Essays on Microorganisms

Commercial milk-processing is a process that has seen various transformations across the years. The process has seen changes in the production process, packaging, and distribution. The most important development, and the most imperative facet of the production process are covered in this paper. Louis Pasteur, a French ecologist and chemist is reflected as one of the forebears of microbiology. He lent a hand in proving that contagious illnesses and food-borne diseases were initiated by microorganisms, referred to as the germ theory. In 1895, he invented the pasteurization practice which revealed that the dangerous microorganisms in wine and milk that ...

The history of food preservation begins with the understanding that the spoilage of food

begins from the moment it is harvested and left in open air. The earliest of methods used by man included freezing meat in the winter or drying certain foods under the sun. One of the ways by which man could move from one place to another while carrying an ample supply of food was by preserving it and preventing meats and other food stuff from spoiling. The need to kill and eat foods all at one time was prevented by the idea of food preservation. It is noted that different civilizations used various methods of preservation, mainly those which ...

During the second week, the CRP analysis was performed in the class. Blood testing for C-reactive protein aids in the rapid identification and verification of the progress and effectiveness of the treatment of infections, injuries and inflammation. The analysis was conducted to determine the acute infectious diseases, to monitor the effectiveness of treatment of chronic diseases (amyloidosis), monitor the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment (pneumonia, septicemia, neonatal sepsis, meningitis, etc.) (Arinzon Z. et al., 2011, p.365). In addition, it helps to define the determination of the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis, diabetes but also on chronic hemodialysis ...

3-nitrooxypropanol Report

Introduction Sheep, cattle, goats, and some wild animals such as antelopes and their families that are predominantly known as ruminants ferment plant material in their rumen. The result of this fermentation process is the formation of propionate, CO2, acetate, butyrate, and methane (Alexander et al., 2015). The carbon dioxide and methane formed escape from the bodies of these animals into the atmosphere.3-nitrooxypropanol is believed to inhibit methanogenesis in ruminant, an action that has various applications and benefits to the environment and animals. This report will consider the need for and application of the 3-nitrooxypropanol and how it would work ...

Bacteria refer to the regnum of prokaryotes (Sundararaj, Mudaliar, Anthoniraj, Kannan, Muthukaruppan). For the current moment, it accounts for more than ten thousand kinds of bacteria. The bacterium is recognized as one of the most ancient of living organisms, arising about 3.9 – 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria have the substantial variation in the ways of metamorphic and energetic metabolism. Thus, autotrophs can synthesize all necessary organic molecules from non-organic compounds, whereas heterotrophs demand active organic compounds to transform them. The biggest degree of heterotrophs belongs to intracellular parasites. They are called saprophytes (Sundararaj, Mudaliar, Anthoniraj, Kannan, Muthukaruppan) and can ...

Introduction

Biological attacks include the use of biological agents such as bacteria, fungus, and toxins from living creatures for intentional or threatened purposes to cause deaths or diseases to human populations, plants, and other animals. Therefore, biological agents can be considered as microorganisms, which affect the normal functioning of other living things by imposing diseases or even deaths. Biological agents attack continues to pose great threat majorly to the world population with majority concern being given to its ability to bring massive loss of lives to individuals. It’s, therefore, a major concern for the law enforcement agencies and medical ...

Abstract

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms. Various groups of microorganisms exists and include bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. Ideally, infectious diseases can rapidly spread from one person to another, or from one animal to another. The signs and symptoms of these diseases vary from one individual to another, but majorly consists of coughing, fatigue, breathing difficulties. In addition, mild infections may sometimes depict responsiveness to rest and home assistance. The case discussed in this paper involves an individual who seems to have contacted some air bone infections while moving up using the lift. The most likely disease, in relation ...

A Proper understanding of the pathophysiology of diseases and conditions is essential in their treatment as well as management. Every disease has a way of affecting the normal functioning of the body. Some disorders attack the whole body while others affect specific organs. Therefore, it is crucial to study the pathophysiology of diseases. It is also essential to understand the relationship between related diseases. This helps in understanding the interactions between the diseases. This paper is set to examine the pathophysiology of pneumonia, hypoxemia, as well as thyroid cancer. Additionally, the paper analyses the relationship between these diseases.

Pathophysiology of Pneumonia

Pneumonia ...

ANSWER TO QUESTION 1

Introduction Biotechnology is an innovative field where biological processes are applied for the provision of genetic manipulation for microorganisms for the production and commercialisation of antibiotics and hormones amongst others. Biotechnology is a process whereby scientists use various aspects of technology to modify genes and microorganisms of living things in order to attain specific goals in the organism in which it is done. The preliminary elements of this course has shown that biotechnology is carried out in both applied and pure research. In applied research, biotechnology is used for the provision of various solutions like medicines, treatment for incurable ...

The advances in biotechnological field have made it possible to understand the genetic role behind molecular mechanisms to large extents. This in depth understanding of biological processes has paved ways to treat the untreatable aiding the human existence in multitudes of aspects like food, health, bioremediation, mining, biopharmaceutical production and much more. This microbial world is vast and has been a platform for human beings to explore their biological systems as they are simpler cells and can be manipulated with much ease than complex systems. The DNA harnessed within the cells are the molecular entities that have been targeted ...

In addition to the direct physical manifestation of swarm phenotype –increased length and number of flagella, swarm cells often produce wetting agent, usually a surface of some type, for instance, the surface in Serrtia (serrwettins) and Bacillus (surfcatin) (White, 2006). In both cases loss of surfactant dramatically decreases swearing proficiency in Bacillus as well as strains of E. Coli do not make surfactants, which is probably why they are such picky swimmers. Surfactants act mainly to maintain surface wetness, which in turn allows cells to swim in every shallow layer of fluid on the surface. Research findings indicate that ...

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a sudden death of apparently healthy child aged up to 1 year as a result of cessation of breathing and heart failure, the cause of which cannot be established at the mortem expertise. Sometimes the syndrome is called as “death at the crib” or death for no reason. However, there are causes or risk factors for the development of this poorly studied phenomenon, and the parents, eliminating them from their life, can save the life and health of the child. SIDS is not a disease; it is a posthumous diagnosis that is exhibited ...

Identification of the Unknown Microorganisms

Unknown #1 Unknown #2 1. The identification of bacterial strains is a common practice in clinical and medical fields. The ubiquitously present microorganisms can be both, beneficial or harmful to the host they attack or inhabit. Since times, several biochemical characteristics have been identified for many bacteria that commonly are related to humans. These characteristics and morphology have been arranged in a systematic way to identify the targeted unknown microorganism along with ruling out the ones giving negative results for the characteristic tests. This way the search was narrowed down for each of the two unknown microorganisms. The Gram ...

Question 1

Compare and contrast the concept of metagenome and microbiome. The microbiome is a term used in describing the entire habitat; it includes microorganisms and their genomes and the surrounding environmental conditions. The microbiome is defined based on the biotic and abiotic factors in a specified environment. On the other hand, metagnome can be defined as a collection of genes and genomes normally from the members of the microbiota. Microbiota is an ecological community that includes symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms that share our body space. The analysis of microbiome can be done for a large number of samples and can ...

Abstract

Handwashing is an important process in controlling microorganism transmission and infectious diseases. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effectiveness of different antibacterial hand cleaners (soap, alcohol hand sanitizer and ethanol soaked wipes) on killing bacteria. Hands were sampled without cleaning with antibacterial hand cleaner (control), and after cleaning with antibacterial soap, alcohol sanitizer, and ethanol soaked wipes. Samples were taken with a sterile cotton swab and inoculated on agar plates. Each experiment was done three times. Colonies were counted, mean values and standard deviation were calculated, and data was reported. Alcohol and sanitizer and ethanol soaked ...

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Introduction

Lupus is a chronic autoimmune that can impact any part of the body resulting in a range of clinical symptoms. The affected part by Lupus may include brain, lungs, kidneys, skin, joints, blood vessels and other internal organs (Pisetsky, Gilkeson & St Clair, 1997). Lupus impacts the immune system by interfering with its capability of differentiating between antigens and normal healthy tissues. This incidence results in the misinterpretation by the immune system, and it directs the antibodies against the healthy tissues causing pain, tissue damage, and swelling. It ...

Abstract

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an infection which often develops as a result of poor handling of mechanical ventilation. Such as, poor nursing practice in caring for patients with difficulty in breathing can lead to microorganisms entering patient’s body through a tube inserted especially via mouth and nose of the patient. When these microorganisms get into the respiratory system they cause lung infection which is referred to as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). In preventing this infection, it is important that nurses adopt best practices to reduce the incidence of VAP and provide quality care that is aimed at improving the ...

Panther I.D.:

“The expression of ampicillin resistance and luciferase enzyme genes by E. coli transformation using the pUC18 and lux plasmids” Abstract The transformation process allows the uptake of DNA from the environment, with the incorporation and expression of genes. During this process, changes in the DNA of the receptor cell occur, producing some selective advantages in some cases, such as resistance to antibiotics. pUC18 and lux plasmids were used to determine the transformation process in Escherichia coli. Cells were made competent by the addition of calcium chloride and heat shock in order to induce the incorporation of the ...

Literature review

Section 1: Background Context and rationale for research priorities Lens handling intensifies the incidence of lens contamination. When lens are aseptically removed from the eye, they still have a high probability of harboring microorganisms. During storage, the frequency of positive microbial bioburden remains high than 50%. The presence or movement of microorganisms from the lens to the ocular surface is a route factor for contact lenses related microbial keratitis and inflammation. There is need to priotise research in this area because the results of the studies help people to understand the factors concomitant to infectious and inflammatory complications. When ...

ABSTRACT

Pilot uniforms, particularly in the commercial airline industry, conveys professionalism, competence, and experience. However, historically, uniforms started as a component of safety in aviation, which relied not just in their protective functions but as well in their capability to protect combat pilots from the natural elements of extreme heat and cold, particularly during the era of open cockpits. Protective flight clothing has evolved significantly through decades and even centuries. The sophisticated development in protected flight clothing, however, failed to influence adaption in the civil air transport industry. Using grounded theory through archival literature analysis, the Capstone Project revealed advantages ...

Biotechnology has emerged as a major field few decades back but the art of science behind biotechnology primarily emerged with the discovery of natural process of fermentation by microorganisms. The microscopic world of microbes is diverse and huge as they are of multiple types classified into genus and species based on their morphological, biochemical and genetic abilities. They are helpful as well as harmful to the extremes for humans in many ways. Despite continuous efforts by biologists, their identity has been ambiguous and still a lot is waiting to be explored. Only 0.5% of the microbial world is known ...

Introduction

Recently, worldwide obesity prevalence has been raised rapidly and nearly doubled between 1980 and 2014, however in 2014 more than a half a billion of adult (18 years and older) were obese (11% men and 15% women) (WHO, 2014). Obesity and overweight are defined as excess body fat accumulation that leads to health risks and comorbidities. Adult weight can be classified based on the Body Mass Index. Hence, an individual having a BMI equal to or more than 25 is regarded as being overweight, while a person with a BMI equal to or more than 30 is considered obese ( ...

Introduction

Sushi rice, in broad terms, is a variety of short-grain, white rice seasoned with a mixture of vinegar, sugar and salt (Knipple, Knipple and Edge 2012). The sushi rice, upon preparation, can be served with raw ready-to-eat accompaniments such as seafood and seaweeds. Notably, the sushi meal preparation goes through a lot of handling, and its accompaniments could be eaten raw. As such, the meal needs cautious handling during preparation, storage and display to assure food safety. Additionally, it requires specified conditions such as pH level and temperature to prevent the growth of bacterial and survival of pathogens that ...

QUESTIONS ON BIOCHEMISTRY

Questions on Biochemistry Describe the difference between an obligate and a facultative aerobe. Obligate and facultative aerobes are the same in terms of their ability to use oxygen in their respiration process. However, obligate aerobes requires oxygen to oxidize substrates such as sugar and fat to produce ATP (energy). Obligate aerobes are more efficient in converting substrates to ATP. The key process in aerobic respiration is the conversion of sugar to ATP shown in reaction 1 below:

In the reaction 36 molecules of ATP is produced per molecule of glucose. It is actually a slow process which comprises 3 ...

Infection in cancer patient with febrile neutropenia: epidemiology, microbiology and management

Abstract Febrile neutropenia (FN) is characterised by a decrease in neutrophils number to values below 500 cells/ mm3 and an occurrence of fever higher or similar to 38.3ºC. It commonly occurs in cancer patients as a result of chemotherapy regimens. Chemotherapy destroys carcinogenic cells but also attacks in many cases some normal cells including essential elements of the immune system. Fever is one of the characteristic symptoms of FN and is usually associated with the presence of an infection caused by various microorganisms. Bacteria, including Gram-positive isolates (currently dominating) and Gram-negative species (dominant in the 1970s), are usually ...

Introduction

Many countries across the world are faced with the problem of water and soil contamination. The contaminations are caused by industrial effluents, military actions and agricultural activities among others. Human carelessness and ignorance also contribute significantly to water contamination. As a result, new biological, chemical and natural activities have been invented in order to control water contamination. One of the most successful measures used in control of water contamination is phytoremediation. It involves the use of plants to absorb pollutants from contaminated water found on the surface of the land and in the soil. This paper discusses the biological ...

Background information

The need for clean water for use by humanity has since time immemorial been an area of concern with scientists and scholars inventing methods that prove to be more efficient than their predecessors. The ultimate goal has always been the removal of undesirable chemicals and pathogens that would, however, render the water unfit for human and industrial consumption. In today’s contemporary society, human activity has culminated into pollution of the natural environment including water catchment areas. This has therefore made water unfit for consumption thereby prompting for more cost-effective and efficient methods for purification of this natural resource. ...

Abstract

Food safety remains a serious issue in public health. Foodborne disease is the main threat to public health. It occurs when food gets contaminated with pathogens and is then ingested into the body. Food contamination occurs when there is a flaw in the food handling process that allows food to get into contact with the pathogens. Many efforts have been made to deal with food contamination. However, the food industry still faces many challenges some of which are emerging challenges. The dairy sectors are one of the sectors in the food industries facing numerous challenges. Nevertheless, it is one ...

Chlorine is used in water treatment to reduce or eradicate microorganisms, for instance, bacteria or viruses found in water (EPA, 2011). The use of chlorine for the treatment of drinking water has significantly reduced the risks or exposures to water-borne infections or diseases. Besides, the supplies of safe or treated drinking water are paramount for the health as well as the general well-being of the public. Untreated water sources, for example, streams, boreholes, dams, wells, or rain water can harbor certain harmful or dangerous microorganisms, which when consumed may cause serious infections such as cholera, dysentery, or typhoid, as ...

Introduction

Approximately 2.5 million individuals in the United States contract pneumonia annually, and 55,000 of those individuals die as a result. In fact, pneumonia was the eighth prominent cause of morbidity and is the number one communicable disease in the United States. Pneumonia is the leading deadly hospital-contracted disease and contributes to a sizable amount of deaths in unindustrialized countries as well. It is a grave illness that can impact individuals in all age groups, but it is especially serious in adolescents, the elderly population, and in people with fundamental medical issues such as ischemia, low blood sugar, and ...

1. Biofuels are fuels in the gaseous or liquid form and can be rapidly regenerated from sources like crops, plants and municipal waste. Existing biofuels are generated from carbohydrates such as sugar and starch (wheat and sugarcane crops). Existing biofuels, such as ethanol, have a lesser energy content (volumetric energy density) relative to conventional hydrocarbon fuels natural gas and petroleum . Furfural and Levulinic acid are molecules that can be obtained from biomass and converted into biofuels. Levulinic acid can be synthesized in greater amounts (>70%) from inedible hexose bio-polymers such as cellulose, which is a polymer of glucose ...

Introduction

The main aim of environmental sustainability program is to have an engineered system that works to support the wellbeing of human beings while at the same time supporting the natural environment system. The program provides services on environment and ecology so as to ensure human survival. Rehm, (2009), green engineering is one of the research areas that are aimed at improving environmental sustainability. Green engineering is the manufacture of environmentally friendly products to replace environment degrading products. This is the case with the manufacture of biodegradable packaging. Research in this field seeks to restore ecological function to the natural ...

Several microbiological methods have been used in identifying and characterizing microorganisms that take residence in the oral cavity of humans. Oral microorganisms have the ability to cause periodontal diseases, halitosis, and dental caries, which are the most prevalent human infectious diseases. In the United States, for example, 92% of those 65 years old and above possess dental caries within their permanent teeth while 50.3% of the US population who are 30 years or more possess gingivitis, a further 26% possess destructive periodontitis (Emling p. 93-122). Surprisingly, emerging evidence suggests that oral inflammation resulting from bacteria residing in the dental ...

Executive Summary

Environmental sustainability is a state within which the needs of humans are met or demands placed on the environment can be met without jeopardizing or affecting the future generation’s environmental demands. Sustainability refers to the environments ability to meet demands over a period of time without its resources getting depleted. In recent times ensuring sustainability has been a key topic of discussion mostly because the barriers to sustainability have increased. Some of these barriers include pollution. According to Genpak, (2014), environmental pollution has led to global warming whose effects are making it harder for the environment to sustain ...

Article Review

Synergistic effect of human plasma and antimicrobial peptidomimetics and antibiotics on pathogenic bacteria: The Application is a promising tool in enhancing the efficacy of future antibiotics. This work aims at summarizing and critiquing the Research in Microbiology journal research paper titled ‘Improved In vitro evaluation of novel antimicrobials: potential synergy between human plasma and antibacterial peptidomimetics, AMPs and antibiotics against human pathogenic bacteria’ .

Abstract

Condisering the hurdles of cytotoxicity and adverse side effects posed by existing antibiotics and the ever rising resistance of microorganisms to these compounds, there is a dire need for development of innovative antimicrobial peptidomimetics (AMPs) . Despite ...

Yes, I would Invest and Use Probiotics for Livestock Production

Probiotics are microorganisms that are usually administered to the host in adequate amounts, conferring the host with health benefits. These live microorganisms have capabilities of treating and preventing some diseases. They are commonly used for the promotion of healthy immune system and healthy digestive tract (Watson et al. 135). With these beneficial factors, yes, I would invest in microbes such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi as probiotics and use them in livestock production. However, it is important to note that the probiotics used are usually host specific. The reason as to why I would invest and use probiotics ...

Organism # 6

Molecular Biosciences 101 Section # Purpose Materials and Methods Gram Staining: Three circles were marked at the bottom of a clean glass slide and they were labeled as gram(+), gram(-) and unknown respectively. The three labeled circles were then inoculated with microorganism 6 using an inoculating loop. The bacterial smears were then air dried and heat fixed over a gentle flame. The slide was then flooded with primary stain, crystal violet for a minute by placing it on a staining rack. Excess crystal violet was washed off with a gentle stream of water. Thereafter, gram iodine was added and ...

Introduction

The world is currently experiencing a rapid pace of globalization. Globalization, in general, offers a more positive than negative set of effects to society. It makes countries more interconnected. The actual advantages of this worldwide phenomenon, in fact, come from the international interconnectivity that it creates. With a more globalized international marketplace, trade between two or more countries regardless of their geographical location becomes a lot easier. At some point, it may also become cheaper as more and more infrastructure projects get developed in anticipation of the emergence of a world that is so interconnected that countries cannot, especially ...

Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI)

Introduction to CLABSI The central line associated blood stream infection is a confirmed laboratory illness that attacks the bloodstream of human beings. The infection attacks patients who have been on the central line within a timeframe of 48 hours before the bloodstream infection develops. The central line is a hollow pipe positioned in a huge vein located at the torso, groin, neck, or arm. The tube’s main use is to pass liquids, medications, withdrawn blood, or to observe the conditions of the patient. The central line is usually different from other standard intravenous lines because it penetrates deeper ...

History of Manufacturing Engineering

The history of manufacturing engineering can be raced back to the 19TH century in the United States and to 18TH century in the United Kingdom when home based mass production gained roots in the industrial productions in the two countries. However, many historic scholars view Matthew Boulton Soho`s manufactory that was established in Birmingham in 1761 as the beginning of the modern production firms. There are similar claims attributed to John Lombe`s silk mill that was constructed in 1721 at Derby or 1771 Cromford mill done by Richard Arkwright (In Quickenden, In Baggott & In Dick, 2013). Significant ...

Introduction

An organism whose genome has been contrived in the laboratory in order to favor the expression the production a desired biologically products is known as Genetically Modified Organism (GMO). In crop farming, livestock production and pet breeding, it has long been practiced to breed selected individuals of species in order to produce offspring’s that have desirable characters (F. J, 2012). This kind of production is through the use of scientific methods including recombinant DNA technology and reproductive duplicating. In generative cloning method a nucleus is removed from a cell of the individual to be cloned and inserted into ...

Crude oil is obtained from layers of sedimentary rock that are formed by materials which are eroded and carried away from the land surface by flowing water bodies. The water flows and drains into oceans, depositing sedimentary rocks in the ocean beds. Pools of crude oil, are present underground, trapped between layers of sedimentary rocks. Crude oil and natural gas are organic hydrocarbons. Petroleum in particular, is a complex mix of organic compound and contains traces of porphyrin. The structure of porphyrin is similar to that of chlorophyll and hemoglobin of plant and animal origin respectively. While natural porphyrin ...

Benefits of probiotics to the health of the aquatic species; the probiotics a modifies the host associated or the ambient microbial species by enhancing an improved nutritional value, use of the feed or also by increasing the response of the host towards the threat of a disease and also by ensuring an improved quality ambient environment of the aquatic species. The probiotics have been associated to treating many health problems and this can only be related to their influence on aquatic species. Probiotics are important for growth/survival of aquatic species. They can regulate growth because of their function in ...

Subjective Data:

Patient’s demographic and social information Jnr. is a 10 year old African American Male patient brought into clinic by his mother who reports that Jnr. was recently discharged from hospital for acute asthma exacerbation. The boy presented with cough and difficulty in breathing combined with a running nose and elevated temperature which has now been resolved with over the counter Tylenol. The mother also says that her son has a history of multiple admissions to the hospital for acute asthma exacerbation. His mother reports child repeatedly loses inhalers. She also states that she does not check for inhaler ...

The Importance of Microbes to Animals from Eating to Evolution

Microbes are any living organism that throughout its lifespan is too small to be seen with our naked eye. Most microbes are single-cell organisms. Microbes are the oldest form of life on earth – dating back over 3.5 million years ago when the Earth was still covered with boiling oceans. While microbes are typically thought of as bacteria, microbes can include protists, fungi and microscopic animals. Without microbes, animals could not eat, breathe, or possibly even have evolved at all. Without animals, well, they would probably be just fine. Microbes are important to animals in numerous ways, from eating to ...

I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the program of study leading to the award of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING HONOURS (MANUFACTURING AND DESIGN ENGINEERING) is entirely my own work and has not been submitted for assessment for any academic purpose other than in partial fulfillment for that stated above.

Signed

Hussein Al-Tuhoo ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have been indebted in the preparation of this thesis to my supervisor, Dr Maura Kelleher of Dublin Institute of Technology College, whose patience and kindness, as well as her academic experience, have been invaluable to me. I am extremely grateful ...

Microbial Genetics

This is an area of study within microbiology and genetic engineering that studies the inheritable characteristics of microorganisms. It is an area of study of great significance in the field of health and medicine. In this essay I will be focusing on this significance both positive and negative as it relates to the field of health and medicine and the new ways in which genetic engineering is finding its application. HIV infection usually infects cells with CD4+ markers. The other markers that are essential in making infection of these cells possible are CCR5 and CXCR4 without which cell entry ...

Condition such as a disease, before and after a diagnostic test, respectively. The result of the diagnostic test could be either positive or negative. In reality, the subjectivity of the probabilities is merely based on a piece of information, whether an individual has a condition or not. The condition is regarded as a psychological phenomenon to those who go through a certain diagnostic test. In addition, the probability is always a 0 per cent or a 100 per cent result. The difference between the pretest and posttest probabilities on a certain condition is a major ...

More often than not, globalization is associated increase in development due to the interdependence between economies. Increased flow of information and technology as a result of globalization has led to the emergence of new economies. From one place to another, globalization has also been associated with the degradation of the moral fabric in some societies. This is especially when more liberal lifestyles from developed nations impact on the conservative lifestyles that people in less developed nations lead. It is surprising that as much attention has not been given to globalization and disease.

Owing to globalization, diseases travel faster than ...

The debate about whether organic food is better than conventionally grown foods has been a questions asked by many people. Organic foods are known to be a healthy option and it is recommended by doctors, dietary and fitness experts. Organic foods do not have any special nutrients in them that conventionally grown foods do not have, rather organic foods are seen to be better because of the farming practices and the way that the foods are grown. Farmers of who grow organic products use different farming practices which that allows their foods to grow at their natural rate and time without ...

Biology is pertinent in studying about life. The subject has assisted me in understanding of the world and its inhabitants. Often, many people fail to comprehend the importance of species diversity. Some people are not able to understand the role played by microorganisms such as bacteria. There is much emphasis on the problems that fungi and bacteria cause. It is not easy for most people to visualize the positive role played by microorganisms. There is scarcity of resources in the planet. This means that organisms must compete for such resources. Perhaps, man fears competition. Maybe, I was once one ...

Before the 16th century, the existence of micro-organism had not been discovered. It was until a microscope was invented that micro-organism become a subject of discussion (Barnett 2003). Microbiology is the study of microorganisms or microbes. Microorganisms are the smallest living organisms that cannot be observed with our naked hence they need to be magnified using magnification tools such as microscope. Examples of micro-organisms are bacteria, virus and fungi. Fermentation in simple terms is the conversion of sugar into acid, gases and alcohol by enzymes that act as catalysts (Pumphrey and Julie 1996). Fermentation is a process that occur takes place in ...

Introduction

This report is a summary of Sections 3.1 to 3.10 of Chapter 3 – “Infectious Diseases and Treatments” – of “Biology of Disease” (Ahmed, Dawson, Smith & Wood, 2007). Section 3.1: Introduction. A small number of pathogenic microorganisms can cause systemic disease – affecting the entire body. This chapter looks at selected examples of major body systems infections, including microorganisms that can cause generalized infections.

Section 3.2: Infections of the Skin. As an important part of the body’s immune defense system, the skin is normally populated by various microorganisms, which effectively prevent access by invading microorganisms such as Papillomaviruses ...

Food poisoning at any age is very dangerous. Hence, it is important to avoid consuming contaminated food as it may be harboring toxins from microorganisms that are responsible for food poisoning. Generally, the way to avoid food poisoning is by not eating contaminated food. As such, preventing food contamination is the most effective way of avoiding food poisoning. This presentation will highlight different ways of avoiding food poisoning.

- Avoid cross contamination: - Cross-contamination is culpable for food poisoning. In order to avoid food poisoning through cross-contamination, ensure that ready-to-eat foods are kept separate from raw foods. Additionally, ...

Executive Summary

In this report, the discussion explains the controls required to prevent physical and chemical contamination of food. It compared the characteristics of food borne infections and food poisoning. It further discussed how to control food borne illnesses. It categorized the food spoilage agents and discussed methods of food preservation. It highlighted the importance of effective prevention systems in control of food contamination with two case studies. It also constructed a food hazard assessment, a food safety control system and a food safety guide.

The given is the report that was sent by the Compliance Officer of the hotel when the incident of a ...

Microbial nutrition is essential in the survival and growth of microorganisms. Talaro and Chess considers several factors which are key players in the survivability of microbes in order to adapt or “inhabit all parts of the biosphere.” Among these factors include nutrients, temperature, pH, water availability, atmospheric gases, light, pressure and other organisms inhabiting the earth. Nutrition in essence is that which chemical substance in the form of nutrients are ingested inside the body such that when assimilated leads to the formation of energy to be used for metabolic activities.

Organisms require organic forming compound elements such as ...

Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Cells and microorganisms

This chapter looks at the morphology, and pathogenic mechanisms of prokaryotic cells and microorganisms respectively. It discusses in detail the structural components, functions of the different organelles of prokaryotic cells as well as feeding and survival mechanisms of prokaryotic microorganisms.

Prokaryotic cells have a specialized cellular structure. Prokaryotes are unicellular and their cells have no cellular organelles, that is, a membrane does not surround their nucleus. These cells contain intricate phospholipids, sterols, and sphingolipids. They are typically 1-5µm in diameter .

Their outer surface is covered by glycocalyx, which is a gel like cellular envelope that provides prokaryotic cells with protection against ...

Question One

A theory is a logical explanation to the existence of a given phenomenon or situation. It acts as a basic principle that to explain why something is in existence or is happening. For any explanation to be approved as a theory there has to be evidence and a level of truth to support a theory. Theories act as the basic explanation towards getting deeper knowledge as to why certain scenarios are in existence. In many cases for any explanation to be termed as a theory, it must have some truth. One of the most notable theories is the evolution theory. Charles Darwin developed the Darwin’s ...

The journal article was written to provide an overview of physical and chemical processes affecting changes in coral reef ecosystem. These changes are influenced by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission (Hoegh-Guldberg, Mumby and Hooten 1737) that triggers physical processes involving laws of thermodynamics. The journal article also shows how the basic principle and theory of thermodynamics occur at global scale over a long period of time. Consequently, the physical processes influence the chemical processes that eventually lead to further changes in ocean ecosystem. The article introduces reader to the existing phenomena of warming and acidifying of the seas (Hoegh-Guldberg, Mumby ...

InstructorDate

Introduction Pathogenic microorganisms cause diseases by infecting the body through various ways, such as by entering through cuts on the skin, through the pulmonary route by inhalation, and through the digestive tract by ingestion. Because we consume food on a regular basis, it is important to determine that whatever we eat is free from pathogenic microbes. This is a particularly serious issue especially in the food industry, whose components must strictly abide by regulations set up by regulatory bodies, especially for microbiological counts (i.e. quantitation) in food products (Jay, 2000; Alcamo and Warner, 2010). Population numbers of microorganisms are ...