Essays on Divides

Changes in Rome

Nerva, Antoninus Pius, Hadrian, Trajan, and Marcas Aurelius, often regarded as the Five Good Emperors, were a series of remarkable or excellent emperors that ruled Rome from 96-180 AD. Research indicates that they were called the good emperors because they managed to win the cooperation and support of the Senate, a feat that their predecessors were unable to achieve. The period of the Good Emperors was regarded as the golden ages of the Roman Empire, and it was characterised by unparalleled prosperity and peaceful relations between individuals and the state. Furthermore, the period witnessed a remarkable expansion of the ...

In order for us to discuss academic integrity at “xx University”, we must first understand what it means to be part of a community. In simplistic terms, community is defined as a group of people. Usually this group of people share similar values, governance (laws and expectations), hobbies, interests, live in the same area, etc. We are all members of multiple communities. For example, if you live in the residential halls you are a part of your residential community; fraternity and sorority members are part of the Greek community; and we are all members of the “xx University”community.

“xx University” strives to create an environment where students can thrive both in and out of the classroom.

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Social Change Impact of the Project

The applied project is aimed at transforming the social fabrics of the ACB community living in Canada, especially on issues revolving on HIV prevention. Previous chapters have been focused in discussing social deliverables that can help tone down the high rate of HIV prevalence rates as well as stigmatization among the ACB community members, therefore, this section conclude the social impact of the interventions so far discussed in these sections. The first and a core social change impact of this intervention relate to its ability to reduce the higher prevalence rates of HIV in the society. This fact comes ...

Introduction

For huge countries like China, leadership is essential due to the tendency of a country to break into factions when there are no directions given to them. If a huge population is allowed to act without a leader and on desires alone, then many contrasting ideas would not be settled, causing divides and the downfall of a nation. Worse, people may even go against each other to establish a position in the society. A leader, in situations like this, acts as the bond that pulls everything together while leading them to a brighter future. In the case of China, ...

A General Outlook on Meiosis and Mitosis Processes

Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Think phases, starting and ending products, chromosome numbers, the purpose of each, and the cell types that complete each type of division. Be sure to do a DIRECT compare and contrast, and write in paragraph form - Mitosis involves one cellular division resulting in identical daughter cells while meiosis involves two cellular divisions resulting in different daughter cells. Meiosis produces four haploid cells while mitosis produces two diploid cells- this ensures genetic diversity by sexual reproduction in meiosis and cellular reproduction and production of general growth products in mitosis. The chromosome number also ...

Q1. Explain the regulation of the cell cycle

Every cell is regulated by particular checkpoints to ensure that the daughter cells are exact duplications. This is to help guarantee that cell mutations are not passed on to the next generation of cells. In eukaryotic cells, there are three main checkpoints. These are points at which cell replication can be halted until certain conditions are met (Boundless, 2016). The first checkpoint is near the end of the G1 phase. It is here that DNA gets evaluated and checked for damage. If damage has occurred, it either gets corrected or gets prevented from moving on to the next phase ( ...

According to a number of research and studies, individual issues such as personality, way of life, and financial conditions have greatly affected the customer behavior and their purchasing patterns. Consumer behavior and market segmentation are important subjects in marketing. Goods are not produced and marketed anymore without considering needs of the consumers and their heterogeneity towards these needs. Although there are many ways of recognizing the market, the placement of goods is based on the demographic aspects of the clients. This is why demographic segmentation is admired due to the connection linking demographic features and other dedicated actions such ...

Federal Sentencing Guidelines

First, the court determines the guideline applicable to the offense committed by convicted defendant. In cases where the defendant offers a plea that establishes the commission of a more serious offense, the defendant is deemed to have committed extra offenses. However, the guidelines are not applied to misdemeanors and infractions. The base offense level is then determined according to the characteristics of the committed offense and any special instruction in the specific guideline applied. Adjustments are then made according to the harm done to the victim, the role played by the defendant in the offense, and any obstruction of ...

Du Bois introduces three concepts that portray the prototypical Black experiences in the United States. These are illustrated through the Veil and double consciousness. Double consciousness and color line are concepts that were explored by Du Bois in 1903 (Bruce Jr. pp.299). His concept is slightly different from Thomas’ Paine and recurs throughout the article. His concept on double consciousness refers to living with double identities. One is the Negro identity together with all its troubles and second is the American identity compelled on the Negro after settling in the United States. It is color line that divides the ...

A Passage to India is a wonderful literature by Forster, which talks about how different cultures determine how people relate. There is an explicit demonstration of the theme of friendship from the beginning of the literature and ending with the same in its conclusion. The writer tries to imagine how an Indian and Englishman become friends in a society of the colonizers. In the novel, Aziz tries to create a relationship with the triad English people that include Mrs. Moore, Adela, and Fielding (Forster 7). The friendship begins well but later fails to thrive due to differences that are ...

Q1: The Public Authority of Civil Aviation (PACA) of Oman is the government institution that is the responsible for the air commercial and private air transport of the Oman Sultanate. The PACA does not have any responsibility for the military air transport which is the responsibility of the Ministry of Defense and the Military Forces of Oman . The PACA has created thanks to a Royal Decree of the Sultanate since 2013 with the intention to regulate all the civil aviation activities of the country and be aligned with the security and control requirements of the most important aviation and ...

The main theme of the reading is to outline the chronology of the events that have impacted on the United States Foreign policy from time in memorial. Foreign policy was a master plan for the realization of a strong United States. However their foreign policies have been faced with a series of challenges both internal and external.

Their definition of foreign policy was tied to specific terms which include territorial expansion, wealth and worldwide influence, but the model on how to achieve this has been out rightly been omitted.

The omission of a specific model on how the United states would have ...

Introduction to Motivation:

What is Motivation?

The topic of motivation is something that we can all relate. For example, as students we are constantly challenged to find motivation to keep going to class despite stress and personal issues. Motivation is link to goals and aspirations. In order to achieve our goals, we need to ‘move’ and do something.

In line with this, motivation is defined as.

The impact of motivation is not only important on a personal or individual level but it is also vital in an organizational level. In businesses, it is needed to always keep employees motivate to assure productivity and achievement of goals. Its significance in business ...

There are several nations across the world, which experience social inequality based on their income. On the contrary, India is one such country that divides the people depending upon their caste. Caste system has been abolished in India according to the educated intellectuals, but the reality is quite the opposite. After India received its independence, the Indian constitution took steps on the discrimination of caste in the public. However, even in the present time, caste ranking is common in the rural areas. In terms of kinship and marriage, caste system plays a very important role in India than in personal ...

In the recent times, many sports personalities and charitable organizations have turned to active participants in advocating for and promoting social change in many aspects. Business organizations, as well as institutions in some instances, use sports personalities as their agents in advocating for and promoting social change. Many organizations through their corporate social responsibilities branch have been in the forefront and incorporated social change strategies within their dockets and areas of work and responsibilities. It is imperative to note that sports, in general, have a strong power to bond people together. Therefore, institutions and organizations used this to their advantage, not ...

Kootenai Medical Center is a 246-bed community-owned hospital offering medical-surgical treatment along with cardiology, oncology, behavioral health, rehabilitation and women and children services (About us, 2012). It has consistently garnered recognition for care quality and community value as part of the top 100 hospitals for seven straight years in the areas of “financial viability and capital reinvestment, cost structures, patient charge structures, and quality of performance” (Community report, 2011, p.3). For the past eight years, the facility was also given the Avatar Award for consistently exceeding the expectations of patients. It further achieved, for the second consecutive year, the ...

Introduction

This review paper aim is to review the book “American Grace” by two American authors. The review is mainly based on the subject of “Sociology of Religion”. It addresses the authors’ findings, their conclusions and the significance of sociological approach to the American religion.

Discussion

The authors are Robert D. Putnam & David E. Campbell. Robert D. Putham is a  and professor of public policy at the . David E. Campbell is an author and is the John Cardinal O'Hara, C.S.C. He is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the  and the founding director ...

Keys Ideas by Aristotle

The idea of causality, Aristotle “Four causes” theory shows us the different reasons for the existence of something. The four causes allow us to define what material cause is, the efficient cause, formal cause (essence) and final cause (purpose). On the subject of primitive soul, Aristotle imagines the relation of the body to reproduction and nutrition (Green, 2005). In addition, he puts his focus on the immense field of the sensitive soul. Scientists in shaping their explanations about the origin of the universe apply this theory. On the contrary, theologians apply the same theory in justification of God ...

In 2010, Michael Powell, the former chairman of the U.S. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) wrote an op-ed in which he endorsed a universal “national broadband plan,” to provide high speed internet to all Americans. He argued that it was a question of equality, because high speed internet access was “the great equalizer, leveling the playing field so that every willing and able person, no matter their station in life, has access to the information and tools necessary to achieve the American Dream“ (Powell). Such government funded universal internet already exists in Switzerland, Finland, and Taiwan, and proponents of such programs argue ...

In his article “Fierce Debate Divides Scholars of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide”, Jeffrey Sharlet presents a well-directed and relevant example of how sharp social problem can cause a number of misunderstandings and disputes among the researchers of this problem. At the same time, by this the author of the article emphasizes the complexity and ambiguity of the issue of Rwandan Genocide in 1994 as well. Sharlet states: “The steps by which Rwanda proceeded from such hope to such horror are many and complex Scholars from a range of disciplines and political backgrounds have all been trying to make that basic point in ...

Mathematics 101

The Golden Ratio and Its Use The Golden Ratio (also known as the Golden Mean, the Golden Section, and the Divine Proportion) is the proportion of two quantities, such that their ratio is equal to the ratio of their sum to the biggest of those quantities. Due to its curious properties, throughout the history this ratio has been of interest not only to the mathematicians, but also to people of art – such as painters, architects, and designers. The studies of this ratio began in ancient Greece, being related to the geometric problem of cutting a line section into ...

Business Issue

According to the management records, it has been observed in the past few months that there has been a substantial increase in the sickness absenteeism. The management also perceives that the sickness leaves are higher in Bradley Hotel and Conference Centre as compared to other organizations in the same industry. The arising issue is not apparently very logical to link with job dissatisfaction, as our organization divides and distributes tasks according to the working capacity of the individuals. However, there is a dire need to adopt different measures to reduce and monitor the sickness absenteeism. It is proposed that significant ...

After the Germans lost to the Allies in World War II, the issue with what to do with the losing nation was one of the most complicated issues of the 1940s. Eventually coming up with the idea to occupy four separate zones of the country, the occupation was considered to merely be a stopgap until Germany was allowed to reconstruct and could reunite successfully. However, the eventual creation of East and West Germany dashed those hopes for reunification for the entirety of the Cold War. Various factors contributed to the failure of occupying powers to agree upon exactly how to ...

No man is an island. Although it may sound cliche in the modern society that people live in today, this quote bears a big importance in the formation of groups and society. Every individual is unique. Some come from different walks of life, while others are defined by their beliefs and values. There is also the difference brought about by the geographical location where everyone is born, as well as the various ways that individual is raised by their own families. Despite the differences, people became tied together and formed groups because of language. People of the past communicated through ...

CMN598 Rhetoric of Social Issues

12-05-2014 Abstract Advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and digital media have led to transformations in the way humans communicate and interact. One of the latest waves of the new media is a social media tool that have “introduced new communication patterns, created new forms of expression and stimulated wide civic participation” (Bardici, 2012). In the recent past, social media platforms have become important in driving social change. A case in point is the Arab Spring. In Egypt, for instance, social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube were instrumental in fuelling the revolt that led ...

[Author][Professor][Subject][Date of Submission]

Government systems are diverse. It differs from country to country. The United States federal government for example went through a long history before it masters its systems. Like any other countries, America was devastated in a Civil War in 1861-1865. There are several reasons for the war and it includes the plight for secession of other states and the struggle for rights. After the Civil War was America’s rise to becoming a colonial country and it colonized fifteen countries in the west to the far-east. The government system is based on the shortest constitution with a ...

The critical review of “Capitalism: A Love Story”

Introduction The need to create wealth is consuming humanity with the passage of time. The Wall Street is sharing a psyche of too much risk taking. The work calls the behavior of investors as casino mentality that causes adrenaline levels to increase in humans, and they receive direct dosage of the chemical straight to the heart. The investors experience addiction of the natural stimulant. The capitalism is based on the need to create social divides in the society. The social divides are created out of the economic inequality in the community. Human development does not occur because all of ...

Introduction

Different personality theories have been proposed to explain differences in human personality. This paper evaluates Freud’s tripartite (structural) theory of personality. The first section begins with the illumination of the major principles of this theory, and this is followed by an assessment of how this theory addresses differences in gender and culture. In the third section, the theory’s comprehensiveness on how personality develops is explained. Fourthly, this paper assesses how this theory addresses changes in personality over the lifespan. It then concludes with the major points.

A brief summary of the major principles of the theory

In this theory, Feud divides the mind in three agencies: id, ...

- Question: Identify the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg The leg is divided into three compartments by tough fasciae to hold the muscles and proper functioning of these muscles during their contraction. These compartments also contain nerves and vessels.The three main compartments are anterior (extensor), lateral (fibular) and posterior (flexor). The anterior compartment (Extensor compartment) contains muscles which are used for extension (dorsiflexion) of the foot as these muscles have origin in the leg and are inserted in the bones of foot crossing the ankle joint anteriorly. “When acting from below they pull the body ...

Philosophy

Introduction In many ancient civilizations, it was a firm belief that the sun revolves round the earth and nobody dare to doubt the belief for centuries until Nicolaus Copernicus, an astronomer of the Renaissance period doubted on this age old belief and put forward his revolutionary work stating that it is the earth that revolves round the sun. Lawhead has rightly stated that “Doubt stimulates us to action and seeks its own elimination by means of inquiry, which is a process of finding the way to a new and more adequate belief” (p.495). Actually, people refrain from doubting landmark and well-accepted ...

Introduction

The need for education is universal, however when a third of the world is in china. The need of for good education is paramount to ensure a sustainable, successful system. In the past china put a lot of effort in educating it populace. Different governments work towards ensuring a rigid system that would educate and develop different talents to feed the needs of science, technology, knowledge and arts, from basic education to high education. China has ensured substantive investments to ensure education in all levels of the Chinese society in urban and remote rural areas. Unlike America Chinese, system design aims to service ...

- Happenings in the Social Media Environment - Social Media Facts There are certain facts on social media that are elemental in the social media environment. It is important for people to understand these facts (Zhou, Qian, & Ma, 2012, p. 18). Firstly, as of January 2014, around 74% of adults with access to online devices use sites of social networking. 19% of the online adults use twitter as of the same period. As of September 2013, 22% of online adults use LinkedIn, 21% of them use Pinterest, 17% use Instagram while 71% of them use Facebook ("Social ...

Organizational structure is the hierarchical arrangement of the organization along which communications, duties and authority flows. The structure determines how duties are assigned, monitored, coordinated and controlled. It also sets a very clear chain of command along which information related to the organization flows. An organization’s strategy and objectives determine the type of organizational structure that is adopted by the organization. The most common organization structure types are Bureaucratic Structures, Divisional Structures, Matrix Structures and Functional Structures (DuBrin, 2012, pg.272). Wal-Mart is an American retail corporation that operates warehouses and departmental stores in several countries. The type of ...

Properties of Life

When it comes to dealing with cells as a structural and functional unit of all kinds of life on earth, it is important to understand the biological concept of what constitutes life. Most biologists, including cell biologists will agree that life is defined according to seven principles. First, that living things are composed of cells. A cell is a unit that makes up all kinds of life, whether it is a bacterial life or plant life or human life. The second principle is that there are different levels of organization in life – cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and so ...

Art should be non-political. Do you agree or disagree?

Art in the present and recent times communicates varying themes and messages that happen in the society. Artistic features say a lot regarding a society and the cultural values that the society and community subscribe to. Art entails a broad field and products that range from paintings, sculptures, drawings, carvings, music among others that communicates varied information relating to developments in the society. Ideas that relate to philosophical, cultural, social, economic, religious among others have been displayed and re-laid to the audience and viewers through artistic products. There has been increased debate and dialogue among artists and lovers of art work regarding ...

Synopsis

The movie ‘Casablanca’ is set in the World War II setting. One of the main characters Rick owns a makeshift café in the northern Africa town of Casablanca in Morocco. He refuses to take sides in the war despite his long standing opposition to the Nazis. The movie revolves around Rick and his relationship with a young woman named Ilsa. His short association with her causes him great resentment, even derailing his insurgency against the Nazis. The story runs from a time they were having a good time in Paris. The lived and chose not to reveal too much about each to one ...

The cellular network is a wireless network spread over large land areas called cells. Each of this cell is served by at least one base station. These cells use another set of frequencies from that of the neighboring cells so to provide guaranteed bandwidth and avoid interference. When these cells are joined together, they provide radio coverage and connect large geographic area. Thus, portable transceivers i.e. mobile phones and pagers can communicate with each other, being anywhere in the network. There are 3 main categories of cellular networks, including 2G, 3G, and 4G. The first ever cellular network was ...

1. The incidental and descriptive details reveal that life in the village is hard due to poverty. From the description, it is clear that famine has plagued the village numerously. This has led to the lack of food. In addition, life in the village is full of gossip. This is clear from the conversation Muni has with the shopkeeper about the postman. 2. Muni’s idea that the tourist is a police officer out to arrest him divides the U.S tourist and Muni. In addition, money also divides the two characters. The differing assumption and idea by ...

Yeast fungus, more commonly known simply as “yeast” is a member of a larger family of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms like molds and mushrooms. Scientifically this type of group of life forms is known as a kingdom. The broad group of the Fungi Kingdom includes multicellular organisms in addition to the simple single-celled yeast organism. Members of this kingdom are neither plant nor animal. They can be distinguished from plants by their inability to create their own food through the photosynthesis process. . Although some of the more complex members of this kingdom may have a plantlike appearance they lack the green ...

American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us was written by Robert Putman and David Campbell. It gives more information about the aspects of religion in America. In this book, the authors give a wide coverage on the different aspects of religion in the past and contemporary American society. They use appropriate sociological methods in the collection, analysis and presentation of data. First and foremost, they give factual information which is based on their own research and that of the other scholars. A part from relying on their own surveys, they use secondary sources from Gallup, the Pew Religious Landscape ...

Cell Cycle

Introduction Asymmetric cell division is a situation where a cell divides into parts of two cells that comprise two dissimilar cellular fates. For most part, the term applies and is usually used in referring to cells that are essentially diverse at the point of cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the term used to describe how the cytoplasm and its organelles divide to form two separate cells. The daughter cell formed contains the same genetic material as the mother cell. This implies that individual daughter cell comprise a diverse physical makeup. This stands to convey the contrast surrounding extrinsically dissimilar cells where individual cell ...

Posture analysis can be referred to as an evaluation of person's posture in search of signs of injuries, and poor habits of posture that can result in trauma in the future. In a set up of a clinic, such evaluations of a patient can be important for determination of the sources of postural strain as well as development of a suitable program of treatment. This technique may as well be applied for things such as assisting a person grow a more ergonomic workspace, right athletic shoes, and so on (Toronto Chiropracter, 2013). There has been carried out an extensive study on human posture in ...

Introduction

Social class is an age old concept referring to a group of people with similar status, power, influence and wealth. Social class refers to the social stratification of the society based on social, economic and educational status. However, the definition of class is not uniform across the countries and societies. There exist different theories of social class division and its impact on us. The word 'class' derives from the Latin word “classis”. During census people were categorized into different “classis” based on their wealth in ancient Rome. Wealth is still the biggest factor in determining class strata. This essay will ...

International Operations

McDonald’s global management strategies cover the many different organizational functions of operations, marketing, human resource management, finance, research, compliance and other aspects of management. Because of the size and complexity of operating in the international marketplace, these functions confound McDonalds with many different, complex and often inter-related issues. On top of these functionary requirements, the food chain gian also has to deal with external factors that complicate the situation such as a country’s culture and the legal and administrative framework that an international corporation must work with to be eligible to compete in that said market place. Thus a ...

The article articulates the analysis of the budget proposal by President Obama concerning the increase of taxes for the airline industries. The airline industries disagree to this move stating that the passengers are already overtaxed. The recipients, on the other hand, agree to the taxes stating that the lack of changes has caused delays in the airline company. The congress passed a legislation that allows the “Federal Aviation Administration” to make independent cuts of its expenditure, unlike in the past. The congress points out that there has been wasteful spending in the aviation especially the Transportation Security Administration. The ...

Caffeine is a compound that has a molecular formula of C8H10N4O2 and is commonly known as methylxanthine [1]. The systemic name of caffeine is either 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione or 1,3,7-trimethyl xanthine. Other names that are used to refer to caffeine include mateine, theine, coffeine, and guaranine. It is a chiral molecule and has no stereoisomers. The caffeine compound has two groups of amide that predominantly exist as zwitterionic resonance structures. In these structures, the atoms of nitrogen and carbon are bonded through a double bond to one another making the two nitrogen atoms are basically planar. This results in a ...

This film by Patrice O’Neill revolves around the theme of peace, conflict and resolution of conflicts. The film presents the story of Flathead Valley in Montana, and it follows a deeply divided population of Montana citizens who are faced with a myriad of conflicts. Flathead Valley’s people have lived in peace for many years. However, this peace is disturbed abruptly when the people find out about the uncovering of a terror plot to kill local leaders. The community is torn, not only by this plot, but by many factors. Many residents have lost their jobs in mining and timber, and ...

When did the European exploration begin around the world? The encyclopedia of Arkansas history and culture tries to explore Arkansas culture for the last 12000 years. The website universal resource locator is http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryid=395 and was accessed on date 28th March 2013. The website describes how most of the historical evidence has been lost because of weather changes and human settlement. The website is a good source of history for it tries to describe settlement within Arkansas from the Paleo-Indian period to when the European explorers arrived in the continent. The website is a chronology of social and cultural changes of ...

“The Negro Speaks of River’s” to express the African Movement to America

Langston Hughes was one of the most vocal people in “The Harlem Renaissance.” “The Negro Speaks of River” is one of his most popular poems; a short poem vividly expressed with figurative language. The one line “My soul has grown deep like the rivers.” standing by itself is emphasizing the resilience of the Negro. Cruelty has developed his resistance and like the river, his soul has grown deep. The choice of the river as a symbol for the Negro is an excellent one. Whether a river starts big or small, as it makes its way to the ocean it becomes bigger; ...

Book Review - Contagious Divides

Nayan Shah's 2001 book Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco's Chinatown provides a unique portrait of the different representations of Chinese immigrants in the twentieth century, particularly in San Francisco, and how they have changed in the intervening years. The book itself takes a dramatically close look at public health issues surrounding Chinese immigration as well, as the portrayal of Chinese immigrants at first was extremely negative. The urban landscape of San Francisco was dramatically changed by the large influx of Chinese emigrating to the US, and the public health concerns that followed were dramatic and stifling to racial ...

The United States of America (U.S.A.) is the third most populous country in the world with at least 313,081,394 people living within its borders and territories accounting for 4.4 percent of the world’s population of an estimated 6,996,724,147 people. In comparison, the top two most populous countries worldwide are China, with 1,336,718,015 or 19 percent of the world population, and India, with 1,189,172,906 or almost 17 percent of the world population (Internet World Stats 2011). Yet, the U.S.A. remains on top of world economies with a GDP of ...

Abstract

The human body is a complex mechanism. All the parts of the human body have to function properly in order for the whole body to be healthy. There are a number of ways to study the body in order to check for cancerous cells, tumors, or any kind of illnesses. In this essay, I will talk about seven organizational approaches to studying the human body. I will also discuss how each of these approaches is used to study the body and its systems. Last, I will discuss when each of these approaches is used in health care.

There are seven approaches ...

Now in the early twenty-first century we tend to associate racist attitudes with out-moded and old-fashioned beliefs. The Merchant of Venice and Othello can, therefore, present challenges to modern readers and audiences because, to a certain extent, Shakespeare presents relations between the different ethnic groups in a negative way: both plays contain characters with extremely racist attitudes which modern audiences are likely to find objectionable and highly offensive. The burning issue for readers and audiences is how far Shakespeare endorses the racist attitudes of the societies he portrays. This essay will show that, although both plays contain characters with racist attitudes, ...

Abstract The trade off theory advocates that the management consider the trade off between the benefits resulting from tax shields verses costs, such as bankruptcy costs, interest costs and agency costs among others. The ability of management to obtain external financing is determined by size of company, profitability, opportunities for growth among other factors. The trade off theory indicates that the management gears at obtaining all the benefits associated with external financing. The M and M theory (1963) has the argument that changing the capital structure may not make the share holder any better off. The contradiction of ...