Essays on Particle

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Immunotherapy in Treating Human Cancer

The immune system of our body is a complex network of tissues, cells, and organs that act mutually to protect our body from unknown foreign trespassers. It recognizes the harmful particles entering the body and facilitates the destruction of those particles in order to shield the body system from any ailment. Due to any complexity or disturbance often the immune system targets the wrong particle considering it as a dangerous particle and this anomaly of the immune system may result in various autoimmune diseases like arthritis, allergies, malignancies, and AIDS (Understanding the ...

Abstract

The study of tiny particles and their applications have emerged as an important area of research in recent years. In particular, magnetic nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties that make the particles useful in numerous applications. Accordingly, the present review investigates the synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. The introduction section examines recent advances in nanotechnology and explains the significance of magnetic nanoparticles in scientific research. The section on results and discussion presents the findings of various researchers with a focus on the magnetic properties, synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles. ...

The Collins Companies is a family-owned company based in Portland Oregon, in the United States of America, and it deals with the processing of forest products. The company owns and a run sawmills hardware, lumber yards, and several retail hardware. The company also owns both hardwood and softwood forests certified by the Forests Stewardship Council. Due to the nature of the companies’ businesses, Collins has committed to upholding responsibility in environmental conservation especially about land and resource management. As a result, therefore, the company has sound sustainability strategies and policies that are aligned towards ensuring adherence to the company’ ...

Introduction:

Nanobiotechnology serves as an imperative technique in the development of clean, nontoxic, and eco-friendly procedures for the synthesis and congregation of metal NPs having the intrinsic ability to reduce metals by specific metabolic pathways. Silver nanoparticles are particularly interesting nanoscale systems due to the ease with which they can be synthesised and modified chemically. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been widely researched due to their interesting size and shape-dependent properties [26]. These novel properties can be tailored by controlling their size, shape, composition, structure and crystallinity. Due to their size features and advantages over available anti-microbial properties, chemical imaging ...

Gold Nanoparticles Article Summaries.

Original Article Summary: Turkevich, Stevenson, & Hillier, 1951. In their 1951 article, Turkevich, Stevenson, and Hillier explore the nucleation processes and growth of colloidal gold nanoparticles during synthesis under different methods. The paper explores the standard preparation methods of colloidal gold which all use a nucleating agent which usually comprises reducing agents that later form a mixed polymer with a chloroauric ion before reduction to the nucleus occurs. The authors of this paper explore gold colloids synthesis methods such as Bredig’s electrical arc synthesis, the Faraday method, and reduction methods using acetone, tannin gold solution, oxalic acid, Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, ...

In the realm of physics, every motion in the universe is governed by a multitude of forces. From the smallest subatomic particle to the gigantic astronomical body, each particle follows a universal law of forces that determine how they interact with one another. Understanding how these forces work is essential in understanding how the natural world around us works, and then to subsequently apply that knowledge to develop the human race in general. Some forces are readily observable and felt by people around us; some are not. Three of the most prominent forces affecting our everyday lives are the ...

Literature Review

Abstract Innovations and modifications that produce cost reductions and enhance performance have driven the evolution of the classic solid rocket and the liquid bipropellant rocket into hybrid models that integrate the predominant solid and liquid model features into more sensical, more economical fabrications of design. The commercial spacecraft demands for aerospace propulsion have also evolved to include a market for environmentally sustainable hybrid rocket engines that has yet to fully mature to the Technology Readiness Level (TRL). Numerical modeling has been used as a tool to test the feasibility of new solid fuel types. ABS has been considered as ...

The heat was intense. The orange light shone on the desert, drying up the remaining puddles of water into vapour, rising into the atmosphere. A lizard crawled slowly, almost dying, parched and with a hide so leather like, one would think it was crisp fried. Slowly, I heard the intense ringing of the siren. Waaang waaaang waaang. It was time to get inside our shelters. The shelters were not made of concrete. Unlike the olden days, concrete was the material of choice. All buildings were once made from stone, from cement mixed with water to form hard solid blocks. ...

Introduction

There are environmental chemical processes which require light to react. These processes are called photochemical reactions. Photochemical reaction is commonly initiated due to the absorption of solar energy or light. When molecules absorb energy in the form of light, the atoms are converted in a transient excited state (Larson & Weber, 1994). This transition state or excited has completely different physical and chemical properties with the initial state of the molecule. The excited states also have more tendencies to react since they are considered stronger acids and stronger reductants that the initial state of the molecule. The excited state of ...

Occupational and Environmental Health in Carbon Nano-Tube Thread Manufacturing

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have novel physicochemical properties accompanied by new risks and uncertainties (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work [EU-OSHA], 2009). CNT release into environment and worker exposure can occur during any stage of production, usage, transport, waste treatment or storage. Data on occupational exposure to CNT is limited, and measurement techniques are also not fully developed. Engineering controls and personal protective equipment used for aerosol pollution are recommended for CNT also. Though CNTs have a primary graphene structure, their properties are entirely different from carbon particles, for which there are established exposure limits. CNT emissions are ...

Health abnormlities of several kind require a thorough assessment in terms of management. With the technical advancements, medical field had evolved to simplify the complex assesssment tasks. For instance, medical imaging has come up to make feasible the analyis of body parts through the production of images. There is a need to know much about this particualr area. In such context, the present description deals with a topic Magentic Resonance Angiography (MRA) of the remal artery with a special emphasis on the 3D gradient echo sequencing in MRI. Briefly, magnetic resoannce angiography constitutes a kind of MRI (magnetic resonance ...

Question 1

Ernest Rutherford One of the contributions of Ernest Rutherford includes the discovery that the Becquerel rays consisted of two different rays (Sears, 2015). The discovery of the two rays came about after Ernest Rutherford focused his attention on actual radiations that are emitted by radioactive substances. The experiment consisted of evaluations of radiations that were emitted from successively layered sheets of aluminum placed over a uranium compound. A distinction made in the two forms of rays was their penetrating power. According to Sears (2015), to be able to distinguish between the two forms of rays, Rutherford named the easily ...

Background information

The need for clean water for use by humanity has since time immemorial been an area of concern with scientists and scholars inventing methods that prove to be more efficient than their predecessors. The ultimate goal has always been the removal of undesirable chemicals and pathogens that would, however, render the water unfit for human and industrial consumption. In today’s contemporary society, human activity has culminated into pollution of the natural environment including water catchment areas. This has therefore made water unfit for consumption thereby prompting for more cost-effective and efficient methods for purification of this natural resource. ...

The Lord of Death, in the Indian epic of Mahabharata, asked his son about the most astounding aspect of the present world. The boy responded, “It is that all around us people can be dying and we don’t believe it can happen to us” (Halifax 6). Such typical refusal to accept death’s inevitability is particularly common in the modern Western society. Generally, the mainstream philosophers shunt any interest in paranormal matters like spirit possession, extra-sensory perceptions, spirit mediumship, reincarnation, and out-of-body experiences into the dark corners of their profession (Hales 335). Eminent philosophers like Antony Flew and ...

Introduction

Interactions between atmospheric energy and matter and with the surface of the earth play an important role in remote sensing. There is a constant interaction between the surface of the earth, electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere. This interaction determines the spectral areas through which remote sensing can be done (Bucholtz, 1995, 2769). Electromagnetic radiation is propagated via the earth's atmosphere at the speed of light once it has been generated. Since the earth's atmosphere is not a vacuum, it has a different impact on the wavelength, spectral distribution, speed and direction of radiation.

Scattering

One of the results obtained for ...

PART 1. Measurement of liquid and plastic limits of a material

Introduction The lab is performed to test the plastic and liquid limits of soil. The liquid limit is arbitrary referred to as the water content in percentage at which a part of the soil in a standard cup by a groove of standard measurements flows together at the base of this groove for about a half-inch (13 millimeters) when subjected to twenty-five shocks from the standard cup being dropped ten millimeters in a standard liquid limit apparatus that is operated at a rate of 2 shocks/second. Plastic limit is referred as the water content in percentage at which the ...

Abstract

Airborne hazards in the workplace cause illness and fatalities when dust and chemicals are inhaled at a workplace (UKHSE 2015). Besides breathing in airborne dust, another danger is that explosions start when dust ignites from sparking machinery especially from circular saws (Hedlund et al. 2014). The amount and type of airborne dust is regulated by the HSE. The Quantitative Risk Management Framework was identified as practical method for evaluating and finding solutions to control airborne dusts that cause explosions and health problems. Another evaluation tool is the Control Banding Tool that was developed specifically to assess the risk of ...

Abstract page

One of the most important assets of the industrial application these days is the Fluidized bed reactors. When gasses, solids, and liquids contact simultaneously, a large number of industrial process reactions are involved. All these operations need a multiphase reactor to be carried out. Since a variety of multiphase chemical reactions can be carried out in a Fluidized Bed Reactor, it is interesting to learn about its functioning, various types, application, advantages, and disadvantages. Initially, fluidized bed reactors were built for the petrochemical and oil industries. Now, they are widely used for producing Gasoline and other fuels, plastics, polymers, ...

and Game Theory: An Article Review

Full Bibliographic Reference

Liu, Y., Tang, W., He, J., Liu, Y., Ai, T., & Liu, D. (2015). A land-use spatial optimization model based on genetic optimization and game theory. Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems, 49, 1-14.

Introduction

Objectives and Article Domain Considering the scarcity of land in the present time, it is important to strategize land usage to achieve the desired economic outcomes using the available land. As such, it is important to compact the land in order to maximize its economic use. In response to this problem, the article aimed to determine the land-use sustainability and compactness ...

Wet Sieve Analysis

Wet sieving analysis of soils is used to analyze particles that contain large amounts of silt and clay. The soil particles are washed to ensure that the fine-grained particles are separated from the coarse-grained ones. The extremely fine particles normally clump together and have difficulty in passing the # 200 sieve. In this experiment, the classification of soils is done in order to determine the percentage of soil particle that passes the # 200 sieve. The Wet analysis is used to determine the fine particles in the soil sample (“45Th Anniversary of The Journal, 16)

Materials

Mortar and pestle Mechanical shaker Squeeze ...

(Institution Name)

Introduction

An atomic particle is defined as a unit of matter or energy that has been made up fundamentally of matter. There have been different theories at different times regarding the nature of this particle but in the modern day atomic theory, an atom has a nucleus in its center that is the densest part of the entire particle (NDT, 2016). This part is also the core of the particle. Inside the nucleus, there are protons and neutrons that are subatomic particles. There is a charge on each of the subatomic particles and protons are negatively charged subatomic ...

Abstract

This paper describes the chemical reactor with a fluidized bed of catalyst, its advantages and disadvantages. The works also includes design elements and technologies of creation of the fluidized bed. The separate section describes the observed similarity of the behavior of the liquid in the fluidized bed. The conclusion describes the main spheres of application of the chemical reactor. During the study, it was concluded that this type of chemical reactor is widespread due to the large number of advantages that largely compensate the disadvantages. In general, it is difficult to name the industry, where the fluidized bed is ...

Introduction

Radiation detectors are widely applied in numerous fields for early detection and mitigation of radiation effects within premises. The advantages associated with the application of radiation detectors are tremendous not only in the medical field but also other professional fields where radiation detectors are employed. Owing to these positive benefits of radiation detectors, their application for various functions across different fields has grown at an alarming rate ever since their inception. Radiation detectors come in numerous types and shapes (Owens and Peacock, 2004). Nuclear medicine is notorious for the application of radiation detectors as compared to other professional fields. ...

Aim

Introduction Dry sieve analysis also referred to as texture analysis is the process of determining the distribution of particle sizes in a soil sample. The data obtained through this analysis will help in classifying the soil type according to the ANSI, USCS, AASHTO, USDA and other standard systems of classification. The importance of soil classification provides useful information to engineers during construction of buildings and structures. It helps them to determine a particular soil that suits the requirements of the proposed project. In implementing projects such as land cover fills, water filter, roads, foundations, bridges and other projects, one ...

1.0 Ensuring Worker Safety during Sustainable Woodworking, Furniture Making and Carpentry 1.1 Introduction Furniture building, cabinet making and carpentry in construction projects put workers at risk due to inhaling “finely divided” wood dust; in fact, wood dust is “a known human carcinogen” (Yuan et al. 2014; NTP 2014). “Small solid particles . . . below 75 μm (micrometer) in diameter, which settle out under their own weight but which may remain suspended for some time” are hazardous (WHO 1999). The Occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) based on volume for inhalable wood dust is 5 mg/m3 while the ...

Question one

Gravity exhibits long range on astronomical scale as compared to the strong force that has short range. This is one of the characteristics that makes gravitational force instrumental in keeping the planets in their orbits around the sun. Due to the effects of small particles known as gravitons, the planets can be held in place by forces produced due to high speed of the gravitons. From the Law of Universal Gravitation, general relativity and wave-particle duality, gravitation caused by the exchange of gravitons between planets and the sun help keeping them in their orbits

Question two

Generation of protons and neutrons ...

Abstract

Adsorption differs from absorption and activated clays are one of the most effective adsorbents in nature. The adsorbing action of activated clay is a selective adsorption process. Due to its effectiveness, activated clay has wide applications such as cleaning up oil spills and adsorbing dyes. Zeolite made up of silicon, aluminum and oxygen is also an adsorber, and it can be synthesized. Synthesis simply increases its pore or cavity sizes and makes it hydrophobic. Zeolites are selective adsorbers because of their unique pore sizes. Zeolites are used in removing heavy metals such as zinc, iron, copper, chromium and so ...

Discovery of DNA Structure

Introduction Discovery of DNA was a landmark period in science history that generated further tremendous discoveries. Thanking to this groundbreaking discovery, it was possible to explore the impact of genetic information on the diseases, behavior, and personality. While there are a lot of disputes around the link between DNA and personality features or the ability to create lively beings with the help of DNA mapping, the discovery of the double helix structure opened the doors to the unimaginable dimensions of scientific abilities. It is believed that DNA has been discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in the 1953, ...

Questionnaire

<Institutional Affiliation> The main reason why theories are created is that they tend to explain a fact or a phenomena using suggested ideas that are based on principles. Landing to the moon is an activity that was practiced and witnessed by human beings. Therefore, no theory is needed whatsoever to explain the event. The speed to be measured is that of wind. The materials needed are: four cups whose shapes are hemispherical, and a spindle. The cups are attached to the spindle and the spindle vertically mounted on the ground, in such a way that the cups are ...

A Dissertation Methodology

The electro-microprobe technology Modern geochemists (Donovan et al, 2003) generally agree that modern electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) is bringing the most precise and most accurate chemical analyses for solid specimens today. Moreover, these highest-quality results can be brought to routine achievements under carefully crafted analytical protocols. The modern EMPA technology already incorporates qualitative and quantitative analytical methods in a non-destructive mechanism even from micron-sized samples of surface materials at a sensitivity of many parts per million (ppm) (Cameca, 2012). In fact, a number of EMPA equipment today can incorporate one or two others of the four major surface and ...

A neutron is a fundamental particle in the nucleus of an atom. Protons and neutrons have nearly the same mass and can exist as free particles away from the nucleus. Neutrons constitute more than half of all visible matter in the universe. They possess properties that make them ideal for various types of research. Their unique sensitivity to hydrogen, for example, allows them to locate precisely the atoms of hydrogen. Their sensitivity to hydrogen ensures the accurate determination of molecular structure ...

Intensification of open-ocean oxygen depletion by vertically migrating animals

Oxygen is a very important gas that is needed by all living organisms for the the purpose of respiration. It is, therefore, in the interest of everyone to understand the conservation and the significance of oxygen in an ecosystem (Daniele Bianchi, 2013). The research aimed at studying the dieL vertical (DVM) migration of the zooplankton within the depth ranging from the surface to the mesopelagic levels of the ocean water (Vinogradov, 1968).As a result, the focus was placed on determining the fluctuations in amounts of carbon accompanying the respiration of the marine organisms at varying times. To obtain data on ...

Abstract

Cell membranes act as hindrances to most, not all, molecules. Advancement of a cell layer that could permit a few materials to pass while obliging the movement of different molecules was a significant venture in the evolution of the unit. Unit membranes are differentially (or semi-) penetrable obstructions dividing the internal cell environment from the external cell (or) nature's domain.

Water potential is the inclination of water to move from a zone of higher focus to one of easier fixation. Energy exists in two structures: potential and kinetic. Water molecules move consistent with contrasts in potential energy between where they are and ...

Protein degradation is a regulatory process of all living beings that helps to weed out proteins that are faulty in nature. The fault maybe in their sequence or folding. The proteins are degraded via ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The proteasome is made up of an outer activating module and an inner core particle (CP), which in turn is made up of outer α subunits and inner β subunits. The α subunits guard a N-terminal gates pore, which open up when proteasome activators (PA) binds to it. The β subunits have the active sites that can broadly accommodate different faulty proteins for degradation. ...

Q1. Describe the three main layers of the Sun’s interior.

The three main layers of the Sun’s interior are the core, the radiative envelope and the connective envelope.

The core is the center of the Sun, with a density of 150 g/cc and a temperature of 15 million K. This is the region where high energy fusion reactions take place and energy is produced. The energy produced is mainly in the form neutrino and gamma rays, which are actually high energy protons which travel several light years and supply energy to the Earth and other planets. The energy produced in the core then radiates outwards through the radiative zone. The ...

Abstract

There are many forms of optics that occur in the sky at different times. Some of the optics are more common and can be observed at almost any time while others are extremely rare. This paper examines atmospheric optics and how they relate to various phenomena that are observed in the skies. The article covers scattering of light, sky and cloud coloration as well as their causes. Additionally, it addresses the halo effect, the incidence of glory, rainbows and how they are formed, the Mirage and its various forms and crepuscular rays. Atmospheric optics is useful in many fields ...

1. Introduction

Taste is a chemical reaction from sensory response of four main taste perceptions sweet, bitter, sour and salt. In the pharmaceutical industry oral administration is the most popular method of drug delivery and most of the drugs elicit bitter taste. Taste is an important factor in determining the drug palatability which in turn is vital in ensuring the consumers compliance in taking the drug and hence effective chemotherapy. In addition, in the ever competitive market, organoleptic properties (test, mouth feel and smell) are vital factors in marketing of drugs. Thus taste masking technology is an important factor in ensuring high ...

1.0 Introduction

Nano-thermal analysis is a primary technique used in the study of the characteristics of pharmaceutical materials in the initial phase of drug design and development. Some of the drug properties that can be studied using nano-thermal analysis include the spatial distribution of the constituents, shape, and size particularly in multicomponent drug sample. Using nano-thermal procedures the different components of these multicomponent drugs can be studied and characterized without having to dissociate the drug. The technique is particularly useful in increasing the dissolution of drugs with low water solubility hence improve their bioavailability. This is by facilitating the formation of solid ...

1.1 Overview Quantum mechanics is a branch of Physics that deals with the behaviors of energy and matter in the smallest perspective such as the nuclear, atomic, and microscopic levels. Quantum, meaning “how much”, refers to the quantifiable units to energy and matter as observed and predicted through physics. This branch of studies stated with mathematical reasoning of certain experiments that are non-explainable through the classical mathematical methods. Physics revolutionized during the early 20th century (Coolman, 2014). Various models has been developed by scientists since them to help them in their experiments in studying particular behaviors of reaction mechanisms ...

Methods of Heat Transfer

Conduction The first method through which heat is transferred from one object to another is conduction. Conduction occurs in liquids and solids through transfer of kinetic energy present in one particle to the immediate particle(s) in its surrounding. By considering the bonds existing between atoms and molecules in solids as elastic links, the vibration of one particle due to increase energy level caused by heat, the next in its line vibrate too. This process is replicated in adjacent particles thereby allowing transfer of thermal energy from a body with a higher temperature as compared to the one with low ...

Solid dispersion can be defined as a cluster of solid creations made up of at least two distinguished components one being a hydrophobic drug and the other a hydrophilic matrix which can take any form depending on the crystalline or amorphous nature of the solids used (see figure 1). In the context of pharmaceuticals, this technology was developed to help improve the solubility and bioavailability of oral drugs. Studies have indicated that a score of patients prefers oral drugs for their simplicity in administration hence they show more compliance in comparison to other types of drugs administered in different ways. However, the functionality ...

Abstract

This paper pertains to discussing the Schrodinger equation along with its historical background. The paper starts with an introduction to quantum mechanics and requirement of Schrodinger equation. The paper highlights the need of Schrodinger equation in light of progresses made in quantum mechanics. The paper also highlights the historical background of the development of Schrodinger equation after which the paper also briefly touches the development of the same through classical means. The paper discusses about the Schrodinger equation while presenting the same for a hydrogen atom. The paper ends with conclusion in which the importance of Schrodinger equation is highlighted.

...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, a main cause of worldwide AIDs, belongs to the Lentivirus genus of Retroviridae family. Pathogen causes chronic type of symptoms, taking a long time of latency it constantly keeps replicating inside human body. HIV is categorised into two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. The genome of this retrovirus consists of two single-stranded RNA molecules. Though, both are involved in AIDS, HIV-2 seemed less virulent and demonstrated more frequent connections with the disease of central nervous system (Fanales-Belasio et al. 5). Like other retroviruses, the genes located on HIV chromosome are gag, pol, env. The functions of gag, pol ...

Lipids are a group of structurally diverse hydrophobic compounds that are not very soluble in water. Cholesterol is a common lipid that can be obtained from the diet and is synthesized in most cells of the human body. It is a component of cell membranes, maintains membrane fluidity, and acts as the precursor of other important biological compounds such as steroid hormones and bile salts (Smith, Marks, and Lieberman 54, 163). High concentrations of cholesterol in the blood can cause accumulation of fatty deposits on arterial walls that can lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which are associated with heart ...

INTRODUCTION

Baghouse filters are fabric filter units consisting of one or more isolated sections containing an array of fabric bags (Vatavuk, 1998). Shapes of these bags range from round, flat, tube-shaped, to pleated cartridges. In theory, gas containing high particulate matter level passes through the fabric bag surface. The particulate matter is retained while the cleaned gas is either recycled to the process or vented off the exhaust. This paper attempts to discuss the different concepts behind baghouse filters in relation to environmental engineering. Specifically, this paper discusses (a) particle pollution, (b) baghouse filter principle, (c) filter media selection, (d) types of ...

Introduction

Composition of Dietary Fiber Dietary fiber is an essential component in nutrition and health (Mora et al., 2013; Klosterbuer, Roughead, & Slavin, 2011). Thus, the present study will explore the effect of particle size and source of fiber on the level of cholesterol in the human digestion system. Primarily, dietary fiber is a constituent of plant foods and includes materials that have diverse morphological and chemical structure. Such materials resist enzymatic action in the human digestion system (Dhingra et al. 2012). In the gastrointestinal tracts, the dietary fiber forms a matrix that has both amorphous and fibrous characteristics. The matrix’s ...

The Current State of Research on New Methods and Technologies for the Safety and Reliability of Assessment of Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics1

Abstract

Materials with high energy have in the past and are still in use for both intensive military and civil purposes. Research and studies have been conducted recently to try establishing and inventing new materials likely to have enhanced high performance and that are less sensitive to heat and shock as compared to existing materials. In future military applications have a threshold to be adjusted to. This paper is mainly focusing on the on the advancements, possible formulations of ...

Introduction

Creativity is the gift given to man by nature. Human Creativity knows no bound. Innovative people find inspiration to improve their work in each and everything they observe. Sky is the limit for those with innovativeness. Nature is like a teacher for man, and hence, it is the source of inspiration for flourishing the creativity. Nature is involved in every creative work, may it be art, painting, sculpture, or even architecture. If we observe the world around us, we can find several examples of creative works. If the creative work is to be applied in various fields, the experts are ...

1. Introduction to the Technique Magnification and high resolution imaging are very important in materials science, especially at present when nanotechnology materials are being created. Magnification and high resolution imaging can help in the characterization, identification, and confirmation of the existence of the desired material. Magnification and high resolution imaging become problems when the size of the assessed material becomes too small; such as, they are beyond the micrometer scale. Ordinary techniques in microscopy such as light microscopy where in a traditional light microscope is used could not suffice. Fortunately, in 1931, two scientists named Ernst Ruska and Mx ...

Executive Summary

Recently, the Middle East has experienced high rates of bad weather conditions that among others have caused sandstorms around the region. These conditions continue to affect various socio-economic activities with massive deadly consequences especially for airline companies (Seinfield and Spyros, 2006). For instance, in 2008, sandstorms caused low visibility conditions caused very many cars to pile up on the Dubai-Abu Dhabi border. It is estimated that around 25 people lost their lives in this incident. In late 2013, the same incident did not only cause injuries to a dozen people but also hampered activities around Dubai airport for three days. ...

Figure 1Mechanism of electron flow in solar cell 3 Figure 2 Structure of typical Photovoltaic solar cell 3 Figure 3 Types and efficiency of different PV cells 4 Figure 4: Laboratory scale efficiency associated with size of different PV cells in China 5 Figure 5 Working mechanism or Principle of Solar Cell (Rongqiang.2006) 6 Figure 6 Efficiency for different silicon cells having varying combinations 7 Figure 7: Pricing of different installed PV systems 9

Photovoltaics Solar Power

1. Introduction The sun has been seen for decades as the center of the universe instead of an ...

Introduction

Toothbrush companies have used both money and time to come up with a toothbrush and oral health products that encourage their customers to brush recurrently, placidly and properly. The effort by major toothbrush manufacturers the USA has led to the creation of creation of 2.9 billion industry of oral care product only. The results are that people have changed their brushing habit from a compulsory behavior to a trendy lifestyle habit. Recent increased concern in oral health by consumers has triggered toothbrush manufacturers to invest on satisfying their customers by providing categories of toothbrush that can offer optimal dental health to all ...

Introduction

Physics is an abstract field of science that influences our lives in more ways than we can imagine. From waking up every morning, to the water we drink; from driving to work, to the music we listen to; from the internet, to the cell phones that we use so often, physics governs all their basic operating principles. Many natural phenomena throw questions whose answers lie deep in physics. Why are lightning flashes so spectacular? How long does it take for light from a star to reach us? How is a rainbow formed? What causes a boomerang to swirl back? Many of these ...

A photon is particle characterizing a quantum of light or any other electromagnetic radiation. Generally, the term photon is used to illustrate the whole electromagnetic spectrum. It seems like a point-like particle because it is absorbed or released as a whole by arbitrary minute systems which are much smaller than its wavelength. Photons exhibit wave-particle duality i.e. displaying properties of both waves and particles though this is difficult to visualize without laboratory equipment. They display clearly wave-like phenomena like diffraction and interference on the length scale of its wavelength. In the same way as all elementary particles, photons are presently explained by ...

Abstract

As the majority of the people are becoming more aware of the adverse effects of petroleum-based products consumption and of the continued diminishing of natural fuel oil reserves all over the world, the search for more environmentally friendly and renewable substitute is becoming the focus of many studies. Such substitute products include the soybean-based adhesives, and soybean-based adhesive bonded wood composites and particle boards. In this study, a “literature review” was conducted in order to identify the many issues associated with the search for a replacement for petroleum-based adhesives. Accordingly, the issues identified are (1) environmental friendliness, such as the biodegradability ...

Introduction to gamma-ray bursts

The universe is made up of many objects some of which scientists have managed to discover while others are yet to be discovered. Gamma-ray bursts form the highest and most complicated cosmic events present in the universe. These are high-energy explosions discovered during the cold war by astronomers. The discovery was made after the United States suspected the soviets could test nuclear weapons in space. They installed satellites in the space that detected gamma-ray flashes. It was until 1997 when astronomers discovered that gamma-ray bursts are caused by explosions of young energetic stars found in the distant galaxies. These ...

Chapter 8

Chemicals in action An acid and base reaction occurs when a complete exchange of electrons between the proton donor and proton acceptor occurs. In this process a salt if formed. In the definition, a salt is a substance formed from an acid by its replaceable hydrogen either wholly or partially by a metal or an equivalent radicle. Example of salt formation Mg+H2SO4→MgSO4+H2 Mg+HCl→MgCl2+H2 In the modern ionic theory, a salt is a compound of oppositely charged ions. From this point of view, there is no difference between NaCl and NaOH. Further, anhydrous aluminum chloride is not a ...

A wormhole theoretically is known to be a passageway through space-time that can be used to create short routes for extensive journeys that go across the universe. Wormholes are mainly forecasted through the general relativity theory. Wormholes have been forecasted come with the dangers of high radiation, unexpected collapse, and unsafe contact with alien matter. A wormhole when viewed depicts a tunnel that has separated ends in space-time. It can be pictured as a two dimensional tube surface that connects various parts of the surfaces (Nelson, Peter & Rohitash Rao 67). There are no evidences that are observable about wormholes according to ...

[university name]

ABSTRACT

Studying of the outer space is called space science. The space exploration is the discovery and exploration of the outer space. The study of space is mainly done by the astronomers, later it was made as one of the divisions of space science. The astronomers explore the outer space with the help of the telescope. The physical explorations are conducted by the unmanned robotic probes and human space flight. In early centuries, the space race occurred between the Soviet Union and the United States of America during the period of cold war. The abstract of this research ...

Communication

Water is one of the most fascinating natural elements on earth. It is fascinating not only because of its capability to sustain life on earth as we know it but also because of its versatility. Water is one of the most versatile elements on earth. It comes in three primary forms that are vapor, liquid water and ice. These three primary forms of water are greatly affected by temperature. This means that temperature dictates the form in which water appears. Water primarily appears in its liquid form. Under natural environmental conditions water is a clear liquid that is not ...