Genetics Reports Samples For Students

IntroductionFood consumption is one of the major requirements for humans; people eat to live with at least majority of people been blessed with a meal each day, whereas others may afford three or more. People are independent of culture and customs, eating remains a key facet in different celebrations all over the world among and within friends and families. Moreover, people wish to have a nutritious and healthy meal but the problem is “The safety of the food people consume.”The improvement of livestock and plants for the production of food and the use of diverse conservation skills have been in application ...

TA
ABSTRACT – Genetic engineering now has straight forward ecofriendly strategies to produce transformation in plasmids. The transformation process allows engineers to introduce DNa with specific desired capabilities into a host plasmid. In this way plants can be created that are able to resist a particular enemy or stressor without having to use toxics like herbicides and insecticides. The bacteria E. Coli was used to determine whether it can be made resistant to ampicillin or not. AmpR was integrated into the host cells and the tracer, GFP was used to identify expressed cells. The laboratory demonstrated that transformation by plasmids so ...

Abstract

The objective of the current experiment is to describe how plants function and pass on the traits. Dark is dominant to wrinkled and Green is dominant to pale green. A statistical approach is used for goodness of fit between observed data and data that are predicted from a hypothesis. Null Hypothesis: The results of the experiment are in agreement with the Mendel’s Laws. Dark is dominant to wrinkled and Green is dominant to pale green. The chi square values that are greater than 3.841 are expected to occur less than 5 percent of the time due to random sampling ...

Screening is a vital medical exercise. It helps in identifying victims at higher risks at early stages of the disease making it possible to develop medical intervention measures that can reduce the risk of illness and death. Notwithstanding the fact that screening helps in identifying the level of risks, there are certain implications that make it undesirable. There are medical conditions in which screening is an inevitable exercise. For instance, blood pressure is a non-controversial screening program. Nevertheless, genetic screening for prostate or breast cancer, mandatory HIV screening, or obesity screening are some of the most controversial screening programs. This paper ...

Lab report

Introduction.
The Mendelian genetic effort, revolve around the inheritance of biological characteristics that trail the proposed Mendelian laws brought forward by Gregor Mendel (He & University of Chicago, 46). These regulations advocate for independent assortment, trait dominance in alleles, and the segregative capability of alleles. Thus the hypothetical endeavor of this report is to ascertain the identity of the first filial generation -F1, based on the phenotypic quotients of the second filial-F2 cohorts
Fruit fly drosophila is considered ideal in genetic experiments, because they share the majority of their genes that cause diseases with humans up to 75 ...

Introduction

Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness with strong and consistently reported causal linkages with cigarette smoking. Econometric analyses have demonstrated sufficient rationale in promoting smoking cessation as an effective strategy for primary prevention of AMD (Hurley et al, 2008). Japan shares many of the contemporary health issues with the developed countries including its demographic profile (long life expectancy, aging population) and disease burden (lifestyle related disorders). The prevalence of AMD in Japanese population has been found comparable to that in White population (Nakata et al, 2013).This provides sufficient basis for replication of evidence-based strategies ...

Genetics has contributed greatly to the evolutionary changes within both plant and animal kingdom. It has been characterized with several systems that helps achieve greater evolutionary changes. Segregation distortion is one of those systems, helping to create powerful evolutionary forces which forms the basis of genetics and inheritance within the living organisms. The mechanism of the segregation distortion simply acts of the law of segregation which states that allele pairs either separate or segregate during the formation of gamete or uniting randomly during fertilization.
The segregation of sorghum is a form of evolutionary forces that is now used to ...

Mutation in tomatoes

Mutations are alternations in the genetic codes that lead to the difference in the traits arising. They can either be gained or lost. The main concern is on the plant mutations specifically the Tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculent), and Cr (Colorless) none is ripening, commonly known as the ripening mutation. The hypothesis is that the wild type version has varying characteristic different from the mutant plant.
The Lycopersicon esculent and Cr are the mutant and wild type version respectively. The non-ripening is physically characterized by yellow skin, skin softening and no pigmented pericarp. While the ripening type has the ...

Introduction

Mutation induces the formation mRNA strands that are formed later that they are converted into a native protein. Mutational causes the peptide formed develop a structure similar to a protein. Antimicrobial peptide formed after mutation depends on the chemical property. Mutation causes bacteria to increase in the peptide leading to low hemolytic function. Bacteria lead to anoplin to causing the shape of peptide to form a protein like shape that is spectroscopy.
Mutation causes the chain of the peptide to form a protein structure that later forms a tertiary that is the antigen molecule responsible for forming the body immune system. The chains amino ...

- Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure are some of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity with Australia being one of the country’s most greatly affected (McLean, Esclick & Coats, 2006). An area of interest in the pathology of heart failure is the significance that polymorphisms of adrenergic receptor genes have on the outcomes of patients with heart failure. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs that occur in the genes that encode for adrenergic receptors are known to have various physiological and functional consequences. Specifically, the β1-adrenergic receptors have a crucial role in the regulation of heart rate and ...

Analysis of Culture Cell KU812F with Three Protocols

Abstract
Protein analysis for cancer cell research has been found to be extremely reliable. The culture cell KU812F (chronicle myeloid leukemia cell line) was used for this laboratory. Globin gene switching was observed by evaluating the gene expression in the cells. Gene expression and protein folding were provoked. Gene expression is the process of transcribing DNA to cDNA and then used qPCR to study gene expression. cDNA was translated into mRNA which in turn is translated into a protein. mRNA concentration was analyzed. The three protocols were Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Enzyme-Linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA), and ...

Phylogenetic family tree is characterized by the lineage through which the present man originated from. The origin of the humans emanated from a single common ancestor through a transition process that culminated into the present man. The tree starts with a common ancestor then branches of to different species as time passed by. The phylogenetic family tree takes the form of evolution where there is a common shared ancestor. The report explores the sequence of events that led to the existence of the modern man (Futuyma 84).
The human evolution forms the basis of origination of all human beings on earth. The ...

Introduction

Gene expression is the process through which the information that has been encorded in the gene is firstly converted into messenger RNA and then finally to a protein. The study of gene expression is critical especially to the biological student and more so to one who would like to study biology related course like microbiology in future. Therefore, it is important to note that we study gene expression in order to determine how the genes and the proteins which they encode functions in the intact organism. Zhang (2006),
Another reason why we study gene expression is in order to ...

ABSTRACT:

A plasmid DNA is an extra-small circular structure commonly found in bacteria which is capable of replicating by itself in the cell. These are used in genetic engineering as vehicles to carry and make copies of a particular gene which can produce desirable effect. In this report, we discuss the isolation and purification of DNA fromEGFP-LC3 plasmidusing a modified alkaline lysis method and QIAprep spin columns. The concentration of the isolated EGFP-LC3 plasmid DNA was found to be 82.868µg/ml. The ratio of ODs taken at A260nm/A280nm was found to be 5.314 which could be because improper washing step which has ...

According to a report by published in the Polygenetic online journal on September 13, 2012, five genetic loci are responsible for the determination of facial morphology in humans. Since variations in facial features are the most prominent phenotypic variation in humans that are under genetic control, Liu F, van der Lijn F, Schurmann C, Zhu G, Chakra arty MM, et al carried out a genome association study for varied facial phenotypes in a population of ten thousand individual of European ancestry (2012).
The classification of the facial phenotypes was done using data obtained using three dimensional magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging and ...

Lab partners

The transformation of bacterial cells using Puc18 plasmid as a vector
Abstract
In molecular cloning experiments, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism and then broken into smaller fragments through digestion with restriction enzymes. The fragments of restriction enzyme digestion are then ligated /combined with some vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. These recombinant DNA molecules are then introduced into a host organism. When the host organism replicates, the recombinant molecule is replicated together with it. With time, large populations of transformed cells or clones are generated expressing the genotype and phenotype of the inserted ...

Manifestations and Outcomes Type 2 Diabetes: Gene-Environment Interactions,
Manifestations and Outcomes

Type 2 diabetes is a polygenic form of diabetes, so various environmental and genetic factors have been linked to its onset, further complications, and clinical outcomes. Scientific research estimates that the heritability of type 2 diabetes is 40 percent if one parent has type 2 diabetes and 70 percent if both parents have type 2 diabetes (as cited in Lin & Sun, 2010). The exact modes of inheritance in type 2 diabetes are currently unknown. Research shows that several ethnic groups have high prevalence of diabetes developed through ...

1.0 Introduction
Breast cancer is a type of disease where certain breast cells develop abnormally mostly in the milk ducts and lobules leading to formation of tumors. The exact cause of breast cancer is a topic that has flavored many debates and researches but still remains unknown. However a plethora of research has established that certain risk factors have a direct linkage with breast cancer. Breast cancer related risk factors are wide and varied and may include lifestyle choices like smoking/ diet or factors that are beyond the control of a person like gender, age or family history. It is however worth noting ...

The article by Ananda on the genetically modified organisms tries to show the adverse effects the genetically modified foods have on the human organs. In this case it is the genetically modified corns that were approved in several countries for sustenance during food shortage periods. He tries to show how studies have been carried by several departments and the concerned departments have proved that they are harmful. They adversely affect the most essential organs of the body like the kidney, heart and the adrenal spleen and many others.

After a keen study of this article and what it tries to ...

Objective 2

Introduction 2
General background 3
Resistance mutants 4
Hemoglobin mutants 4
Sickle Cell Anemia and Genetics: Background Information 5
Connection of Sickle cell with Malaria 6
Method: 7
Introduction of Recombinant DNA technology in diagnosing disease: 8
Discussion (implementation of recombinant DNA technology to solve the issue) 9
Conclusions 10

References 11

Objective
This report targets to study a group of people that has developed resistance to malaria. It will focus on the use of recombinant DNA technology to study this cohort and gain insights into the nature of this observation. This ...

Abstract

Transformation remains, and hugely significant tool in extending the borders of life sciences and medicine. It can be referred as fixing intracellular DNA into a bacteria or organism through the vector, thus transforming it. This paper uses plasmid pUC18, self-reproducing circular/spherical strands of genes that may be modified. After the bacteria absorb the vector, some proteins not usually synthesized will occur. In this study, a system has been developed to monitor the transmittance of different DNA (genes) from a genetically transformed strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to E. coli. This mechanism is centered on yeast strains that contain several integrated ...

Keywords : Gene therapy, Sickle Cell Anemia, Stem cells, lentivirus, β-globin

Project type: GBE-492 Genetic Engineering Project
I. INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND and AIM
Sickle cell anemia is a devastating genetic disease which causes premature death. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused due to single amino acid change (glutamine to valine at position 6) in β chain of hemoglobin molecule, which causes the hemoglobin molecules to aggregate. These aggregated hemoglobin molecules make the red blood cells (RBCs) stiff and deformed (sickle shaped). These deformed cells block the normal blood flow. Although this disease is well-characterized, but no long-term treatment 1 is still available for this disease.
The discovery of the sickle ...

Abstract

This paper is about the investigation of Parkinson’s disease, and in particular is involved with the examination of its symptoms, stages, causes, prevalence, diagnosis and treatment, and social impacts. Finally, the paper analyzes and evaluates two ongoing on Parkinson’s disease researches, which are also examined in respect to their impact on Parkinson’s disease patients.
Key words: Parkinson disease, Parkinson disease causes and impacts, Parkinson disease symptoms and prevalence, Parkinson disease diagnosis, and Parkinson disease ongoing research.

Idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressively evolving disease with main manifestations resting tremor, muscle stiffness, slow movement and loss ...

Panther I.D.:

“The expression of ampicillin resistance and luciferase enzyme genes by E. coli transformation using the pUC18 and lux plasmids”
Abstract
The transformation process allows the uptake of DNA from the environment, with the incorporation and expression of genes. During this process, changes in the DNA of the receptor cell occur, producing some selective advantages in some cases, such as resistance to antibiotics. pUC18 and lux plasmids were used to determine the transformation process in Escherichia coli. Cells were made competent by the addition of calcium chloride and heat shock in order to induce the incorporation of the ...

B. OBJECTIVE

C. METHODOLOGY
Over a period of time of four week study three generations of flies starting with a parental (P) generation that has already separate the flies in each generation of each cross into males and females and separate the flies according to their mutations. Based on the observed numbers of each phenotype in each generation of each cross hypothesize the parental cross and use the chi-square (x2) test and if there is little difference between the observed results and the expected results, the chi-square will have a low value, thus, the hypothesis will be supported in this case.
...

1. Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a model organism to study human genetics because: it shares 75% homology with human diseases causing genes. Developmental genes are highly conserved in humans and Drosophila. Certain mutations can affect the same tissue in both the fly and human. Example of homologous genes includes: Hox gene, PAX 6, SALL1, TWIST 1, NKX2-5. Drosophila offers several other advantages that makes it an ideal organism for genetic diseases. The fly is easy to maintain and manipulate. It produces a large number of offspring’s and has a short generation interval that is very favorable ...

*Corresponding author. email:

Abstract

Polymerase Chain Reaction is a useful technique for the detection of genes done through the amplification of specific sites. Alu elements are a polymorphic group of elements found in the primate genome amplified by retroposition. The Alu element help in the polymorphism of the populations. The aim of this study was to use the PCR technique to detect the Alu insertion TPA-25 in cells from student population and its relation with genotype frequency, allelic and ability to establish the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Samples were taken from 81 students. Cells were obtained by mouthwash and Polymerase Chain reaction ...

Nursing:

Purpose
The aim of the lab was to investigate what happens when a natural physical barrier suddenly splits a species within a given population.

Introduction

A species is a group of organisms within a population that can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile and viable offspring (The University of Miami, n.d.). In this context, a species exhibits reproductive isolation, in which physical and behavioral traits allow them to reproduce only with organisms that possess similar traits (Howard & Berlocher, 1998). Speciation describes how new sets of species are created and occurs when a group of organisms within a species separates ...

Introduction

Avian influenza also is known as bird flu and results from viruses acclimatized to some birds. People may be infected with avian influenza when they get into contact with the infected birds or infected fluids from the birds (Capua and Dennis 10). In this report, the discussion is about the evolution of avian influenza, characteristics of the virus, epidemiology of the virus, as well as the mode of transmission. Moreover, the paper talks about the gene expression of the virus, infection of the human by the virus, evolution of avian influenza's vaccines, and criticisms surrounding evolution of the virus.

Overall features of the avian flu virus

...

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Introduction

Fruits flies or Drosophila melanogaster nourish on the fungi and bacteria present on rotting fruit. They have a unique capability of tracking food via remote chemoreception while flying and landing. Once they sense the smell of the food, they continue to hunt for it on the ground. This behavior is termed as foraging, and it is dependent on the process of chemoreception (Bateman, 1972). Flies possess chemoreceptors in the front pair of legs to sense such unique sensations, which facilitate them to discover or taste the substance ...

*Corresponding author. email:

Abstract

Alu elements are a group of mobile elements amplified in primate genome through retroposition. One of the Alu elements is the TPA-25. This element presents a high degree of dimorphism within human population, showing different alleles frequencies in different human group. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique allow the amplification of part of the nucleic acid, including DNA being detecting by agarose gel. The objective of this study was to compare the genotypes of several individuals by using the Alu insertion detected by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Cell samples from 82 students were taken. Samples proceed from ...

This report has been written to analyze adolescents’ health issues in Australia. It analyses the contributing factors to adolescents’ obesity issue and its impact on the family and recommendations for the nursing practice. This report targets the parents of these adolescents and the entire families to help them in dealing with such occurrences and avoiding them. It also aims at giving additional information to the nursing fraternity so that they are ready to deal with such cases and be able to provide the best health care and advice to those affected. Obesity however, not directly being a threat to life ...

Malaria is a tropical disease that has claimed many lives over the numerous centuries gone by (reference). It usually caused by the genus Plasmodium. The vector for this parasite is a female Anopheles mosquito which transmits the pathogen through bite (reference). One of the major challenges in disease vectors is insecticide resistance. Vector-borne diseases are usually a burden in developing countries because it is not easy to reduce/control disease. In many parts of Africa, Anopheles gambiae has developed resistance towards pyrethroid insecticides which is used to control the malaria vector (Kumar, Dudley, 2007). It is feared that there are high chances of ...

Introduction

The report focuses on the future development of agriculture in India. The lack of education, disproportionate workforce in agriculture and other non-farming industries, low productive and virtually no development strategy significantly affect and hinder general development. The problem of food produce is among the most burning due to the forecast that world population will increase to almost 10 billion people by 2060. The amount of food present today will be unable to satisfy the needs of everyone on this planet. Therefore food production must increase by 70%. In order to achieve this goal the only viable solution is seen ...

Abstract

The central dogma of biology is performed within this study. A vector of T7 RNA Polymerase gene was inserted into E.Coli where it could be transcribed into RNA and subsequently translated into protein. The protein was extracted and purified. A successful clone was produced by inserting the vector into the expressing cell line and it was observed after achieved an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.84. A collected 20.87 ug of double stranded RNA was found. Additionally, a linear DNA template OD260: 0.04 µg/ml was transcribed. After expressing it was found that a total protein concentration of ...

Introduction

Pain is an essential part of the body’s defense system which is perceived as an unpleasant feeling. Pain produces a quick warning to the central nervous system to start motor response as a minimization of harm. Lack of pain perception is dangerous can cause grave problems such as Auto-amputation, corneal scarring or self-mutilation. Researchers in the medical profession have distinguished between pain and what is known as nociception. Nociception occurs when signals get to the central nervous system as a result of the activation of nociceptors (Svokos & Goldstein, 2009). Nociceptors are special sensory receptors which relay information regarding tissue damage. Pain ...

Molecular Diagnostics

Genomic Evaluation of Risk of Atrial Fibrillation
and Alzheimer’s Disease

Session You Attended

Abstract
The aim to of this series of experiments is to examine a patient’s DNA for association to atrial fibrillation (AF) and Alzheimer’s disease. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2200733, associated with an increased chance of development of atrial fibrillation. Two SNPs: rs439358 and the rs7412, located within exon4 of the human apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Isolation of the DNA from patient white blood cells, followed by PCR-RFLP and cycle sequencing are among the techniques ...

Abstract

The population of any species should be preserved using any means necessary. There are genetic preservation and natural preservation. The genetic preservation strategy takes a shorter time than the natural strategy. A hypothesis was developed to establish the possible breeding options that were available. Also, lab tests were conducted on the same breeding topic. The kind of breeding strategy that was used is crucial to the development and sustenance of the population. There exists planned breeding strategy and planned breeding strategy. However, the random breeding strategy is prone to inbreeding. This refers to the breeding of species that are ...

Antepartum testing seeks to prevent fetal death, especially in high-risk mothers. Thorp and O’Neill (2013) stated that the evaluation identifies risks for an intrauterine injury that may lead to death with the aim of offering timely interventions. Apart from this primary role, could the assessment be of benefit in human genetic engineering?
Although some scientist opines that genetic engineering in humans has positive effects on humanity, there are many adverse effects. For instance, human genetics tend to mutate over time. As a result, the choice of the “perfect baby” may not be a viable idea on the long-term ...

Abstract:

Hypertension is a condition of the arteries dilating out of experiencing high pressure during the pumping of blood by the heart. It is also known as high blood pressure condition. Hypertension leads to the occurrence of other diseases in the body such heart failure, kidney diseases and stroke. These diseases are ranked among the top killers in the United States and the rest of the world. For this reason, a study was conducted with the intention of finding ways to prevent hypertension among the Glasgow Caledonian University students. The research showed the knowledge of the respondents for the causes of hypertension, ...

Introduction

The most widely used model when investigating the breast cancer is T47D cell lines. These cell lines are easily spread, easily manipulated genetically and when used in the experiment, it provides good results. They have been used to examine new therapies and the and the breast cancer pathobiology1.
Over many years HER2 has 25% - 30% of human breast cancers have been caused by gene amplification. The monoclonal HER2 and the EGFR are the two HER2-targeted therapies that are used for approval in the most clinics. During growth, HER2 is used to regulate the cell growth and assist ...

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by distortion of reality, disturbances of thought and language, and withdrawal from social contact. It can also result in cognitive disturbances. Cerebellar dysfunction, movement problems, and postural control are also among important problems of schizophrenia. Various factors are involved in the development of schizophrenia. In these factors, hereditary characteristics, environment, and brain structure and function are found to have an important role. Medical imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help in studying the disease. This paper deals with some important aspects of ...

Microbiology laboratory report

Abstract
Bacteriophages are intracellular parasitic viruses that infect bacteria to carry out their multiplication. During the lytic infection cycles, phages lyse the host cells forming a clear zone called plaque on the agar media. The experiment is aimed to measure the number of plaques created when the virus T4 infects the host bacteria and their genetic material integrates into the genetic material of the host cell. This happens because the E.coli becomes resistant to T4 bacteriophage. The T4 phage was diluted in a test tube and then E.coli bacteria was added in the tubes. The mixture was poured with soft ...

This report is targeted to identify the issues and the problem which the organizations face from equal employment opportunity. Organizations have to face several challenges and they have to design techniques to overcome this problem. The aim of the equal employment opportunity act is to ensure that the organization is free from all sorts of discrimination and harassment related issues. The workplace must have rules and policies which are necessary to be followed. This law also empowers the physically disabled individuals who are less privileged than others but possess full potential to perform the task. The Equal Opportunity Act ...

U.S. American Health Issues, Health care system

Summary

"My Sister's Keeper" by Jodi Picoult is a novel about the family of Fitzgerald. At a tender age of two, Kate is diagnosed with leukemia and she urgently requires a donor in order to save her life. However, there are many attempts to find her a suitable donor, but all this is in vain. The novel is set in a span of two weeks where the author divides the scenes according to the day of the week. The story that happens within the two weeks gives a flashback from the points of views of the main characters in the ...

Introduction

During prehistoric times, human beings recognized that specific physical characteristics of animals, plants, and people could be passed from one generation to the next. This basic knowledge of genetics was of great importance in agriculture and also in the domestication of animals such as cattle and dogs. However, significant understanding of genetics, inheritance and variation came with the work of an Austrian monk- Gregor Mendel. In 1860, Mendel studied heritable traits of pea plants. He found out that these traits were passed form the parents to the offspring. His experiments with the garden pea plants led to the discovery ...

Judith Milien

Argosy University
Family Health Portrait
Essentially, a family health portrait facilitates recording of the family health history, which is a complete record of health information involving immediate members of a person’s family, such as the parents, brothers and sisters, children as well as uncles and aunts among other close relatives. Concerning health, close relatives share some of the factors that may give the lead to health professionals that include genes, shared environments and the ensuing lifestyle for the family. As such, family health history would enable the health professions to determine the genetic medical conditions that run in ...

Type 2 diabetes is increasingly becoming prevalent form of a disorder among children. This is largely driven by lifestyle factors that could lead to increased body weight, just like in the case of adults. Genetic and family factors, environmental factors like maternal gestational diabetes and intrauterine retardation in growth and lack of physical activities during adolescents and childhood have resulted in an increase, in the levels of insulin resistance that are considered crucial in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes among the young. Type 2 diabetes is linked to microvascular diseases with an indication of greater nephropathy risks as opposed ...

Psychology

Introduction
Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) is a famous scientist, his works have made ​​an important step in development of psychology. Piaget’s concept takes a significant place among the widespread psychological theories of learning and cognition. It highlights not only the wealth of experimental data and original ideas, but the latitude of theoretical system and its detailed elaboration.
According to Langer and Killen, Piaget concurred in the search for general laws of developmental processes and structures. Author claims that Piaget formulated one of the evolutionary new theories of the origin, development and transformation of mentation (Langer & Killen, 2010, ...

Definition

Neurodevelopmental disorders are defined as impairments of the development and growth of the central nervous system or the brain (Reynolds and Goldstein, 1999 p.3). Neurodevelopmental disorders affect the brain’s function that deals with memory, the learning ability and emotions, and they become more intense as the individual grows (Reynolds and Goldstein, 1999 p. 4-8). Autism is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder distinguished by a range of impairments, including problems with communication (verbal and non-verbal) and any social interaction as well as behavioral problems (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Individuals with autism find it difficult to process information, mainly due to changes in ...

Introduction

Today, one of the leading causes of mortality in the US is cardiovascular diseases (CVD). It is considered to be one of the serious illnesses; there are one out of four deaths every year from CVD in the US (Go, 2013). To understand the common factors that contribute to development of CVD, a study termed as the “Framingham Heart Study” was initiated way back in 1948 (FHS, 2013). At this time, there was very little knowledge on the general causes of heart disease, but there was a rising incidence of CVD in the US and it had almost become an epidemic. ...

Introduction

Bacillus Subtilis are the organisms that are aerobic, Gram Positive, spore-forming belonging to the Bacillus genus. The organisms are together with other species that are closely related play a crucial role in disease, food poisoning as well as food spoilage. Lack of methods that are standardized for the identification of the organisms whether coming from the food or environment has made the tests to be difficult. Use of morphological as well as physiological tests have offered the best ways to identify organisms in the laboratory although there are inconsistent and lack of reliance in these methods.
Identification of an ...

Introduction

The studied muscles on which this report is based make part of the skeletal muscles group; they are connected to the bones by “tough cords of tissue” (NIH 2012) which are called the tendons and, as they contract, they pull these same tendons and the bones attached, causing movement. These movements are of voluntary nature, one being capable of controlling them as one wish to. The action of these muscles can be described as being initiated on the body’s standard or anatomical position and used for specific movements that one requires for a given activity. Some of these actions ...

Background

Based from the interview and observation, the two most common diseases occurring in both sides of the family are: (1) diabetes, specifically NIDDM, and (2) heart disease, specifically atherosclerosis. These diseases are commonly known as lifestyle diseases mainly because of their non-curable characteristic.
It was found out that diabetes, in the family, might skip a generation because one of our grandparents had it, but none of their children or our parents was able to acquire diabetes. However, this is still only a theory and is not yet conclusive as we are yet to establish the prevalence among our (second) generation. ...

Introduction

Immunotherapy is a process through which diseases related to or rather affecting the immune system are treated by simply ensuring the capabilities of the immune system are improved.

Such is possible through various ways but the most common method of enhancing the immune system and ensuring its effective is through vaccination. This can also be made possible by eliminating or alternatively controlling some immune responses as evident when dealing with allergy issues. According to Edwin Smith Papyrus, treatment of most complex diseases was effected through surgery as it was considered the most effective method of treatment. This was mostly as ...

Psychology Summaries

Solomon, Caren G., Murray B. Stein, and Jitender Sareen. "Generalized Anxiety Disorder." The New England journal of medicine 373.21 (2015): 2059-68. ProQuest. 7 Apr. 2016 .Retrieved fromhttp://search.proquest.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/docview/1735349848?pq-origsite=summon
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a condition that creates excessive worry and concern in a debilitating manner for those afflicted with the condition. “According to representative epidemiologic surveys, the estimated prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder in the general population of the United States is 3.1% in the previous year and 5.7% over a patient’s lifetime; the prevalence is approximately twice as high among women as among men” (Solomon, Stein, and ...

Introduction

The discovery of restriction enzymes (REs), bacterial transformation, and agarose gel electrophoresis caused the sudden increase of popularity of molecular biology in the 1970s. Restriction enzymes allow the manipulation of specific sites of an organism’s genes and are commonly used in many laboratories worldwide. Restriction enzymes cut DNA in many different ways and can produce sticky ends and blunt ends (Weaver, 2012). The most abundant type of restriction enzymes is Type II, which require magnesium cations as cofactor (Pingoud et al., 2005). Aside from their popularity is recombinant DNA technology as a “cut and paste” tool, estriction enzymes can ...

Introduction to Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a severe mental ailment that affects about one percent of the population worldwide. It is a major mental disorder that inflicts an enormous burden on the victim causing poor quality of life (Jones PB, Barnes TRE, Davies L, et al, 2006). It increases morbidity and mortality (Murray C J and Lopez A D, 1997), disrupts interpersonal connections and upsets family structures and adds substantial economic costs to the society (Freedman R, 2003). Typical symptoms of schizophrenia, include, delusions, disordered thinking, hallucinations, and bizarre speech or behavior.
Though it is very rare to observe the onset of this disease ...

Sustainability in a changing environment

There are several issues that are critical in the running of a company or an organization. These issues determine whether the company survives in the current world and its competition or not. Different companies have different goals to achieve. These goals however are best planned when they include the plans of the society at large to avoid conflicts. The same case applies to the company of Monsanto. The company needs to reshape its style of play so as to avoid the conflict and critique that it is undergoing now. The changes that should be applied to the company’s structure ...

Introduction

The immunological disorders in an individual can occur due to three different reasons. This includes immunological diseases in an immunocompromised individual, or “autoimmune diseases”, or finally an immunological hypersensitivity that can lead to tissue damage.

Immunodeficiency diseases

Immunodeficiency diseases occur due to malfunctioning of the organs or cells in an individual. They are further classified as primary immunodeficiency (PID) and secondary immunodeficiency (SID).

Primary immunodeficiency disease

They occur when there is a direct defect in the immune system. They are further classified into eight groups depending upon the site of the defect.
Combined T and B deficiencies. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is an excellent ...