Protein Research Papers Samples For Students

Pasteurization is a process that involves heating of raw milk to a certain temperature within a given set of time. This process kills harmful bacteria found in unpasteurized milk, for example, Salmonella, Listeria and E coli responsible for food borne illnesses. These bacterial organisms are responsible for human diseases such as Typhoid, diphtheria, Listeriosis and tuberculosis. The process was first initiated by Louis Pasteur in the year 1864. Pasteurized milk can stay for a certain period without refrigeration. However, refrigeration especially after opening the seal, is still necessary because of some nonpathogenic bacteria that because food spoilage and is non-receptive for heating.
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Digestion occurs in the gastrointestinal system, which is composed of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and the associated accessory organs.The process of digestion occurs through six steps, namely ingestion, secretion, mixing,digestion, absorption and defecation. (Tortora&Derrickson, 2008).

Anatomy of the digestive system

The GI tract or the alimentary canal is a long winding tube that measures approximately 30 feet (9 meters) in length. The mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and the anus make up the GI tract.The salivary glands, tongue, teeth, gallbladder, pancreas and the liver make up the associated accessory organs (Tortora&Derrickson, 2008).
The mouth. The mouth starts with the ...

Abstract

Human XPA is a protein engaged in DNA damage recognition and repair. A mutation in the gene encoding the protein causes an autosomal recessive disorder, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), which renders an individual sensitive to sunlight and causes skin cancer. XPA is a 273 amino acid protein, which is predominantly localized in the nucleus. It is expressed at both high and moderate levels in several tissues. The protein serves as a damage sensor in a nucleotide excision repair mechanism, through which the damage to a DNA strand is verified and repaired by formation of a newly synthesized strand. Besides this primary NER mechanism, XPA in conjunction ...

Harvey requires enough energy to perform. Consequently, he must consume enough calories to meet all his energy needs. The actual requirement for calorie intake depends on one’s level of fitness and bodyweight. In addition, the intensity, frequency, and duration of physical activity also greatly influence one’s actual energy requirement.

Carbohydrates

Given that Harvey’s daily workouts involve high-intensity activities, his calorie intake should comprise of between55 to 70 percent carbohydrates. In this case, 3 grams per pound of body weight would be appropriate. Based on this recommendation, Harvey should consume approximately 480 grams of carbohydrates per day in ...

Introduction

Cells are independent units of life. However, when a cell becomes part of an organism, it becomes part of a tissue and organ system. Cells in a tissue are joined to each other and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cell junctions. There are three kinds of cell junctions: Occluding junctions, anchoring junctions and communication junctions. Occluding junctions occur in the epithelium where the adjacent cells are so tightly sealed together that even small molecules cannot pass. Communicating junctions allow the exchange of chemical and electrical signals between cells. Anchoring junctions are the ones which attach a cell either to its neighbor or ...

Introduction:

In recent times, there has been a rapid growth in the amount of data generated and collected on the human genome project and sequencing projects in other organisms. The rapid growth of biological data has consequently led to increased demand for data analysis and interpretation methods and tools. The evolving science of bioinformatics provides the necessary processes and tools to conduct this data analysis (Bayat, 2002). There are a number of specifically dedicated bioinformatics problem-solving tools and successful applications. However, despite the many existing applications, bioinformatics is still considered as a science in its infancy, and the process of massive integrating it ...

Abstract

Adequate nutrition is required for optimal wound healing. The normal processes that allow the progress of wound healing are disrupted due to nutritional deficiencies. Increased infection rates and decreased wound tensile strength are associated with malnutrition. Chronic on-healing wounds are formed in malnourished patients or individuals. Such patients can develop infections, pressure ulcers, and delayed wound healing. Morbidity and mortality among malnourished patients with chronic wounds constitute a serious clinical concern. Wound healing is considered as a complex process. It is the process of replacing injured tissue with new tissue (produced by the body). Production of new tissue is associated with ...

Hemoglobinopathies: Analytic Diagnostic Techniques

Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemia’s are a kind of Genetic disorders caused mainly by a mutation or deletion of Globin genes in Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin consist of α or β Amino acid chains. An alteration in α chain production leads to α Thalassemia and alteration in β chain causes β Thalassemia. Hemoglobinopathies on the other hand may be caused due to the structural abnormalities or alteration of amino acid sequences in the Globin genes. These are mainly hereditary and constitute to around 4 to 5% of the world population. (WHO Statistics, 2012) Each year around 250,000 to 300,000 new born children have either hemoglobinopathies or thalassemia. Both ...

In recent past, there are rising demands to push towards embracing high fiber products as parallel to an increase in obesity, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Notably, banana pseudostem flour (BP) bears high fibrous components which are well enriched with cellulosic material, dietary fibres, inorganic compound, low molecular weight sugars as well as antioxidant compounds with a potential of functional ingredients for developing functional food. More research indicates that the amounts of juice extracted from such Musa Cavendish (banana pseudostem) have the potential of being processed in the form of isotonic drink resulting from the presence of high mineral content like ...

George Emil Palade was a highly esteemed and a well renowned cell biologist of Romanian origin. He was born in 1912, in Moldavia, Romania. In 1974, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his pioneering work in Molecular biology. He shares this award along with Albert Claude and Christian de Duve. He was referred to as the "father of modern biology" and "the most influential cell biologist ever" for his innovative contribution to the field of cell biology.
While he was a medical student, he was invited by Albert Claude, the noble-winning biologist from the Rockfeller University who ...

For decades researcher and nutritionists have been advocating low-fat and low-cholesterol diet. This approach has been touted as a preferred way of losing weight and a way of preventing or controlling heart and other chronic diseases. As a consequence food companies tailored their products to be low in fat, and substituted them with salt, sugar or refined grains to make up for flavor or texture . However, this theory is being given a fresh look. In the 1960s, fats and carbohydrates provide 45% of calories to the Americans adults, and still only 13% of them were obese. Today while Americans eat less fat, yet ...

Anatomy deals with the study of forms and body structures (both internal and external) along different levels of organization such as molecules, cells, tissues, organs and organ system. These forms and body structures performs a corresponding function which is responsible for the growth and development of an organism. The study that deals “with the patterns and processes through which the body functions in its environment” is known as physiology (Starr, Evers and Starr, 2008). Physiology is essential in understanding how anatomical structures perform individual and group task related to the activities of the body. For instance, one segment of the ...

Bioinformatics combines the subjects of biology, mathematics and computer science in to a single field of study. There are various tools available for the biomedical researchers so that they are able to find out the desired biochemical, genomic and medical information. Search programs, data base storage and software programs are some types of bioinformatics tools that help in the analysis of proteomic and genomic data. The web based tutorial of bioinformatics programs will be used in this study to analyze the most important enzyme of fertilization called phospholipase C-gamma. This tutorial will use the bioinformatics tools easily acquired from the ...

History

Ergogenic aids are dated back to around 100 years ago. Warriors and athletes during the early period used food items like the lion’s heart and the deer liver to effect their speed, strength and bravery during games, battles and even hunting. Over the years Ergogenic aids have been widely used especially by amateur and professional athletes. Gaining a competitive advantage over one’s competitors is a known phenomenon in the sports world. Most athletes have been dropped out of important races due to ergogenic aids use in order to enhance their performance.
Ergogenic aids are substances or treatments that ...

Targeted therapies that include small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies have considerably altered the cancer treatment over the past several years. These drugs are currently a part of therapy for several widespread malignancies, including colorectal, breast, pancreatic, and lung cancers, as well as leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. The action mechanisms, as well as toxicities of targeted therapies, are different from the action mechanisms of traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Targeted therapies are usually better endured than traditional chemotherapy, although they are linked to a number of unfavorable effects, like cardiac dysfunction, acneiform rash, proteinuria, thrombosis, and hypertension. Small molecule inhibitors are acted ...

Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior (National Institute on Aging, n.d.). Signs typically develop slowly and get worse over time, becoming severe enough to interfere with daily tasks (National Institute on Aging, n.d.). Of all the forms of dementia, Alzheimer’s stands out as the most common form. The disease’s manifestation comes in the form of memory loss and affects one’s intellectual functioning to the extent of interfering with one’s normal life. Alzheimer’s is not a normal part of aging. With regard to the fact the most people affected ...

Amro Abd-Al-Fattah Amara, ‘Pharmaceutical and industrial protein engineering: Where are we?’ Pakistan, Journal of pharmaceuticals, 26.1, (2013): 217-232. Print.
The huge information amount and the considerable number of scientists and their endeavors, funds, laboratories, human capacity, and companies together with other factors contribute in the success of the incredible novel branch of genetic engineering known as protein engineering. This entails modification of protein functions/structure or protein construction from scratch. The engineered proteins normally have novel criteria. Engineering proteins can be mediated on the protein or genes level. Protein engineering has found its way in various crucial sectors, ...

Gardasil is a vaccine manufactured by Merck Inc. It was invented by Eliav Barr, Barry Buckland and Dr. Kathrin Jansen who worked on the vaccine from the Merck Research Laboratories. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2006 as suitable in the prevention of cervical cancer in women. In particular the vaccine has been proven to protect women against four types (types 6, 11, 16 and 18) of Human papillomavirus (HPV) (Kathrin, Barry & Eliav, 2012). Among girls, two types of HPV cause more than 75% of cervical, vaginal cancers and two others cause more than 90% ...

Chloroplast and mitochondria are membrane bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells’ cytoplasm. Chloroplasts are present in all multicellular plants and some algae species while mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells. Their main similarity is that both of these organelles generate the universal cell energy carrier known as ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
- Chloroplast DNA
Geneticists have long established that many chloroplast associated traits display cytoplasmic inheritance. This suggests that nuclear genes are not responsible for encoding of these traits. In 1963, it was discovered that chloroplasts have their own deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) known as chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). ...

Marburg Virus

Introduction
Marburg virus refers to virus of the genus marbugvirus. The virus usually causes the Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever. The virus is said to have originated from Africa and specifically Central and East Africa. The virus got its name from the place where the first outbreak was discovered, Marburg in German. The virus infects both human beings and other animals, especially nonhuman primates.
The virus usually lives in the animals hosts, and human being can easily contact the virus from the animals. After the initial transmission of the virus to human beings, the virus can be transmitted among ...

Rabbits have been the worst invasive species that have been reported in Australia. They have widely spread in Australia leading to a massive destruction of the Australian environment. Rabbits have caused devastating effects on the ecosystem since they are believed to be the main factor in species loss in Australia. They have caused a lot of damages on crops and also destroyed and killed young trees and plants. In addition, rabbits cause serious problems on soil making it unproductive. Rabbits feed on native plants leaving the top soil bare and exposed making the land vulnerable to soil erosion. Rabbits have contributed ...

Seeds are fertilized ripe plant ovules that contain embryos and are used either for sowing or for consumption. They can also be defined as units of reproduction of flowering plants that develops into other plants. Seeds come from ripe ovules of gymnosperm (naked seeds) and angiosperm (enclosed seeds) plants after fertilization while others come from the mother plant (Bewley and Black, 1994). Seeds are formed to complete the reproduction process and also to help in the spread of flowering plants. They also help in the spreading or dispersal of plants. When seeds are mature, they are sown while others ...

Identifying Nutritional Goals and Guidance for Healthful Menu Planning

The pivotal role of nutrition, health & safety in determining the “wellness” of children, calls for proactively planning a wholesomely balanced menu that can be offered to them daily, both at home and at school. This requires prior understanding of their special nutritional needs that are mostly age-specific, but also get impacted by factors like activity levels, genetic imprinting, existing ailments etc. However, in the process, the main goal of promoting wellness amongst them should remain undeterred throughout, and in fact, continue to drive such active healthful menu planning efforts. The entire exercise needs to be handled dexterously, making the eating ...

Introduction

Platelets comprise of a very important component in the blood. They prevent blood loss in the body. This is enhanced by formation of an entangled mesh made of fibrinogen which is activated by calcium ions and the von Willbrand factor. A complex physiology ensues within the first few minutes of exposure of the tissue underlying the epithelial tissue in the skin (Hoffman 2009, p.123). Platelets also play a very important role in ensuring the pathogenic organisms are prevented from entering the body through the exposed tissue on the skin. This paper comprise of various components which are intended to illustrate the ...

Introduction:

Chromosomes refer to a structure that consist genetic material and formed by DNA and protein. Chromosomes are coiled form of DNA that consist genes, nucleotides and regulatory components. Shape of chromosomes varies depending upon the species. In Prokaryotes, chromosomes are circular in shape and have one cell whereas in Eukaryotes, chromosomes are linear in shape. Bacteria’s falls in prokaryotes category hence have circular chromosomes. Virus is an agent responsible for causing deceases. Viral chromosomes consist of nucleic acid and protein. Nucleic acid could be either DNA or RNA; both do not exist together in viral chromosomes. Viral chromosomes can ...

Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease

Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease (CJD) is one of the rarest and fatal neurological conditions that affect both man and animals. It is the most common of human prion diseases. This viral disease as caused by components that are yet to be fully identified. It is majorly believed to be caused by an infectious prion protein. Prion proteins are found in the cells of the human body in normal conditions. In this normal form, prion protein has no harm to human health. However, during coding mutation, prion protein undergoes some changes and become infectious. This infectious form of prion protein ...

New peptide based soft drink

Casein is a family of proteins found in mammalian milk and is generally classified into four types, αS1, αS2, β, κ. The amino acid sequence that makes up for it, largely contain groups of different peptides that are inactive. However, research in the area of finding bioactive peptides in Casein in the last decade has given numerous results. Several βcasein peptides, for instance, are now used as ingredients in protein shakes, energy drinks and other processed foods for their qualities like slow digestion (giving a continuous supply of amino acids and thus nitrogen to the body) and reduction of hypertension, etc.

Assuming that ...

Background

Early scientists and nutritionists believed that the most vital nutrient in living organisms, for building and maintaining the body was the protein. The role of proteins as enzymes came into existence several years later. This was around 1926 when experiments showed that enzymes were proteins. Insulin was the first protein to be sequenced. Hemoglobin was the first structure of proteins to be resolved. Myoglobin was then resolved later.

X-ray diffraction analysis (X-ray crystallography) led to the determination of the structure of the proteins (three-dimensional structure). The purification of proteins can be made possible from cellular compounds. Several methods have ...

As athletes, physicians, sports professionals, and the general public continue to search for the most effective diet for nutrition and physical development, high protein diets have emerged as a viable alternative for many people. However, there are disagreements about how to define a “high protein diet” (Tipton). Touted for many years, the Atkins Diet initially allows no calories from carbohydrates and moves into a maintenance regimen of only meat and vegetables (Westman, Phinney and Volek). The Paleo Diet has emerged as a similar recommendation of organ meats, fruits, vegetables, and nuts while excluding grains, sugar, dairy, and legumes (Tarantino, ...

I. Introduction
Advances in recombinant DNA technology and bioinformatics-based data analysis have driven the explosion of structural biology in the last two decades (Kelly, Jess, and Price 119). This has resulted to the identification of at least 2000 proteins annually and a growing need in performing structural studies in these new proteins. The current trend involves the concern of analyzing protein structures close to its natural conditions (and other conditions) and of measuring their rates of structural changes, an essential factor in their biological functions. The technique of circular dichroism (CD) has gained an increasing popularity in addressing these ...

Likened to oxygen, the human body requires a balanced diet in order to purpose appropriately. A balanced diet, therefore, is comprised of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and vitamins. However, it is worth noting that proteins remain the most essential food nutrient in the human body explaining why it constitutes 75 percent of the body excluding water. The roles of proteins are diverse and they handle the normal healthy living conditions. It is from that rationale that this paper will be endeavoring at elucidating and giving further details on the components of protein in bodybuilding. Equally, the paper will elaborate the various ...

Food is a necessity of a man. Currently exists the understanding that the food provides a considerable influence on a person. It gives energy, strengths development, and health. You can be sure that human health is 70% dependent on the food. Food is the main source of most diseases, however, with its help it is possible to get rid of long-term illnesses. Elevated levels of blood cholesterol, obesity, tooth decay, diabetes, impaired fat metabolism, hypertension, constipation, increased uric acid in the blood or gout - this is an incomplete list of so-called "diseases of civilization" that were caused by ...

Growth performance of Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Lampam) fry feeding different protein content diets

Introduction
Lampam or Tinfoil Barb (Barbonymus schwanenfeldii) is categorized under the family of Cyprinidae that is an important freshwater fish mostly found in tropical and sub-tropical areas including Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra. It is found in rivers and lakes with a pH ranging from 6.5 and 7.0 and the temperature ranging from 20.4 to 33.7ºC. The average weight of Lampam is 200 - 600 g and its size range between 10 and 25 cm. It is estimated that if a specific diet is provided Lampam may reach a size of 30 centimeters and its weight may exceed ...

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Immunogenic cell death: the role of SAGE

Introduction

Millions of cells are always being removed in the human body not only to regulate and coordinate the body’s biochemical pathways but also to keep the cells healthy. This particular systematic removal of cells occurs through a selective mechanism called cell death or apoptosis process. Apoptosis is not a new concept in the understanding of the biological workings of the body. This homeostatic death of body cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many [1]. However, new discoveries have unearthed the existence of a different concept ...

Introduction

The treatment for multitudes of diseases and disorders resulting from genetic reasons have been ambiguous since long as the only cure could be the correction of genes and DNA in the specific region. Gene therapy gave a promising horizon to the correction of such genetic defects whereby molecular tools are applied to reverse the mutation or any other changes in the DNA. The advancing biomedical research have offered several tools for gene therapy since last few decades that have been able to perform the desired roles but with one or the other limitations. Lately, CRISPR-Cas9 based tools for gene ...

The effects of proper nutrition on athletic performance are impossible to overemphasis. Diet is important for all people; but for athletes it becomes even more important as it is a part of their job to perform on the field. Turning into a tip top competitor obliges great qualities, great preparing and moulding and a sensible eating regimen. Ideal nourishment is crucial for crest execution. Nourishing falsehood can do as much mischief to the aspiring competitor as great sustenance can offer assistance
Nourishment and athletic execution: Nourishment can help improve athletic execution. A dynamic way of life and activity schedule, alongside eating ...

Transcriptional regulation of gene expression

Gene expression in eukaryotic cells is regulated at transcriptional, post transcriptional and translational levels (Tomizawa,  Lekstrom-Himes, and Xanthopoulos 17). Transcriptional control is the primary means of regulating gene expression. Eukaryotic transcriptional control functions at three levels: modulation of the activities of activators and repressors; variations in chromatin structure; and effect of activators and repressors on assembly of initiation complexes (Lodish et al. 368).
Regulation of transcription initiation is the most widespread form of gene control in eukaryotes. However, in some cases, transcription may be attenuated and regulated at subsequent steps, such as during or after the transcription process (Cooper ...

ABSTRACT

Muscular dystrophy disorders are hereditary neuromuscular disorders in which the skeletal muscles deteriorate progressively due to loss of the functional protein dystrophin encoded by the DMD gene. There are many types of muscular dystrophy and they are classified based on the genetic mechanisms involved. Muscular dystrophy symptoms are usually caused by mutations in the link between cytoskeletal and basal lamina proteins since dystrophin is a sarcolemmal membrane protein (Meregalli M, 2013). Loss of ambulation is also an important clinical milestone in the clinical diagnosis of muscular dystrophy. Respiratory muscles, particularly the intercostal and diaphragm muscles are also affected by muscular ...

Introduction

The Ebola virus has existed for centuries. Like all life forms and viruses, it has been changing and adapting since the beginning of time to survive. Despite this the disease did not make itself known until the twentieth century. However, once the virus revealed itself only three major outbreaks have occurred. There were two in 1976 and one which took started in 2014 (CDC, 2015). The latest outbreak has been the longest and worst, effecting numerous countries such as, Mali, Nigeria, Liberia and Senegal in West Africa (CDC, 2015). This paper will look at the scientific aspects of the ...

Enjoying food is an important constituent of the good life. The possibility to enjoy various dishes makes people feel satisfied. However, sometimes, people are deprived of pleasure from food because of allergies.
Usually, immune system is a functioning in a befitting way, complicated mechanism. This amazing nature miracle is able to protect the body from numerous invaders. Immune system identifies infected cells as well as cells, which is going to be tumors. However, it is not works that good. Allergies are the effects of immune system’s mistaken functioning.
Food allergy - a state of organism, characterized by hypersensitivity ...

1.0 Introduction
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition caused by trisomy 21 (the presence of three copies of chromosome 21 rather than two). Although the actual cause of Down syndrome remains unknown, several risk factors increase the chances of a baby being born with the disorders. The primary risk factor, is the maternal, with about 80% of the cases of Down syndrome occurring in babies born by women above the age of 35. Other risk factors are genetic predisposition (indicated by siblings, another baby or parent with Down syndrome), immunologic problems, hormonal abnormalities, viral infection or x-rays. The risk ...

1.0 Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neural degenerative condition involving the progressive degeneration of the myelin sheath (the protecting cover to the nerve fibres (axons)) around the nerve cell leading to a break down in transmission of nerve impulses. The impairment of the transmission results in loss of the body’s ability to control and coordinate muscle movement. The disease progresses through a complex and diverse symptoms making it challenging to diagnose, treat and manage. The symptoms of MS may range from gentle to severe weakness, impaired body movement, lack of ordered senses, uncontrolled bowel and bladder, damaged cognition, impaired vision and a variety ...

Abstract

This paper discusses how exercise stimulates the release of growth hormone. Older people tend to have lower levels of the hormone. As a result, mechanisms have been formulated to help deal with the deficiency which includes inducing the growth hormone into the individual’s body. This, therefore, leads to the discussion of the exact mechanism through which the growth hormone facilitates exercise, maintains growth and repair of worn out muscles or even reverses the aging process among the aged. Also, the functions of IGF-I binding proteins during exercise and its importance in aiding the release of the GH is ...

Abstract

Growth hormone is one of the many hormones released in the human body. This paper discusses the relationship between the growth hormone and exercise. The exact mechanism through which the growth hormone facilitates exercise is discussed in the paper. It is noted that the growth hormone is released rapidly in young children and teenagers but the production slows down with age. Other factors such as gender, adipose and diet also play a huge role in regulating the release of the growth hormone. For that reason, it is recommended that the aged people should exercise more frequently to induce the ...

Body Building & Supplements

Fitness for the well-being of mind and body are a choice by many individuals, be it old or young. Body building is the shaping up of the body particularly enhancing muscular mass and growth. There are ample reasons varying from individual to individual for following a body building regime. Some do it for cosmetic purposes and others for being fit. Body building is achieved through exercising using weights, appropriate diet schedules and optimum rests. Bodybuilding is portrayed as contests as well in many parts of the world.

Muscles are the main targets for body building and to discuss the ...

Immunogenic Cell Death: The Role of RAGE

Introduction
Millions of cells are always being removed in the human bodyin order to regulate biological pathways and keep cells healthy through a particular mechanism called cell death or apoptosis. Through apoptosis, such homeostatic death of cells has been defined as a tolerogenic or a non-immunogenic event for many years [1]. However, during the past few years, scientists have discovered the occurrence of a different concept of cell death – immunogenic cell death (ICD), where the death of a cell stimulates a response from the immune system against antigens of a dead cell, and this mechanism of cell death may ...

In generic sense of the term, a "genetically modified organism" is a living organism whose genome has been altered artificially. This understanding includes all the possible ways of modifying the genetic information, from crosses method for genetic engineering tools. From a legislative point of view, a large number of countries and organizations use a more restrictive definition in reference to that specified in the Cartagena Protocol, which means "living modified organism" "any organization living with a novel combination of genetic material. " However, this definition is not universally recognized. Some countries, including the United States, do not make this use ...

Introduction

Is the fish population close to extinction? This could be addressed by taking a look at the present trend in the marine and aquatic population. The marine and aquatic habitat house more population and species than the terrestrial. The researches have proved, and made it obvious by the fact that water bodies take up 70 percent of the earth surface. Fishes are the most common species in the aquatic and marine habitat. There are various types of fishes, and each species is important in the food chain. In fact, the depletion of one species can create incredible consequence and effect ...

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is the metabolic diseases that result from an increased level of blood sugar. It is divided into three main categories, Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, and the gestational diabetes. The treatment aims at effectively controlling the level of glucose, as well as lipid content in blood. The treatment may be in the form of a drug, pancreas replacement, herbal drug or dietary therapy. The most effective way of managing diabetes is through dietary therapy, as well as lifestyle management. The use of dietary therapy in the management of diabetes is a safe and a very effective means of improving ...

Introduction

Scientists have discovered a way of turning off genes so as to provide room for studying how cells work and other aspects of the cells. The discovery has been deemed to be a major success towards a news technology in studying the biochemical pathways and interactions that occur in cells hence facilitating normal development as well as disease progression. Norris (Para. 1) points out that, scientists at UC San Francisco have made this major breakthrough of turning off genes in cells. They indicate that the ability to turn off genes will pave way to increase in research and making of discoveries in ...

Part 1
Height, Weight and BMI

I am an adult aged 29 years. My body weight 145 pounds and a height of 5’10 feet. My Body Mass Index is 20.8, which fall within the normal range for adults with my height. For my height, a healthy body weight should be between 129 to 174 pounds. A BMI below 18.5 indicates that an individual is underweight (Ferrera, 2006). This usually happens when one burns off more calories than they are consuming. A normal BMI should range between 18.5 and 24.9. These persons have a balance between the calories they take and ...

DNA and cancer treatment

Wade, N. (2010). Speed-reading of DNA may help cancer treatment. Retrieved on June 7, 2011, from
The Johns Hopkins University has initiated a method of investigating the progress of a patient’s cancer treatment by means of modern technology for rapid succession, or decoding, huge quantities of DNA. The author in this article states clearly that individuals have a unit account of the DNA within their mitochondria, which are the several energy stores inside each cell. It states that apart form the mutations or modifications, in DNA present in cancer patients, even health individuals are known to have differences in ...

Introduction

Wen highly trained, motivated and talented athletes meet for competition there is a very small margin of defeat and victory. When everything else is on a level platform, nutrition becomes the determinant between losing and winning. Many athletes ignore key dietary issues and only focus on supplementing their diet with vitamins, minerals and proteins. Any professional athlete knows the value of nutritional support when it comes to performance(Perez-Schindler, Hamilton, Moore, Baar, & Philp, 2015). There is a lot that is involved including energy requirements, body mass, the type of foods, the sport involved and much more. All these factors ...

Abstract

Bones are formed through a process known as osteogenesis from three different lineages. This process takes place through two different methods, which are intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. A large increment in bone mass takes place in childhood, as well as puberty, through the formation of endochondral bone. At this point, growth hormones are known to play a role. This paper will focus on the process of cartilage and bone formation and the stimulation of bone formation by the growth hormone. There are a number of factors that regulate the formation of bone, while growth hormone affects a number of factors related to ...

Embryonic stem cell is a crucial factor in the developmental process of a multicellular organism. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived at early stages during development and eventually give rise to all type of tissues and organs in an animal. The ES cell lines have three properties consisting of self-renewal, primary chimera formation and pluripotency [1]. Pluripotency, a key feature of ESCs, refers to the capacity of a cell to differentiate into several different types of tissues [2]. An array of cellular factors play important role in maintaining pluripotency and determining cell fate in the developmental pathway. Negative effects on these factors may ...

1.0 Effect of FVIII mutation on private and public research
The government and the private sector have been extensively involved in the funding and executing research on HA in a bid to unravel the mystery of the disease and particularly to identify effective preventive and treatment of HA. One of the widely known organizations that carry out research on hemophilia is the world federation of hemophilia (WFH) that does epidemiological surveys and monitors the reporting of HA around the world with a broad aim of establishing systems and resources to provide treatment to HA patients. This organization aims at evaluating ...

LIVER DISEASE

Pathophysiology of the Disease
Liver disease is a major concern all over the world. The initial stages are referred to as hepatic fibrosis. In case of severe and critical advancement, the stage is called cirrhosis. In this stage the disease is not reversible; the fibrous is scarred and the hepatic structure is characterized with interconnecting bands (Regenstein & Dickerson, 2006). Normal working of the liver is hindered by the resulting insufficient blood flow and continuous destruction of hepatocytes (Sorrell, Maddrey & Schiff, 2011).
The etiological factors which lead to cirrhosis include Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and abuse of ...

Telomerase also known as telomere terminal transferase is a type enzyme in all vertebrates that extends Die ribonucleic acid sequence by repeating TTAGGG to the Die ribonucleic acid terminal strands in the region known as the telomere. It is found in adult germ cells, fetal tissues, and tumor cells. Telomere is the region of repeated nucleotide, which is made up of non-coding Die ribonucleic acid material. The region prevents loss of vital Die ribonucleic acid from chromosome terminals. This results to only a hundred to two hundred nucleotides being lost each interval the chromosome is duplicates, thus no damage is caused ...

Abstract

Hemophilia is a genetic condition that is traceable in generations. The disease is usually linked to the excessive bleeding of the patient at a point where the blood vessel is damaged. A lot of research on the disease has been carried out trying to define the origin of the disease and offer extensive support to the solution of the condition. Over time, the disease has attracted extensive attention as the cases of the disease increase. It has not been easy to control the disease since the condition has been overwhelmingly disturbing to the patients as well as the family ...

Cystic fibrosis is a chronic, progressive and often deadly genetic disease that affects the body’s mucous glands. It follows that cystic fibrosis (CF) is evident in the body’s digestive and respiratory systems, particularly in children and young adults (Flume et al., 2007). In some cases, it affects the reproductive system and the sweat glands. A CF-like disease has been known over the past two centuries, but it was in 1938 that the term cystic fibrosis was first used.
CF may also be considered to be an autosomal-recessive disease. Its estimated heterozygote occurrence is one for every twenty ...