans depends on a ...

This work seeks to summarize the article,” The Expanded Biology of Serotonin” authored by Berger, Gray, and Roth. According to authors, serotonin, a neurotransmitter that modulates neural activity and neuropsychological processes, is widely used in psychiatry and neurology. It is located mostly outside the central nervous system, and the 15 receptors of serotonin are found outside as well as inside the brain. It regulates a number of biological processes including, bowel motility, cardiovascular function, bladder control, and ejaculatory latency. However, they mention that serotonin regulates some other processes as well including platelet accumulation through receptor independent, but transglutaminase-dependent covalent ...

Chronic obstruction pulmonary disorders and treatment options

Chronic Obstruction Disorder disease (COPD) is one the most prevalent cause of morbidity across the globe. It is a curable and partially reversible problem which is manifested by an obstruction in air flow and impaired health status. The patients who have frequent attacks of COPD have worst condition along with acute episodes of symptom exacerbation. The objective of the treatment is to avoid the symptoms through controlling it by including the lung functioning and health status. COPD is linked with abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious gases or particles. Patients below the age of 35 are at ...

MS Society is an association that involves passionate people who are in war against MS and wish to move towards an MS (Multiple Sclerosis) free world. The association funds research based on MS treatment. It aims to stop progress of MS infection on the human body when discovered, restore function of the central nervous system and immune system and eradicate MS. Research shows that MS is a neurological condition that affects around 100,000 people in the UK. Most people affected are between the ages of 20-40, the majority of them being women. The society invests highly in MS ...

Any person who is suddenly withdrawing from alcohol must experience unpleasant reactions that accompany the process. The abrupt withdrawal brings about certain signs and symptoms that characterize the sudden discontinuation of taking drugs or alcohol. Some of the symptoms may include a rapid heartbeat, profuse sweating, temporary memory loss, insomnia, headaches, anxiety and even social isolation (Miller & Gold 1998). Most people who experience similar reactions as a result of sudden withdrawal from alcohol suffer from delirium tremens (DT) (Koob 2006). It is one of the most prevalent risk factors in this case. The patient often experiences DT after 48-96 ...

Q1

Tetanus

It is a disease caused by bacteria known as clostridium tetani. It affects the nervous system leading to muscle contractions. Tetanus has no cure. We use antibiotics to prevent its complications.

Common cold

It is a viral infection affecting the upper respiratory tract. Viruses spread through droplets. Antibiotics cannot be used to treat common cold.

Influenza

It is also a viral disease affecting the upper respiratory tract. It is also known as the flu. Treatment is use of antiviral drugs (Krasner and Shors).

Cholera

It is an acute infection caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water characterized by diarrhea and vomiting. ...

A brief account of the patient/client assessment

Drug misuse within state prisons has persistently been a major problem for the healthcare personnel. The treatment of misusers within these units is however a challenge for those concerned and this is attributed to a host of factors which dependently or independently leads to fragmented measures of managing this population. These challenges range from the vulnerability of the prisoners to self-harm and suicide cases while in prison; the occurrence of death upon serving their term due to intentional or accidental opiate overdose; the lacking measures of counseling as part of an integrated withdrawal system; the non-adherence to national and ...

CHAPTER I

THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM Introduction As far as human walking is concerned, it has been best described as the progression of the body’s center of mass along a pathway by moving the two legs alternatively. It is generally acknowledged that the development of walking skill in human beings is completed by the age of five (Sutherland, 1980). Locomotion is influenced by interactions between neuromuscular activity as well as musculoskeletal alignment (Perry & Burnfield, 2010). In addition, there are several other factors that can affect the coordination pattern of walking. These include sensory information from somatosensory, visual ...

Summary of the article

This article is about a study that was conducted to check the abnormal short latency synaptic plasticity in the motor cortex of subjects with Becker muscle dystrophy (BMD). Before the research could take place, the author indicates that the assessment of the cortical function especially with patients with BMD has brought about contradicting results. The researchers used the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) so as to explore the excitability of the motor cortex. Therefore, the participants of the study were thirteen patients suffering from Becker Muscle dystrophy. Out of the thirteen patients, six of them are stated to have ...

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder, which affects the central nervous system. It was first described as a separate disease in 1868 by Jean-Martin Charcot (Compston and Coles, 2008). The average prevalence of the disease globally is 30 people from 100000 (Milo and Kahana, 2010). However, the incidence of multiple sclerosis varies greatly depending geography. While in the African countries it happens comparatively rarely, its frequency is increasing consistently in Asia and America. In Europe, multiple sclerosis happens with the highest rate in the world. There are four clinical forms of multiple sclerosis (Compston and Coles, 2008). Relapsing-remitting MS ...

Introduction

At an old age, multiple medical medicals are almost unavoidable. The wellness of the body reduces and several elements may contribute to the ill condition of the individual. The elderly need special care with proper medical interventions. Geriatrics is a specialty aiming at resolving medical issues for old people. It is significant in promoting prevention as well as treatment of diseases in older adults. The medical wellness for the elderly is affected by some factors. One of the most sensitive factors influencing the participation of older individuals in medication regimen is the irresponsiveness of the body to the drugs. ...

Question 1

Currently, alcoholism represents one of the widespread addictions. The long-term physiological effects of addiction to alcohol are characterized by the phenomena of tolerance and dependence. Tolerance occurs when a set of liver enzymes is produced after a prolonged drinking, which assist in metabolizing alcohol. As a result, alcohol is broken down faster and the person has to increase alcohol amounts in order to attain the same amount of intoxication. Tolerance is the most critical long-term physiological effects of addiction to alcohol. This is so because it produces a false sense of security in the people addicted to alcohol. This can lead to ...

Denise, Lemke(2007) Sympathetic Storming After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Critical Care Nurse 2007;27;30-37 Brain injury is very common in traumatically injured people. They sometimes require sedation and intubation to reduce the brains workload. They could be restless and agitated in association with signs and symptoms like posturing, tachycardia, fever, diaphoresis, hypertension, papillary dilatation, tachypnea and hyperthermia. This is referred to as sympathetic storming. It is seen in about 1/3rd of comatose patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Sympathetic storming could occur within a day post injury and could last up to weeks afterwards. It is thought ...

Addiction is immensely becoming a pandemic situation. Each country and region’s population is having some or other substance abuse problem. This situation needs a deep analysis with the help of various clinical studies and research. This article is a summary of the article ‘Sex, Stress, and Drug Cues in Addiction.’

SUMMARY

In the article, the author focuses on three important factors affecting the addictive behavior. According to the author stress, has a significant impact on mind’s tendency of attraction towards addiction. Stress induces some specific path in the brain that leads to psychomotor stimulants, and possibly through sensitization. These kind of mechanism ...

Introduction

This report is a summary of Sections 3.1 to 3.10 of Chapter 3 – “Infectious Diseases and Treatments” – of “Biology of Disease” (Ahmed, Dawson, Smith & Wood, 2007). Section 3.1: Introduction. A small number of pathogenic microorganisms can cause systemic disease – affecting the entire body. This chapter looks at selected examples of major body systems infections, including microorganisms that can cause generalized infections.

Section 3.2: Infections of the Skin. As an important part of the body’s immune defense system, the skin is normally populated by various microorganisms, which effectively prevent access by invading microorganisms such as Papillomaviruses ...

Cranial nerves refer to the nerves that emerge from the brain directly. This is in contrast to the spinal nerves that come from spinal cord segments. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves in human and only the both the first and the second cranial nerve pairs originate from cerebrum. All the other pairs originate from the brainstem. Other than the cranial nerve II, all the other cranial pairs belong to the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The cranial nerve ganglia come from the central nervous system (CNS) (Patestas and Gartner).

The seventh pair of cranial nerves is the ...

Definition of Some Terms

- Resting membrane potential: term denoting that Em is about -70mV - Depolarization: reversal of Em due to influx of sodium ions - Sodium (Na+): major extracellular cation - Threshold: minimal stimulus needed to cause an AP - Absolute refractory period: cell membrane insensitive to stimuli. - Potassium (K+): major intracellular cation

Answers to Questions

Describe a synapse, and include definitions of the pre- and post- synaptic neurons. A synapse is an anatomically specialized junction between two neurons, and it is where one neuron alters the activity of another. A presynaptic neuron conducts signals toward a ...

The concept of drug abuse results from the fact that the alcohol beverage leads to certain social costs and disrupts the required social behavior. The term defines the people who constantly engage themselves in alcohol intake. This term is necessary in the academic field. This is the best term because these people use alcohol excessively. The effects that alcohol has on these people also show that it is abuse. A while ago, people did not recognize the need of dealing with issues involving drug abuse. Of late, people consider drug abusers as people who endanger not only themselves but ...

According to Brains Basic (n.d), neurons (nuerones) form the fundamental “data processing units” or the 'chips' of the brain. Neurons get “electrical inputs” from nearly one thousand different neurons. These impulses arrive at the same time, and when combined, they become 'nerve impulse'. This impulse then creates a reaction in the next “neuron” in the system. Neurons react to conduct and stimuli because a probable membrane is formed across the membrane in the cell. It can be noted that the neurons are emotional cells that are present within the body’s nervous system. It serves to ...

Part 1a: Imagine you are being chased through the woods by a hungry bear. Which nervous system would engage? (parasympathetic or sympathetic) Why is this?

Someone being chased through the woods by a hungry bear will have his or her sympathetic nervous system being engaged in the flight. This second type of autonomic nervous system tagged sympathetic will be responsible for the control of many homeostatic mechanisms that will help the person to flit away from the hungry bear. The mechanism is that of the sympatho-adrenal response of the body. The interconnected neurons of the SNS are connected to several organs of the body which enables several organs to be controlled during this period of flight response. In response to the flight, the organs connected ...

- The human nervous system may be categorized into two divisions namely PNS and CNS. The nervous system has three broad functions which include sensing changes in the body as well as within outside environment; interpreting changes as well as establishing suitable response depending on reflexes, current conditions and experiences; and responding to interpretation through initiating action by glandular secretions (Paxinos, 2010). The PNS link the spinal cord and brain with receptors, glands, and muscles.

- Nerve impulse or action potential is an electrical signal which travels along the neuron resulting from entry of ions into neuron and altering ...

1. What is biological psychology?

Biological psychology is the study of psychology of psychology is three different ways. The first way is the comparative method. The comparative method is when a variety of animal species are studied and compared to each other. The second way is physiology. Physiology is how the nervous system and hormones work, how changes in structure affect behavior, and how the brain functions. The third way is investigation of inheritance. Investigation of inheritance is what an animal is going to inherit from their parents.

2. What is the historical development of biological psychology?

Between 1805 and 1836, Darwin came up with his theory of natural selection while he was observing a ...

1. Explain how the use of substances alters a person’s state of consciousness, including depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Include in this explanation what happens to the neurotransmitters and body chemicals as well as how you might recognize if a person at work or in your family is in an altered state of consciousness due to the influence of drugs.

Depending on the type of drug that a person is taking, it can enhance or inhibit a person’s neurotransmitters. This is because of the depressants inside of a person’s central nervous system can suppress or slow down the bodily processes, which is going to reduce a person’s ability to respond. The stimulants inside of a person’s central nervous system can increase a person’s ability to respond. This is one of the main reason why some people who are on drugs are going to have hallucinations (National, 2010).

The best way to figure out whether or not a person is on drugs ...