Essays on Incubation

Cell culture is an in-vitro technique of cultivating cells under controlled conditions and in sterile conditions. The technique was first developed by Ross Harrison in 1907. During the process of cell culture, the cells are detached from their tissue of origin and segregated from each other, either by mechanical or enzymatic means. The detached cells are then transferred before culturing them in cell culture plate or flask. The first generation of producing cell through this method is called primary cell culture. The cells from the primary culture are transferred to a new culture plate with a fresh medium to ...

HIV/AIDS was seemingly the world’s most moving epidemic. With so many procrastinations, superstitions and politics, the realization of faster ways to handle the epidemic are slowed down as showed in the movie, ‘And The Band Played On’. Efforts by the CDC were significant but the management’s greed for credit led them to the discovery of the disease led to undesirable outcomes of professional misconduct. Essentially, the early war against HIV had its most apparent hindrance as the fact that it had a relatively long incubation period. However, many other inhibitors came forth slowing the medics understanding and ...

Overview: Overview: Antigen-antibody reactions are commonly used in immunological assays. In a traditional agglutination assay, the end product is a visible antibody-antigen complex that settles as visible particulate matter in the solution. In other cases, the reaction is invisible and wants the use of a specific enzyme or isotopic probes that can amplify the signal created by the antigen-antibody reaction, so that they can be detected with the naked eye or an ELISA/RIA reader1. Hemagglutination is a visible antigen -antibody assay in which soluble antibodies react with antigen on the surface of (red blood cell) RBC to form a ...

Introduction

Multiple researches suggest that dinosaurs are among the most successful groups of animals to have ever lived on earth. Their body physique and adaptability enhanced their survival thereby extending their life longevity. In the course of time, these species evolved into diverse shapes and sizes. As a result, the different types of evolved organisms embraced various modes of living. According to Xu (2006), nearly 150 years after the discovery of the first fossils of the dinosaur, this species was believed be a reptile. In fact, when Richard Owen found the first remains of this organism, the paleontologists used the ...

Application of Epidemiology – Case Study

Application of Epidemiology – Case Study

Information Summative

The statistical analysis of the Good Health Hospital’s medical records reveals the progression of Escherichia coli infection among four hospitalized patients who reported bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting and nausea, loss of appetite, flatulence and pyrexia since last week. The summary of these cases presented below in the context of their further analysis. The findings by the CDC revealed that the E. coli manifestations emanated among the affected patients after consuming the spoiled food items attributing to meats and vegetables.

Background Information (Indicating the Requirement of Further Investigation)

Georgia Department of Public Health (GDPH) describes various nosocomial infections reported within a ...

Article Summary:

The article entitled The Biology of Vibrio vulnificus provides a short discussion about the more important aspects of this pathogen. This pathogenic bacteria are known as one among the most deadly foodborne pathogen in the US, contributing to about 95 percent of deaths related to seafood acquired microbes in the country. Reports revealed that a larger number of cases occur during the more temperate months of May and October. The period of incubation is quite rapid, with an average of about 26 hours after ingestion, and the patient showing symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, pain in the abdomen, ...

American history in the period between 1820and 1865 was characterized by numerous occurrences and changes that triggered the civil war and other post war events In the region. This period defined the various future shapes of the American economy, politics as well as social life. The most appropriate name for the period is thus, in my opinion, “The Incubation era”. This is due to the fact that during the period the country underwent multiple foundation establishments that contributed to the birth of the present America. The America that existed over this period took different forms that had to be ...

1. The Ebola virus is a virus that belongs to the Filoviridae family of viruses. It causes a severe disease that has fatal consequences in the majority of the cases. Ebola appeared in 1976 in Africa when two deadly outbreaks happened. Besides, the Ebola virus is a general name that comprises a few species such as Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, and Tai Forest ebolavirus, also known by its former name as Cote d’Ivoire ebolavirus (World Health Organization, 2011, p. 3). The majority of these subtypes (4 out of 5) originates from Africa and occurs ...

Synopsis of the chapter on essential elements of individual behavior in organizations

The section on essential aspects of individual behavior in organizations is a critical overview of the features and attributions of an employee and the practices within the organization. The case that forms the baseline of the chapter relates to individuals such as Bernie Madoff whose psychopathic behaviors and narcissism attributes contributed to the fall of the NASDAQ corporation. The case exemplifies on the different elements of behavior in workplaces that motivate people and propel their success or failure to perform. The chapter illustrates and highlights all the personal features that make up productive or unproductive behaviors in organizations. First, ...

Business Plan for a Gym

Business Plan for a Gym

Executive Summary

The Mountain Fitness Gym is a thriving business-persons gym that focuses on the fitness of all the people from different areas. The gym is famous because it caters for the needs of all the people in the community. However, more than fifty percent of our clients are old people who aspire to be physically fit. The center also caters for the fitness needs of the young people. Currently, the gym has more than 1200 clients who have subscribed to be the gym members. For one to become a member of the gym, he or ...

INTRODUCTION

Klebsiella pneumoniae belongs to Klebsiella species of Enterobacteriaceae and constitutes the normal flora of the human mouth and intestine. K. pneumonia is the most predominant and clinically critical organism. Infections with K. pneumoniae are mostly contracted from the hospitals and principally occur in patients with damaged host defenses. The objective of this study is to perform techniques to identify the bacterium in the given sample and confirm its presence by staining and microscopic analysis.

Streaking may be performed on the clinical sample using Mac Conkey agar or blood agar with the goal of isolating colonies of the organism from ...

Introduction

The modern market is full of surprises that if left to the perceived strong players and watched from a distance by junior players, would lead to monopoly and subsequently compromise product and service quality. In the past, fierce competition was a thing for big companies scrambling for a sizeable market share. It mainly involved product oriented companies. Service industry operated like a shaved sheep that has nothing to worry of when approaching a sliding ground. Today, the wave of quality products and services continue to awaken these companies that have so long enjoyed the royal nap for many years.

Process Design

...

Abstract

Food safety remains a serious issue in public health. Foodborne disease is the main threat to public health. It occurs when food gets contaminated with pathogens and is then ingested into the body. Food contamination occurs when there is a flaw in the food handling process that allows food to get into contact with the pathogens. Many efforts have been made to deal with food contamination. However, the food industry still faces many challenges some of which are emerging challenges. The dairy sectors are one of the sectors in the food industries facing numerous challenges. Nevertheless, it is one ...

The topic of the discussion can be outlined as the practical implementation of any creative innovations in our modern society. The process of bringing ideas into the physical world, i.e. the process of innovation, oftentimes involves the tremendous amount of time and efforts. People do everything possible to reach the ultimate aim of taking an advantage of the suggested commercial opportunities and bringing the beneficial brand-new products into the market. However, the stern reality is likely to suppress those, who are themselves not sure in the merit of the idea they are trying to sell. Therefore, the first idea ...

Section E

INTRODUCTION Any food product, either vegetable or animal origin, has a definite shelf life. If the recommended temperature and humidity conditions for its storage are not maintained, food spoils at a very fast ratequickly as bacteria and other parasites from the environment take over. Therefore, the food should be eaten as fresh as possible. It is, however, difficult in the contemporary modern world as the population centers are furtherar away from where the food actually grows or comes fromgrown. Consequently, food preservation and processing has become a big industry where innovative and latestmodern technologies are used to minimize the threats of ...

Introduction

The human reproductive system can be affected by pathogens like any other organs. An example of a bacterium is Neiserria Gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea in both males and females. The disease can be treated through normal antibiotics. This presentation will highlight the human reproductive system of both sexes; how gonorrhea is caused, diagnosed, and treated; and the short and long term effects of the disease.

Male Reproductive System

It is grouped into two: external and internal organs. Internal organs include the penis, scrotum, epididymis, and testes. The penis engages in sexual intercourse, the scrotum is the outer skin covering the testes, the testes ...

SARS Disease Outbreak

The SARS disease outbreak occurred in 2003 when the World Health Organization issued a global alert on the disease that was similar to pneumonia (Wei et al., 2009). Similar cases were experienced in China, Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand. Other countries affected included Germany, United States, and Canada. The disease spread from Beijing leading to an outbreak in Tianjin city. According to Wei et al., (2009), 175 probable cases of SARS were reported. This included 21 deaths. The transfer of patients from one hospital to another stimulated the spread of the disease. A patient that was suspected of ...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a life threatening condition that is caused by a virus from the Coronaviridae family. The SARS virus is believed to have originated from the Guangdong province of southern China before spreading to Hong Kong, Canada and the United States of America. The virus has an incubation period of 2 to 7 days but it may last up to 10 days. Like other respiratory disease, SARS is spread through direct contact; long range and short range. The major agent of transmission is the droplet nuclei. The symptoms of the disease include: fever, chills, malaise, cough, dyspnea and ...

Question 1: Traits in Creative Leaders

Leadership requires a combination of many traits that are common to various styles of leaders. However, creative leaders have certain specific traits that make them stand out. According to the article by Amabile et al., (2006), and from personal experience, the five traits that I have identified are: great generator of ideas, patience, self-motivation, democratic leadership, and experienced and normal intelligence. Ed (2006) asserts that creative leaders are great idea generators mainly because they understand that many ideas increase the chance of producing a remarkable one. In generation of many ideas, the creative leader exercises patience as he/she tries for their ...

KU Version March 2011

At the end of the case study, the scholar will be able to: Identify the steps of the investigation of an outbreak; Describe the characteristics of an outbreak in terms of time, place and person; Use descriptive epidemiological data to generate hypotheses; Use analytical epidemiological data to test hypotheses; Formulate recommendations for the control of an outbreak. Part A cluster of acute hepatitis in Provo, Utah Provo is a large municipality located in the North of Utah, close from the border with Wyoming and Idaho. The population of Provo was 6,185 in ...

Usually, a full-term incubation period lasts from 37 to 42 weeks, and the last few weeks of it are critically important, as baby's fundamental organs are developing, and the weight is increasing. A premature birth is the one happened before 37 week of the incubation period. Normally, late preterm babies look completely developed, yet regardless they have more serious dangers of wellbeing issues than children conceived full term. Preterm babies are usually born with complicated conditions. Some of the problems can be solved directly during the delivery; other can make an impact on whole future life. During childbirth, ...

1. Introduction Smallpox is a viral disease that causes pus-filled boils on the dermis. It looks similar to chickenpox, but has certain characteristic differences. Unlike chickenpox, smallpox is lethal in 30% of the cases and leaves the victim with disfiguring scars and/or blindness. Smallpox has now been eradicated through aggressive vaccination. The last case was reported in Somalia in the late 1970’s. After 2 years of worldwide surveillance, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that the disease had been eradicated. 2. Causative agent Smallpox is caused by the Variola virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. ...

Lab report #

Introduction In recent times, synthetic antibiotics have caused resistance in microorganisms and also, have shown unwanted side-effects. This has demanded for alternate therapies to combat infections. Scientists have developed interest in plant extracts, especially the ones that are traditionally used as spices, for new antimicrobial agents. Spices are traditionally used to give a distinctive flavor to the food but, they also contain potential antimicrobials which are also documented in literature. Even Louis Pasteur demonstrated the antibacterial effect of garlic and onion extracts. Salsa contains three main ingredients which have potential antimicrobial compounds. First, Lemon (Citrus Limon) is reported to ...

The work analyzed within the framework of this assignment is “Synthesis of magneto‑sensitive iron‑containing nanoparticles by yeasts” prepared by Vainshtein M., Belova N., Kulakovskaya T., Suzina N. and Sorokin V. It is dedicated to study of forming magneto-sensitive nanoparticles in the conditions of applied magnetic fields. In particular, the stimulation role of magnetic fields is investigated and tested. As a result, the works allows us to see results of magneto-sensitive nanoparticles biosynthesis by the help of yeasts.

Summary of the Methods and Achievements of the Work Reported

The second species considered, S. cerevisiae SUF was incubated using the medium with Fe(II)SO4 × 7H2O, 0.05. Inoculum took place ...

Dissolved Oxygen

INTRODUCTION Dissolved oxygen is a useful parameter used to determine the level of effluent in waste water treatment. Living organisms in water bodies require oxygen to break down organic matter. These organisms consume the dissolved oxygen in water and give out carbon dioxide. Oxygen does not readily dissolve in water and gets depleted quickly by increased micro-organism activity. To maintain optimal oxygen levels in a water body, the oxygen replenishing rate from the air should be equal to dissolved oxygen use by micro-organism in the water. A curve drawn to represent dissolved oxygen levels down a stream from a point of effluent ...

The Hot Zone, 3rd ed. (Electronic Version)

I. 1. Centers for Disease Control a) Page 159, 1st paragraph b) It is referred to in the book when it indicated that the main role ofthe Army is to fight military threats while the Centers for Disease Controlshould have the responsibility and authority to fight diseases. c) Centers for Disease Control means government agencies that protect public health through the control and prevention of diseases and the investigation and prevention of emerging diseases. 2. Amplification a) Page 12, 2nd paragraph b) It is referred to in the book when explaining the concept of virusmultiplication. ...

Bacillus cereus is an endemic Gram-positive bacterium that dwells in the soil. It is rod-shaped, beta hemolytic, as well as a motile. A number of its strains are detrimental to human beings and lead to food borne diseases. Other strains can be helpful as probiotics for animals1. Bacillus cereus causes of fried rice syndrome, since the bacteria are characteristically contracted from fried rice, which has been left for many hours at room temperature2. B. cereus bacteria are facultative anaerobes and can secrete protective endospores just as other genus Bacillus members. Its virulence factors are phospholipase C, as well as cereolysin. ...

The largest Ebola epidemic of all times plagued the world in 2014. The outbreak started in Guinea in 2014 and then extended to other West African countries in 2014. The worst hit countries are Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. Other countries including Nigeria, Senegal, United States of America and Spain have reported isolated Ebola cases. However, the three worst hit countries in West Africa bear the largest weight of the epidemic. Since the beginning of the outbreak, there has been 8,399 reported cases and 4,033 deaths related to Ebola. The world health organization and the center for ...

Using “Deshelled” Chicken Eggs

Introduction Osmosis can be defined as the diffusion of water from an area where the concentration of water molecules is high, through a semi-permeable membrane to an area where the concentration of water molecules is low (1). Alternatively, osmosis can be thought of as a process by which water leaves an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration, in an effort to create an equilibrium. In a living cell, water molecules can move through the cell membrane, which is semi-permeable. In certain situations, solutions which are higher in solute concentration than a living cell will cause the ...

Introduction

Marburg virus disease (formerly known as Marburg hemorrhagic fever) is a severe zoonotic (animal-borne) disease, affecting both humans and non-primates. The source of infection for primates is unknown. However, research indicates that bats mainly infect the humans. The Ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus belongs to the filovirus family. Filoviruses belong to the order Mononegavirales. These viruses are enveloped, non-segmented, and negative-stranded. Marburg virus and Ebolavirus are the two genera of Filoviradae family. The only species in the genus Marburg virus is Lake Victoria margburg virus (Center for Food Security and Public Health, 2009, p.1). The virus has caused epidemics in ...

Introduction

Osmosis refers to the net water movement across a membrane, which is selectively permeable and the movement is driven by a difference in the concentration of the solutes on the opposite sides of the membrane. A selectively permeable membrane allows water to pass through without allowing ions or solute molecules to pass through. Other small molecules that are not charged are also allowed to pass through the membrane. Diffusion, on the other hand, refers to the movement of molecules in a random motion as a result of the kinetic energy and causes the molecules to have a net movement from areas where the particles ...

Abstract

IFITM3, a protein induced by interferon, restricts reovirus infection in host cells and inhibits the viral replication. It affects the proper penetration of the virus by altering the dynamics of the viral uncoating in the endosomes. This study is the first in characterizing the anti-viral activity of IFITM3 on non enveloped viruses that depend on endosome for cellular entry. Following contagion with a virus, the body triggers the release of a class of cytokines, interferons that are involved in first line of defense against infection. Type I interferons are specifically induced in the cells following insult with both DNA and RNA ...

Purpose

Materials and Methods Gram Stain: the test was done to differentiate Gram-positive from Gram-negative organisms. A drop of the unknown 300 was suspended on a slide and the culture spread to an oven thin film. The culture was air dried and fixed over a gentle flame. Crystal violet stain was added over the culture and allowed to stand for 60 seconds. The stain was poured off and rinsed gently. Iodine solution was added on the smear, allowed to stand for 60 seconds and the stain poured off. The slide was rinsed with running water, and a few drops of decolorizer solution ...

1.0 The role and leadership traits of Public Information Officer In the present scenario, the public information officer is charged with the responsibility to advise the president on the public communication and the expected outcome on the communication. In the advent of the impending bioterrorist attack, the public information officer has to study the recorded video tape and advice the group on whether, how and when to communicate the information therein to the citizen. The aim of such communication would be to seek the citizen’s cooperation in the government’s plan and to prevent mass panic that ...

- Fitzroy River Turtle (R Leukops) - The Biology Fitzroy River Turtle, Rheodytes leukops is also called the white eyed river diver referring to its Latin name. Locally, it is sometimes called the “bum breathing turtle referring to its ability to utilize cloacal ventilating. This method of breathing improves its breath-holding capacity and enabling it to colonize riffle zones and take advantage of the associated greater densities of food resources during the wet season and early dry season. . “R. leukops was first described as a new genus and species in 1980 (Legler and Cann,1980) and most publications ...

Introduction

Trichomonas gallinae causes avian trichomoniasis infection, which is often a lethal disease. The parasite is considered to primarily affect columbiform birds like pigeons and doves, but can affect other wild and domestic birds as well (Stabler, 1954). Diagnosis of the infection can be reliably done by collecting and studying material from the bird’s mouth and crop.

I carefully collected oropharyngeal swabs from the oral cavities of hunter-killed Woodpigeons in eight areas of Norfolk and one area of Suffolk counties in the three months’ time period between April and June. Using sterile cotton swabs, I collected crop swabs from the ...

(City, State) Lactic acid fermentation refers to a biological process where sugars such as fructose, glucose, and sucrose undergo conversion to form cellular energy lactic acid. The process is an anaerobic kind of fermentation reaction and takes place in a number of bacteria as well as in animal cells like the muscle cells (Campbell & Reece, 2005). The application of lactic acid fermentation is broad especially in the food industry (Tempeh, 2008). Some of the bacteria that are involved in the production of lactic acid include pediococcus cerevisiae, leuconostoc mesenteroides, bifidobacterium bifidus, and streptococcus lactis (Tempeh, 2008). The process is also ...

Abstract

Tuberculosis, better known as TB, is an infectious disease that affects the global community. Its incidence rate has been significant in the New Zealand region where the disease is considered to be pandemic and has accrued a significant burden on the healthcare system for its demands on timely diagnosis and treatment. Although a decline of its incidence in New Zealand was noted, such decline halted sometime in the 1980’s and the rate of incidence becomes consistent thereafter and it remains to be an apparent health problem in the region which is highly associated with migration issues and other factors that ...

Introduction

Food items are always prone to spoilage which in most of the cases is precipitated by an increase in bad microbes that cause the food to change its property and thus food becomes unsafe for eating. The main purpose of inspection of food is to trace the presence of bad microbes that are available in most of the food products but below certain level they are harmless. Microbes are nothing but cells which are so microscopic that it is not possible to detect them when they are in very small numbers. In order to detect the presence of harmful ...

Arts and economics are two areas which are dependent on each other in various aspects. The works of art are very essential products and services in the market therefore play a great role in economic development. Various aspects of art are of essence in contribution to economic development, for instance through earning of foreign exchange from the sale of items produced by the local artists of a country. Art is diverse such that its contribution to the economy is enormous in that the works of art varies and may take many unique forms depending on the creativity of the artists. In ...

of HT22 Cells derived from Mouse Hippocampus

Sections I and II

Biology Section I 1. Introduction Fluorescent protein development research has gained increased knowledge about the range in the color palette available from the Aequorea Victoria jellyfish. The wavelength emissions in the blue to yellow range are now better understood. [1] Another area that has seen a great improvement in knowledge is the understanding of emissions of the monomeric fluorescent protein emissions in the orange to far-red spectral region. [1] The spectral region of fluorescent in the orange to far-red is derived appropriate reef coral species. [1] This area of research ...

Analysis of Culture Cell KU812F with Three Protocols

Abstract Protein analysis for cancer cell research has been found to be extremely reliable. The culture cell KU812F (chronicle myeloid leukemia cell line) was used for this laboratory. Globin gene switching was observed by evaluating the gene expression in the cells. Gene expression and protein folding were provoked. Gene expression is the process of transcribing DNA to cDNA and then used qPCR to study gene expression. cDNA was translated into mRNA which in turn is translated into a protein. mRNA concentration was analyzed. The three protocols were Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Enzyme-Linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and ...

Business Plan Process Analysis

Background and Knowledge Accumulation Development of a business plan is an essential process for the success of any business and especially for the start-ups. New entrepreneurs are faced with the difficult task of developing a successful idea that will see them through in growing and developing a successful business. There are various steps involved in the process of developing a successful business plan. The process of developing a business plan starts with the development of the idea, which will form the basis of the business creation. The idea is then moved in the incubation process, where the entrepreneur consciously and subconsciously accumulates information ...

Introduction

Bacillus Subtilis are the organisms that are aerobic, Gram Positive, spore-forming belonging to the Bacillus genus. The organisms are together with other species that are closely related play a crucial role in disease, food poisoning as well as food spoilage. Lack of methods that are standardized for the identification of the organisms whether coming from the food or environment has made the tests to be difficult. Use of morphological as well as physiological tests have offered the best ways to identify organisms in the laboratory although there are inconsistent and lack of reliance in these methods. Identification of an ...

Introduction

A community development corporation is a non-profit making organization. The corporation is set up by the community members to help in offering support to community development programs. The corporation may engage itself in offering services or undertaking activities which promote community development programs. The main aim of the community development corporations is to improve the living standards of the low income people in the community. Community development corporations are involved in various activities in order to meet their objectives. These activities may include engaging in activities that promote economic development, promoting education through setting up of institutions that provide ...

Industrial microbiology has helped greatly in the discovery and development of substances that we use in our day to day life. It applies scientific and bioengineering techniques to processes and materials. Microorganisms produce valuable products of industrial microbiology.(Law 15) They include; Antibiotics, fermentation beverages, enzymes for amino acids synthesis, dairy products, and recovery of minerals from low grade ores, waste and waste water management, Biodegradation of xenobiotics, synthesis of chemotherapy drugs, just to name but a few. It’s a field that requires people to research on existing problems find or discover new products, get ways of producing and commercializing ...

Attitude is an important element of individual behavior in organizations. Attitude is the medium by which an individual gets to express his or her feelings or emotions, situations or ideas. If an employee states that he or she is being underpaid then this expression of him/her is the attitude the person has towards a particular situation (Griffin, 2012). A person may be very dissatisfied, introvert or negative in a job setting but extremely happy, satisfied and outgoing in another. This depends upon the situation and environment that the individual finds himself in. Whenever an organization tries to analyze the reason ...

Dengue fever is an infectious disease found in the tropics and caused by the dengue virus. It is a febrile illness which is potentially fatal. It is caused by the mosquito transmitted viruses. There are four known serotypes, namely; Dengue virus1 ( DENV-1), Dengue virus 2 (DENV-2), Dengue virus 3( DENV-3) and Dengue virus 4 (DENV-4). It is also known as the break bone disease. Dengue is a major public health problem, the global incidence and severity is on the increase, due to urbanization, overpopulation and global warming. It is now endemic in more than a hundred countries in the world. It was ...

Prof:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was discovered in the last decade. The disease is a human acute respiratory disorder that was associated with a global outbreak which all occurs within few weeks of first identification of the case. This viral disease resulted in a state of confusion and criticism against China that acted slowly on reporting the first case that was identified (WHO, 2003). The disease is caused by SARS coronavirus which basically spread via contact with respiratory secretions of infected patients. The disease presented a form of formidable challenges to the medical world with various forms of social, economic and political ...

Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease

Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease (CJD) is one of the rarest and fatal neurological conditions that affect both man and animals. It is the most common of human prion diseases. This viral disease as caused by components that are yet to be fully identified. It is majorly believed to be caused by an infectious prion protein. Prion proteins are found in the cells of the human body in normal conditions. In this normal form, prion protein has no harm to human health. However, during coding mutation, prion protein undergoes some changes and become infectious. This infectious form of prion protein ...

Salmonella

Scientific name of the causative organism: Different serovars of Salmonella enterica

I. Classification

Superkingdom: - Bacteria

Kingdom: - Bacteria

Phylum: - Proteobacteria

Order: - Enterobacteriales

Family: - Enterobacteriaceae

Genus: - Salmonella

Species: - S. enterica.

Strain: Salmonella enterica has more than 2500 strains of which Typhi and Paratyphi are the most common.

II. Structure and morphology

If bacterial:

Shape: Salmonella are rod shaped bacteria with diameters ranging from 0.7 to 1.5µm and about 2 to 5µm in length. Arrangement: Glycocalyx: Cell wall: Bacteria of this genus are gram negative. Cell wall components: S. Typhi has a Polysaccharide capsule Vi on ...

Hantaviruses

Scientific name of the causative organism: The scientific name depends on the species because the hantavirues have been classified into a number of species for instance Hantavirus sin nombre virus I. Classification

Superkingdom: Not applicable

Kingdom: Not applicable Phylum: Not applicable Order: Not applicable Family: Bunyaviridiae Genus: Hantavirus Species: A number of species have been identified so far, these include the Sin Nombre Virus, Andes Virus, Hantaan Virus, Seoul Virus, Puumala Virus and Dobrava Virus.

Strain: Not applicable

II. Structure and morphology If viral: Attachment to humans, enveloped or not, size, DNA or RNA, single or double stranded, integrates ...

This section includes two subtitles that outlined all materials used in the methodology of this study: 2-1- Materials 2.1.1- Hardware

Clear 96 wells of flat plate (ELISA micro-titer plates) from NUNC brand products

Single and 8 multichannel pipettes with disposable plastic tips (Thermo scientific and Titertek) Assorted graduated cylinders Wash bottle Tubes (5ml volume) Plastic bottles 100ml value, from Thermo scientific brand. 2.1.2- Glass

Pipettes 25ml value

Big bottle 100ml value 2.1.3- Reagents The table below outlined all chemicals and reagents used in this study. Names, batch or lot numbers ...

Land and sea polluted with petroleum-based synthetic and natural substances have led to the development of techniques using biological organisms for clean-up. The technique is called bioremediation. “Bio” refers to biology and “remediation” to clean-up. The types of microorganisms used are bacteria fungi and actinomycetes. Bacteria can be used for bioremediation under anaerobic or aerobic conditions. Actinomycetes are generally anaerobic and grow from spores forming filaments and branches. The applications and environment for optimum bioremediation varies depending on the pollutant and the biological organisms. Different combinations work better depending on the temperature, substrata and other environmental variables. The goal ...

INTRODUCTION

General overview

Preparation of yoghurt takes place through milk fermentation process with various cultures of bacteria comprising of streptococcus subspecies mixed with lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies and thermophiles (Barbano, 2009). Basically, yoghurt comes in two types: distilled and set (Augustin et al., 2003). The author further explains there is a difference in the main procedure through which these yogurts are manufactured. In the set yoghurt (inclusive of fruit on the bottom), the formation takes place in retail pots as the fermentation of the lactic acid bacteria proceeds into lactic acid generating a structure of continuous gel in the container of the consumer. ...